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SHALIJINO'S ATIM'.ETIG ^IBKAKV

No. ■ 213

The Olympic Games At Athens

1906

BY

JAMES E. SULLIVAN

ami:ruan commissioner to the Olympic games

published by the

American Sports Publishing Company

21 WARREN street, NEW VORK

HIGHEST AWARDS

'I'Sy 'Of"- SPALDING ATHLETIC GOODS

GRAND PRIZE /<|S^ GRAND PRIX

ST. LOUIS ("(SPAIOINI,)-) PARIS

1^04 V<J™>/ 1900

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BRITISH SPORTS PIBLISHING COMPANY,

2 AND 3 HIND COURT. FLEET STREET LONDON, E. C.

Publishers of Spalding's Athletic Library (Enolish Edition)

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ISITORS from America or from the Continent who are interested in athletics are cheerfully invited to call at the office of the British Sports Publishing Company, 2 and 3 Hind Court, ^ ^ Fleet Street, London. On file there can be found -^ American papers from the principal cities, as well as the leading journals devoted to sports athletic pub- lished in Great Britain and on the Continent, and where information will be given in relation to the sports of the world.

BRITISH SPORTS PlIBLISHIING COMPANY,

JAMES E. SULLIVAN, Chairman. WM. C. J. KELLY, Secretary and Ma,

2 AND 3 HIND COURT, FLEET STREET LONDON. E. C.

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S] A. C. SPALDING & BROS. (?

New York Chicago St. Louis Denver San Francisco

Boston Minneapolis Baltimore Kansas City New Orleans

Buffalo Philadelphia Washington Pittsburg Syracuse Cincinnati Montreal. Canada London, England Hamburg, Germany

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IN all athletic contests the implements and ^^k^^^?^" apparatus must conform to the official rules ^^1 M M | as laid down by the governing bodies of the ^*^ • » < various sports, the object being to enable all contestants to com- pete under uniform conditions and with the same kind of an impl ment, for a record in any sport will not be allowed unless tl. official implement is used. That is why Spalding implement" are always selected, because they never vary in weight c' measurement, but invariably conform to the rules.

THE above illustration shows the Stadium at St. Louis, In whic' the Olympic Games of 1904 were held. The field, which wa^ designed and equipped by A. G. Spalding & Bros.^ was declar by experts to be the most perfect outdoor athletic plant ever built

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HE officials of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, recognizing the imixjrtance the OLYMPIC GAMES and the value of • ablishing authentic Olympic records, selected Spalding Athletic ^plements for exclusive off.cial use in connection with the Jlympic Games (held in the Stadium of the Exposition, from Viay to November) because of their acknowledged superiority, eliability and official standing. For over a quarter of a century \. G. Spalding & Bros.' implements have been officially used.

pflE buil<li"p: in thebacktrroiind istheMoilel Gyinna.siuin, which •^ was entirely equipped by A. G. Spalding & Bros, with an <hibit that was pronounced a model one by American and luropean experts and the International Jury of the Exposition.

SPALDIXC'S ATUMaiC LIKRAKY.

THE OLYMPIC GAMES OF 1906

Tlic mnrning of April 22, 1906, was the dawning of a day long to be rememberod. It was the opening day of the Olympic (iames — a day long awaited by the Greek nation. All roads lead- ing to Athens saw wagons wending their way to the city. It was not rare to see a band of peasants being drawn in a wagon to which was attached a donkey, an ox, and a mule. Every street leading to the Stadium was thronged with people, all good- natin-ed and orderly. An excited murmur seemed to be through the city. Occasionally a cheer would be heard. Cabmen were brushing up their carriages in view of their coming afternoon trade and the fancy prices they were going to get.

As early as noon the carriages began to roll toward the Stadium and drop their human freight about 100 yards from-n;he gate, for only the equipages of the royal family were allowed 10 cross the bridge of Illisos, the scene of greatest excitement.

i housands of people were standing around the bridge and near the entrance to the Stadium.

The main feature was the foustanellofori, or evzoni (the King's bodyguard), with their skirts and peculiar uniforms. They were stretched from the Stadium entrance in two long lines facing one another, leaving between the two lines a lane ;il)oul ten feet wide through which the royal family passed. The bnnds of music were allowed to lake their places in the Stadium.

Thousands of .soldiers were being marched in, not to keep or- der— that was not nccessarj- — but as the Stadium is built be- tween three hills, and as the top row of seats just reached those hills — where thousands congregated daily — it was found neces- sary to have the top row of seats guarded by soldiers, to prevent ihe people on the hills from stepping over the marble wall.

Tlic placing of the soldiers was very interesting. What an imposing spectacle they made when they took their positions.

Tramp, tramp, they would come marching up to the top row of seats. Here they were stretched, shoulder to shoulder, around the upper wall, thousands of them, with their peculiar uniforms, their heads just showing against the sky. One can imagine how many there must have been when it is known that the upper outer wall of the Stadium measures over on'e-third of a mile in circum-

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE CONSTANTINE.

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY 7

fercnce. So picture a third df a mile of soldiers up in the skies — just like so many birds on the bouyh of a tree. It was a picture that many photographers were quick to recognize as unique.

When the guard was placed around the top of the Stadium the people were allowed to come in. There was a mad rush for seats. The management had the iron gates removed and thou- .sands entered by holding their tickets over their heads. There were four entrances, two being for holders of tickets in the lower tiers of seats, the other two l)eing for holders of tickets in the upper tiers, the latter ascending an outside marble stairway, built exclusively for them. Thousands could not buy tickets and joined the army of spectators that stood on the hills, on the bridge and along the streets, waiting to see the royal family arrive.

hrom the moment the royal family left the Palace in their carriages there was a long continued cheer that only ceased when they were comfortably seated in the royal box.

What an imposing spectacle it was as the royal family drove up between the bodyguard of evzoni under the arch of the Stadium gates. As they were escorted up the infield by the committee and jurymen, 50,000 people stood up to greet them. So loud were the cheers that the national airs could hardly be heard.

Tt was 3:15 p. m. when the royal party entered the Stadium. The crowds rose to their feet and were trying to get a glimpse of their majesties. His Majesty King George came first, wearing a simple admiral uniform, accompanying his sister, the Queen .Alexandra of England. Then came His Majesty King Edward of England, accompanied by Queen Olga of Greece. They were followed by -the Crown Prince Constantin and the Princess of Wales, the Prince of Wales and the Princess Sophia, Prince George and Princess Victoria, Prince Nicolas, Prince Andrew, the Princess Helen and the Grand Duke Boris, brother of Prin- cess Helen.

The members of the royal family bowed to the right and left in recognition of the cheering and standing people in the Stadium. Flags were waved in a frantic manner. The fringe of soldiers around the top row of seats stood saluting, the naval officers stood back of the throne in salute. The cheers grew louder and louder — not only the people in the Stadium were cheering, but all Athens was cheering.

No wonder the King smiled and bowed to his people during his walk of two hundred yards through the mass of people who so madly cheered him.

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE GEORGE, High Commissioner and Governor-General of Crete.

'riic opening of llic games was a sight that pleased not only the King, but tlio hundreds of foreign officials who had helped organize the Olympic Games in their respective countries, and had come to the city of'Athens to see how the Athenians would celebrate their event. Never before in the history of athletics has there been such a sight. To think that close on to loo.ooo people would be in and .nbout the Stadium to witness the opening ceremonies !

As a contrast to the intense cheering- there was complete silence when the Crown Prince stepped forward in front of the ihrone and in an impressive manner read the following address tn the King:

'S'orK M.xjKSTv: The committee, whose president I am, in- duced by the law that gave us the charge and the preparation 111' the Olympic Games, has invited to the Stadium, which was re- built in its ancient beauty by a patriotic Greek citizen, all the nations that regard athletics and gymnastics as the progress and inducement of civilization. We are grateful to-day, seeing that our pains have been crowned with success by the presence of international teams which are set before Your Majesty and the King of the strong United Kingdom of England.

(irecce opens its arms to receive the best in rank of physical education, those who came here from all over the civilized world. The Stadium is broadened during these days in a universal Stadium, where the victory will spread its laurels on the heads of the best of the nations. In whatever country the victors will carry the prize of their worthy victorj'-, .we hope they will not forget that we have crowned their lieads with laurels from Olympia, that have grown by the banks of Alphios. Let them not forget that they have been applauded and crowned as Olympic victors on the sacred ground of Athens by the descendants of ancients Greeks, who recognize as brothers those that the art of y\thlctics, the noble daughter of Greece, has brought up as victors. Leaving Athens as victors, let them consider themselves as other Athenians, since they have been crowned by Athenian prizes. Under such good omens, I take the honor to ask Your Majesty to proclaim the' opening of the Olympic Games of 1906.

Tn response, the King arose and duly declared the Olympic Games of igo6 opened.

During all of this interesting ceremony, which was conducted in a dignified manner, the athletes from the different countries stood in columns back of the Crown Prince. Then came the parade of the contestants before the King, the bands of music of Levkas and of Pira^^us preceding them.

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SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. H

In this way first came the Germans, then the English, the Americans, the AustraHans, the Belgians, the Danish ladies, the Danish, the French, the Hungarians, the Italians, the Norwegians, the Swedes, and last the Greeks.

As they passed in front of the royal box each group saluted according to the custom of their own country and marched to their reserved seats in the left wing of the Stadium.

While the gymnasts were busy dressing themselves all the Philharmonic bands concentrated themselves in the depths of the Stadium and played the hymn of Samara. The full of inspiration and of great genius work was played indeed in a perfect way.

The programme of events consisted of gymnastic exhibitions presented by different countries. For this reason most of the infield was filled with gymnastic apparatus. The teams from Norway, Sweden, France, Denmark, Germany and Italy gave exhibitions. The feature of the day was the gymnastic work done by a class of Danish women, invited by the King and were guests at the Palace. Their balancing movements showed grace and poise; their apparatus work consisted of giant swings on the horizontal bars, the half lever on the rings, hand-stands on the parallel bars and wonderful vaults on the horse. They re- ceived great applause.

At six o'clock the gymnastic exhibition was concluded and it is doubtful whether one person had left the Stadium. When the royal party rose to make their triumphal exit the same reception was accorded them, if anything a little more pronounced. Every- one of the 50,000 stood up — men uncovered their heads — the cheers echoed and re-echoed throughout the Stadium. After the royal party the people in a slow, orderly way left the Stadium by the four exits, but there was no crowding, or jostling, no jeer- ing or laughter, for it was the opening of the Olympic Games. A Greek Festival had been inaugurated; the Greek people were part and parcel of it.

"Was there ever such an opening elsewhere? Could there be?" That's what many foreigners asked. The attendance ! Where in the world could one collect an audience of at least 100,000 tti witness the sight ?

The answer is: "Nowhere but at Athens; classic Athens."

The Good Results of the Games

The Olympic (lames of igo6 will go down into athletic his- tory as the most remarkable festival of its kind ever held. They exceeded in every way the successful Olympic Games of 1896, and are bound to produce good results, for the holding ct"

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ANDREW.

SPALUIiNUS ATHLETIC LIKRARY. 13

these games at Athens this year added a stimuhis to sport on the Continent and has greatly increased the interest which will he taken in the future in athletic sports by all countries of the world. The scenes and incidents and everything in connection with the Olympic Games of igo6 made an impression that will never be forgotten and it is hoped that future Olympic Games will be up to the standard of the ones of 1906.

The Greek Committee, of which H. R. H. The Crown Prince is President, operating under a royal decree from King George, worked for many months perfecting the plans and arrangements for the games, and how well they succeeded is best told by the official reports, which speak for themselves.

It can be safely said that the Olympic Games of 1906 opened in a more auspicious manner than either the Olympic Games at Paris in 1.900, or at St. Louis in 1904, and from the opening hour to the closing exercise, Athens enjoyed a festival the like of which has never been witnessed by the residents of any other city in the world. That they were a success can be attributed to the untiring efforts of His Majesty the King of Greece, the Crown Prince, Prince George, Prince Nicholas, Prince Andrew, and the Greek Conunittee. Their efforts during the entire Olym- pic period were untiring. They personally conducted as many of the athletic events as they could devote themselves to, so as to be here, there and everywhere, and made it, one might say, their personal duty to make all of the visitors and the oi'ficials from other countries feel as though they were welcome and their presence appreciated.

One of the first social functions, where all of the delegates, officials and others met, was at a luncheon given by II. R. II. the Crown Prince, at the .\tlion llotel. At least two hundred aitended, the royal family being represented by II. R. H. the Crown Prince, Duke of Sparta, Prince George, Prince Nicholas rnd Prince Andrew. Following is the toast made by H. R. H. the Crown Prince :

"In the name of His Majesty the King. Delight of the eyes and great pleasure could be called the athletic feasts which have taken place during these last days. In these feasts, however, there is a deep lesson in the great emulation of the nations trying to surpass each other in the strength of the body and t'l show the benevolent effects of athletics by means of their first- in-rank athletes. We justly admire the victors and we partake of the applause that -came out from the mouths of thousands of people for them. P)Ut we must not forget those who, by their devotion, have contributed and still contribute, not less than the victors, to the success of the games and to the progress of the

A. G. SPALDING,

American Director to the Olympic Games of 1900. at Paris, at which

meeting the American athletes scored such a pronounced victory.

SrAI.DINtrS ATtlt.RTIC LIlUtARY. 15

plixsic.il education that will revive llie nations. The Princes and the governments whom yon represent by means of their protection, the committees, the clubs and societies, whose mem- bers you are, by means of their enthusiastic zeal, have prepared the lively participation in the spectacle of these days. To you we owe the bringing together at the Stadium of Herodis of Atticus and of Averoff and at the other places of the games, of the groups of strong-bodied young men for whom we clap the hands.

■'I consider, therefore, but fair to raise my cup for you, as representatives of the protectors of athletics, by means of which the bodies arc strengthened, the bodies that adore the nations during the times of peace and protect their rights at times of danger. T therefore drink to the health of all of you and the health of the nations whom you represent."

That the games of 1906 were vastly superior to the games of i8g6. the members of the Royal Family admitted. That was at the beginning, and at the time they were all ver}^ well pleased with the entry received and the number of spectators.

To the visitor from an athletic country, particularly America, the one thing which will long be remembered is the Stadium. Words can hardly describe the impression the Stadium makes on one as he enters its gates. Tiers of white marble seats go to the clouds. In size and dimension it is unsurpassed ; in form and construction unequaled. There is a grandeur about it that impresses one. Certainly there is no place in the world like it for the holding of Olympic Games.

The Olympic Games, as we all know, comprised a great many events, the Stadium ' events, of course, being considered by a great many, the Olympic Games, for it is to see these events that the populace go. These events are used as comparison in all records known as Olympic records.

There has been some criticism in relation to the claims of the Americans. The Americans have claimed absolutely what they accomplished. America sent a team for the Olympic Games as they had been understood at Athens in 1896. at Paris in iqco, and at St. Louis in 1904, and at no time did they claim that America won a canoe championship, a revolver championship, a gymnastic championship, or a boating championship ; they did not make an entry in these events. America entered its team for athletics, and all claims made by Americans have been for the athletic events, as the word is understood, and these events took place in the Stadium. Tn other words. America excelled the world athletically, just the same as France e.xcelled in swordsmanship, the Swiss in shooting, Italy in boating and bicy-

BARON PIERRE DeC'OUBERTIN, President International Olympic Committee.

SrAI.iUN'CS ATHLETIC LlliUAUV. 17

cling, and the Danes in foot ball, and the French are certainly entitled to a great deal of credit for their all-round showing m all other than the track and field athletic events.

Wc can sec that the question of events will have to receive great consideration from the Greek and the International Com- mittees, for I really believe that these Committees should establish the events and have them lived up to; for instance, during the Olympic Games at Paris one individual won the Olympic Cham- pionship for fishing in the Seine for live fish. At St. Louis, in the same way, and under Olympic sanction, there was a roque cham- pionship, a sport which is unknown in other countries ; and speak- ing of scoring points in championships, if one takes in all events held imder the Olympic series, the St. Louis Olympic Games furnish some interesting data, for the committee, under instruc- tions from the International Committee, had about 390 individual Olympic events contested. Out of these about fourteen were won by foreigners ; and, scoring on the point system, America scored close to ,3,500 points in these Olympic events at St. Louis ; in other words, more points by many hundreds that was scored by all other nations at Athens in 1896, and Athens in 1906. Nevertheless, we publish in this volume a complete record of all Oh'mpic events that were held at Athens. The final classifications will prove interesting.

By classification, in one event — the all-round, gymnastic cham- pionship— France had four men who received first prizes, Ger- many four, Italy three, and Bohemia one. While that, perhaps, is a good system of scoring, it would be' much better if a con- clusion could be arrived at as to the real championship, not have it divided among fourteen men, and allow certain coun- tries to score four first prizes in one event. If fourteen men were tied for first place or one was equal to the other, the method for scoring should be to divide the points, and each man would thus be credited with one-fourteenth of a champion- ship; or, the fourteen should go still further and have a real champion. In another classification — gymnastics — France re- ceived three first prizes, Italy three, Germany two, and Hungary one.

Royalty as Officials

The Olympic Games of 1906 will long be remembered by the contesting athletes from the fact that the games were conducted under royal patrona.gc and the interest that the royal family took in the Olympic Games was simply astonishing.

CASPAR WHITNEY. President American Committee Olympic Games, 1906.

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 19

The King and the royal family attended the games each day and occupied their official positions in the roj'al box. The games commenced upon the arrival of the royal family, and after llie reception of the King .and Queen, the King's sons would immediately take their places on the field to conduct the athletic events. As President of the Olympic Committee, the Crown Prince presided. Prifice George and Prince Nicholas were the ones that were mainly responsible for the successful carrying on of the athletic events, Prince George as president of the jury, acting as referee. Prince Andrew directed the fencing events and other sports outside the Stadium. Prince George conducted the athletic games in a masterly manner.

I have attended a great many athletic events in Europe and America, but during my experience, extending over a period of thirty years, I have never had the pleasure of meeting men in athletics that equaled the Princes in their manner of conducting athletic games, in their knowledge of athletics, in their absolute desire to be fair, and in their ever-readiness to discuss impar- tially all protests. The Princes did not care a particle who won ; they wanted to see the best man win, and in competition they quickly decided all points brought to their attention, and in many cases they decided against their own athletes — the Greeks. Someone may criticise some minor point in the Olympic Games of 1906, but I doubt if anyone can claim that he was not hon- estly treated and courteously listened to whenever he had a question to ask. The knowledge of athletics which the Princes possessed was simply astonishing. When it came to putting the shot, throwing the discus, throwing the stone, when a point arose as to whether a man had stepped an eighth of an inch over the circle; in fact, when there was a dispute of any kind, the Princes decided — and decided honestly — and according to the athletic law. Thus it can be seen that the Princes have given a great deal of thought and consideration to the Olympic Gnmes. .\t no time were they considered as interfering with the com- petition ; far from it. in fact, it is well known that many of the contestants and officials refused to go on until one of the Princes was there to see that there was no possible chance of anything but fair play and to see to the interests of all the contestants and not to some. Prince George, the president of the jury, en- deared himself to all the contestants, and much of the success of the Olympic Games of 1006, wdiich was without doubt the greatest athletic carnival ever held in the world, was due en- tirely to the fact that the Princes took such interest in the games and conducted them as they should have been conducted — with great dignity.

J. W. ('i];i'iss.

Treasurer Americ:in Finance t^ommittee,

Olympic Games, 1906.

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 21

King George exhibited great interest in the athletic events, and on one occasion during a visit to the arena, in which he chatted pleasantly with the officials, he expressed to the American Commissioner the desire that President Roosevelt of the United States might be present to witness the remarkable games of 1906. He talked for about a quarter of an hour about the President, evinced the greatest interest in his doings, stated that he follow- ed each and every event in his career minutely, and admiring him because he was fond of rports, fond of athletics ; in fact, the King said, "This is just the kind of a meeting your President would like to witness." Therefore, is it any wonder that the Olympic Games of 1906 will go down in history as a great ath- letic event ; is it any wonder that all are unit that Athens is the one place to hold Olympic Games, when we have there such fine sportsmen as the King and his sons, who are so deSply interested in athletics? I doubt if we can scan the world over and find a royal family that interests itself as they do and feel as they do towards Olympic Games.

The Olympic Games are to go on at Athens ; they are to be held every four years, and no matter where other Olympic Games are held, when the games at Athens are announced, under the Presidency of the Crown Prince and the patronage of the King of Greece, those games will be features of the athletic world.

There was an indescribable element in relation to the Olympic Games of 1906 that, somehow or other, the average foreign visi- tor could not grasp. Never before had one interested in sport been surrounded by such an element as enveloped him at Athens. It could not have been the impression that the marble Stadium made upon one ; it was not the fact that one was in ancient .Xthcns, amid its historical ruins ; there was something else which made the Olympic Games of 1906 the most remarkable athletic gathering evjr held in the world. One athletically in- clined could observe that ihere was an atmosphere which is for- eign to athletic followers, either in America, Great Britain. Aus- tralia or elsewhere. The people seemed enthused over something that meant more than sport; they had taken hold of the Olympic Games, and, apparently, to them these Olympic Games were a sacred festival. "Olympic Games!" was all they thought of. Celebrating them in. true, royal style was their main thought.

.Athletically, we have had superior meetings. At Paris, the most remarkable team of athletes that ever departed from America competed and won the major portion of the prizes. At St. Louis, the athletic events were high class, and the greatest athletes in the world won Olympic honors. The games at St.

DAVID R. FRANCIS. President Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, 1904.

SrAT.DIXC'R ATITI.RTIC LIRRARY. 23

Louis were well attended, the larg-c stand being fdled eacli dav. Similar comments could be made regarding tbe Olympic Games at Paris. Notwitbstanding tiie fact that these Olympic Games at St. Louis and at Paris were grand in their way — athletically speaking — they lacked that something that one only found upon arrival at Athens. In other words, the spirit of" the Olympic Games, to the Greeks, "meant something;" it was their royal function.

1~he history of the Olympic Games is part of the history of the Greeks. These games, to the Greeks, brought reminiscences of the days of the Greek splendors and supremacy; that spirit of sacrcdness pervaded the people from the peasants to the royal family. In other words, the Olympic Games seemed to be a royal function from start to finish. The average American will better understand what the meaning of the Olympic Games to the Greeks is by reading the following article from the Greek daily paper, Asty. Tin's article was attributed to Llis Roynl Highness the Crown Prince, and it clearly shows the feeling' of the people towards the Olympic Games.

THE SPIRIT OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES.

On April 22d Greece will open the first and largest station of its civilization. Actually the first International Olympic Games will take place. And the first ones with the hope of a brighter national future; the games that have already invited to a uni- versal feast all the beautiful bodies, all the brave minds, the best stock of the world's nations.

The bell of armistice has rung. As it was during the ancient times at Altis, to-day at the Panathenian Stadium, all the na- tions put aside their enmities and hatred before the Goddess of Peace. Athens, with the olive branch in her lips, draws toward her the future Anctors of the Olympic Games from all over the world. As for us, all the political, social and human enmities are put aside. We are the Greeks ! Greeks with the ancient spirit transplanted in Greece of the present and of the future. Reyond Greece the nations and people are thinking and are talk- ing about the Olympic Games, the name of which is as sweet as honey and is a hymn of peace to their ears.

They envy us. Yes, they envy us. It is not the antiquity, neither the noble games of ancient times; it is not the archaic sight of the spectacle nor the archaic spirit in general that sur- rounds us. No ! these are not the only things that turn the looks toward Greece, our country. It is this modern Greece that ventures to undertake with courage the Olympic Games. All

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SPALDINC'S ATHLETIC LIURARY. 25

the athletes and all those who adorn their bodies, also all the peacemakers of the world, and all the kings and princes of the world will be asking who are these pigmies anyway, who are these fellows who are plunged in political enmities, those who have been conquered in 1897 ; who are these who dreamt and after having dreamt realized the resurrection of the iiiost noble and the most great by nature social circle, the circle around which all the Greeks, as if they were one soul, were casting lots, were feeling, were struggling, developing, strengthening and civilizing themselves?

'1 his secret question is put forth by all foreigners who will come here from all over the world. We Greeks must feel proud for undertaking this attempt. At this point our pride must be turned with gratitude towards that serious person who presides over this work of civilization, we mean towards His Royal High- nessthe Crown Prince of Greece.

Without the splendor of his personality it would have been ini])ossii)Ie for the Olympic Games to be considered from a civilizing and national point of view. The work of a commander in war as a civilizer of the government is not superior to the work of the peacemaker as a civilizer of a nation.

Up to the time when the Crown Prince of Greece will triumph as a Greek Commander in war let every noble child of Greece regard him as the greatest civilizer of Greece by means of his mental and his beautiful works of peace. The Crown Prince is now for Greece what Hermes has been during the ancient times. 1 fe is the man of letters of Greece. He is her sporting Hermes. As a man of letters he presided over the first International Archaeological Council, a work of civilization. As a sportsman he is the President of the first Olympic Games, a work of civil- ization as well.

When I was beyond the River Jordan, in the Desert, by the Dead Sea, and was looking proudly at the Greek monasteries (the word monastery taken in its most national meaning) that were found here and there like blooming oases, and was looking at these monasteries like divine spectacles of Grecian civili'zation, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, who happened to be there at the lime and who was observing with a patriotic look the sacred towers of Greek influence and power at Palestine, turned and whispered to me, "Do you see ! we are the civilizers of the Desert; of the Desert full of horror and of ancient chill."

The Crown Prince of Greece is to-day the pioneer of progress and of light of the Desert around us, of the Desert as a nation, full of horror, chill and fears.

\

MR. GEORGE AVEROFF,

Who contributed the money to rebuild the Stadium. A statue has been

erected to the right of the Stadium entrance in his honor.

The Stadium is his monument.

SPALDINGS ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 27

We must acknowledge that all these beautiful works, the works that are full of power, of vim, and of civilization, we must ac- knowledge with a national pride that it is only through the high and enthusiastic patronage of His Royal Highness the Crown Prince that such works were able to inspire the confidence of the people and of nations to exercise a spirit of proselytism toward Greece and to draw the love toward us regardless of our political quarrels and differences.

Just watch! All those who pressed by the fetters of diplomacy do not show their sympathies toward the Greek nation and ap- pear as enemies toward us, all these people under the auspices of the Olympic spirit of these games, the tender and peaceful spirit, extend a friendly hand to all of us ; they greet us with the utmost sjanpathy, as if they wanted us only as peacemakers and civilizers of the Balkan Peninsula. It may be that diplo- macy has ordained that the victory of modern Greece should be limited to the great and splendid works of peace. And this is a great victor}'. It is a victory under the wings of which we bring together to-day like brothers all the nations of the world. It is a victory under the wings of which we hide carefully our dreams, our hopes.

The Crown Prince of Greece is the first creator and the first inspirer of these great enterprises. This renders him more re- spectable to all Greeks who love their country even beyond his august title. The Crown Prince carries away to-day the triumph that Diagoras used to lead during the old times, Diagoras towards whom the multitudes of Olympia were turning their looks with a national pride. These Olympic Games are an honor to him. It is an honor coming from the whole civilized world. There is nothing that prevents him from exhibiting his refined spirit and his ardent desire, as a Crown Prince of Greece, for the success of the games. Neither his oflficial position nor diplomacy could prevent him. The energy, the life, the strength with which he acts, spread all over a very pure and bright ray of ancient glory. These games are his own inspiration — the in- spiration of the nation toward him, the nation itself. They are to-day his ideal sphere around which he works, lives, moves and feels; they are as a living pillar of antiquity which he uses as a support for the modern Greek spirit with his ambitions.

The whole nation feels n sacred emotion when the name of Olympic Games is mentioned. The nation feels this emotion be- cause the Olympic Games is a feast of the whole nation. In the

Captain F. Hansen,

President of the Danish Olympic

Committee.

Colonel V. Balck, President of the Swedish Olympic

Admiral V. Hansen.

President of the United Atliletic

Societies of Denmark.

Lieutenant Carl Hjorth, Sweden.

Sr.VLDIXCS ATHLETIC I.initAnY. 29

niiiUt of the sorrows wliicli the nation suffers from its govern- ni: nl, in the midst of the perseeutions whieli the nation suffers from tlie Powerful, she looks upon the Olympic Games as a high- way towards progress, a highway that has as a starting point the first years of the nation's history. The nation rejoices, moreover, seeing that the Crown Prince takes the initiative for this pro- gress by means of these games, and feels that he is the summing up and the incarnation of the most noble ideals of his race. Con- sidering all these, a cry at the Stadium from thousands of Greeks, "Long live the Crown Prince," will be the best prize for the most invaluable work he has undertaken to do.

The Luncheon of the King

On the last day of the Olympic Games His Majesty King George gave a luncheon at the palace to the official representa- tives from each country, members of the International Commit- tee, ministers from each country, and those officially connected with the Olympic Games. At this luncheon His Majesty the King read the following address:

"I feel the greatest joy in seeing around me the representatives of almost all the nations that take an interest in gymnastics and alhlelics. It is a great honor for Greece that every one has striven to gain the reward of the victory in Athens. The recol- lections of ancient times, the patriotism of Averoff, and the zeal of the Greek nation have proved that my capital is by way of excellence the best city that can with courage entertain strangers who have an aspiration of getting athletic laurels. It is from you, who represent the international ideas about gymnastics and I he different athletic games, it is from you that we expect to hear, whether these games, organized according to the laws of the Greek kingdom by a committee presided over by my son and Crown PVince of Greece, have proved to be successful. One thing, however, that I consider to be my duty and my pleasure, is to extend the expression of my sincere thanks for your kindness in coming here from all over the world in response to the invitation of Greece. You can be sure, gentlemen, and I beg you to transmit this from my part to all the governments, committees, clubs and societies that you may represent, that the royal family of Greece and the Greek nation have been exceed- ingly happy in having yon with them during these beautiful days. Also that they will feel the same pleasure every four years when, according to the laws of the Greek Kingdom, Greece will have the opportunity to renew the bonds of peace with all

Commandant LeFebuke,

Secretary of the Belgium Olympic

Committee.

J. FOKIANOS.

Greece.

Baron De Lavelege,

President of t'le Belgium Olympic Committee.

Lieutenant C. Wallenius, Sweden.

SPALDING'S ATHLKTIC LIBRARY. 31

the nations with whom she is happy to co-operate for the good of eivihzation and of progress."

.At a reception given l)y tlie American Minister, Mr. J. B. Jackson, at tlie American Legation, Prince George requested the .American Commissioner to take with Iiim to America the kindest regards from His Majesty the King of Greece to President Roosevelt, wishing him good health and prosperity, and extend- ing 111 him sincere thanks for iiis interest in the Olj'mpic Games of igcf).

Tt i> doubtful if any celehralion ever held by the Athenians ex- celled in imptjrlance these Olympic Games, and their in- terest enthused ever\'one else. Athletes from all parts of the world, visitors from everywhere, innumerable lan- guages being spoken, everything having a gay holiday attire. Hut it was the serious way in which the Greeks considered the Olympic Games which interested the Americans ; never before had they seen such great interest taken in anything pertaining to athletics, for the games held in this country take on a differ- ent aspect. The interest they took was astonishing; the crowds simply^ enormous. Fifty thousand people were on hand each day that the Olympic Games were held in the Stadium and they were orderly and patient. They were all interested in the ath- letic events; they didn't care so much about the boating, shoot- ing, tennis or wrestling, as they did in what they termed the two classic events — the Greek stvle of throwing the discus, and the Marathon race. Pxitli of these events are described else- where, with a report in detail of them athletically. To show, however, the great interest taken in the Marathon race by the Greeks, their ideas about it and their feelings, an article in The r.stia. a Greek daily paper, is given herewith. It is worth read- ina: and those of us in .America who look upon athletics lightly might take from it a few points:

THE GREAT DAY OF THE MARATHON RACE.

Tni-, "I'^stia" Interviews the Runners — Coutoulakts Has

Sworn, "Victokv or Death." — The Greek Victory Depends

i).\ THE Greek Sun.

The great day. the day so impatiently waited for, the day of

hopes, the day of agonies, triimiph and emotion has come at last.

T wonder whether Greek will be the fortunate winner?

GENERAL COUNT VON DER ASSEBURG.

(Germany)

President of the Imperial Committee of the Olympic Games.

sr.vLDixr.'S athletic library. 33

This is ihc general desire, the desire cf thousands of peojde wlio arc watching these games with a great enthusiasm and in- terest, both inside and outside the Stadium. The Marathon race is, so to say, the basis cf the games and right from the start lias become the center of interest and has concentrated all the hopes, expectations and dreams.

Hy way of excellence it is the most important game which will draw myriads of spectators within the Stadium as well as .utside and beyond it, in the road cf Kifissia, in order to receive the first runner, the famous winner.

Quite a number of athletes will take part. The total number of fcjreigncrs and Greeks who will take ])art in it is estimated to be 7.^. Most of them are Greeks fr(jni Turkey and from the |)roper Greece.

Out of the seventy-three nmners entered, seven are English, seven are Americans, two Australians, five Swedish, three Frenchmen, two Germans, three Danish, one Bohemian, two Norwegians, one Belgian, two Canadians, and one Austrian. The rest are Greeks. These runners have been examined by a Ger- man physician and have been sent to Marathon in carriages.

\\1i() will be the lucky one? To whom will the strength give wings to run, to fly, to surpass the others, to win, to be crowned?

Will it be one of the foreigners, the American, the Swedish, the Australian, the Canadian? What about the select Greeks? What about Coutoulakis? No one could preconceive, no one could foresee anything. The hour of the r-^ce is near by and liolding back our impatience let us quietly wait for the result.

The >^:arting line is fixed at 775 meters nftcr the 41 kilom. from Athens. The point of arrival will be the Panathcnaic Stadium.

Beginning this noon, all the streets through which the runners of the Marathon race will pass, are crowded with curious people, idle interest of the people cannot be described and everyone is aiixioi sly waiting for tlie time of their arrival.

As it was decided the start of the runners from Marathon will be made at 3 p. ni. The distance between Marathon and the Stadium is 42 kilometers.

A force of one thousand horsemen will undertake to keep the order from Marathon to Athens. In every 500 meters there will be guards and soldiers, also ambulances for those who may meet with an accident and who could not continue their way. In every five kilometers there will be doctors, nurses and medicines, 111 i;d<e care of those who may get hurt. On the opposite hill, where the Department of Equipment of War Supplies is located,

DR. W. GEBHARDT,

( Germany)

Secretary of the Imperial Committee, Olympic Games.

SPALDINGS ATHLETIC LIBRARY. S5

a cannon will be placed and a shot will be fired to announce the arrival of the runners.

Considering the distance between Marathon and Athens, which is 42 kilometers, also considering that the best runner could run this distance in two hours and fifteen minutes, it is calculated that the victor of this race will reach the Stadium between 5:15 and 6:00 p. m. It is most probable that Coutoulakis will carry the triumph. That is a great and imposing moment for the Stadium. The Crown Prince has allowed the band of the Guard to play as soon as the victor enters the Stadium, a march that was specially composed by the master musician of the Imperial Guard, which march is dedicated to the victor of the Marathon race. This march which, it is said, was composed with a great inspiration, begins with the words "Like a spark hidden in the ashes," then follows a stroplfe of the national Greek hymn, then (lifl'erent pieces taken from the hymns of the foreign nations and the- composition ends with the last phrase of our national hymn.

Besides the other gifts to be offered to the victor of the Mara- thon race we have to report the following:

The "Louvre," the large firm of Mr. Cauellopoulos, will do- nate the statue of Hermes. The baker, Nicolas Raptis, will fur- nish him one loaf of bread daily for one year. The coffeehouse man, K. Krekmazis, will furnish him with three coffees daily for one year. The barber, Orphanidis, offers to shave him gratis for the rest of his life. Mr. Karanikas, hotelkeeper, offers to give a luncheon every Sunday for a year to the victor and to five of his friends, provided the victor is a Greek.

CAN.-\D.\ WINS THE MARATHON RACE.

The Eternal Victor of \e.sterday — Canadian the Angel FROM Marathon. The hearts of all Greeks were beating fast and in agony yes- terday. We cannot say whether the heirts of ancient Greeks were beating faster when they were expecting to hear the news nf the battle of Marathon than the hearts of modern Greeks ex- jiecting to hear and to know the winner of this deadly and very fatiguing but famous race. One could almost count the people who were indifferent, for yesterday's events. It was but natural. F.ven the most cold and indifferent people of the north have turned to he warm and excited people of the south, and we have seen Englishmen* watching in agony the results of the 100 meter races. How was it possible for the Greeks not to get excited

D. N. BOTASSI,

Greek Consul, New York.

Member of the American Committee to the Olympic Games. Athens, 1906.

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 37

when the question was ahout a race that tlieir liistnry lias created, a race nuich liigher than the common liuman nature, a race so d.angerous and tragical and so famous?

The science of athletics, simply the science, more simply the philanthropy, do not approve of this fearful event ; it is, how- i ver. the courage, the danger, the fatigue, the pain of the Mara- thon race that kindle a strong flame around the hair of the victor I if the Marathon race. The event of i8y6 had given credulity to the Greeks, something very natural, the result of which was yesterday's hope and agony. This agony was also increased by reports of the newspapers about the Greek runners: "Coutoul- akis had taken the holy sacrament and was swearing either to win or to die" — an awkward and exaggerated thought but very hoimuring for the poor Greek, a thought that shows to what extent the Greek pride can reach when induced by noble games.

The result was contrary to the Greek expectations and hopes. The victor was a foreigner, — a Canadian. The news yesterday brought sorrow ; to-day, however, when Greeks wake up, cool- headed, they find out that they have been very optimistic. We ■.\rc in a position, to-day, to think that we have striven in this race against giants of art and resistance. The Stadium had already informed us that the foreigners were the runners and not ourselves. The Americans have thrown into consternation all the spectators v/ith their art, their celerity, their resistance in the race within the Stadium. And they are the ones that furnished the victor of the Marathon Race. Sherring is an athlete of British-America, Canada. He comes from the" country of labor, the country of vast space, from the country where the people are accustomed to courageous and rash actions. The .Marathon race is a ra.sh and courageous race, and that antelope of Canada, armed with the strength of its climate, with prepara- tory exercises and the feeling of vast space, has beaten all the other nations.

What a delight his entrance in the Stadium? He was (hard to be believed) cool, flourishing, indifferent, ready to go on willi his running if it was not for the sling to close the entrance.

Short and thin, and with the grace of a gazelle, he was still rtuuiing in a natural way as if he was then starting. The Stad- ium roaring the triumph and his glory, had him before it, full of strength and not faint, smiling and invincible. He had the nerve to lift his head and to look at the crowds, he had the strength to answer the salutations, to smile, to wave the flag of his nation, and to 1)ow before the kings. He had the strength to answer to the voice of glory. There are moments when we can see with our own eyes the eternity. This small man. from

F. J. V. SKIFF. Director of Exhibits Louisiana Purchase Exposition, who was re- sponsible for St. Louis getting the Olympic Games of 1904; a member of the Finance Committee of 1906.

.SPA^nVNG'S ATflLETia LIWiAIii'. __ 30

the time lie ciitcrcd tlic iiorcli till tlie time ho disappeared, lie was living as if in a dream, 'lime lias counted for him seconds of eternity.. Greece has honored the victor by having Prince (Jeorgc accompany liim within the Stadium. The tall and stout Prince of Crete has run with perfection by the side of the victor, lie accompanied him till ihey reached the place of the Kings, when he-announced his victory, saluting and with thanks.

ATHENS W.MTiXc; 1-OR THE VICTOR OF THE iM.VRATHON RACE.

The Splendid Spectacle cf the Stadium.

The cily of .\tliens was almost dead yesterday. The entire po|)ula!ion had taken possession of the Stadium, the streets of llirodis, the Atticus and of Kifissia. It was a kind of labyrinth all around these places, where thousands of people were watch- ing eagerly, and were waiting for the results of the great event.

The excitement in front of the Stadium began at 2 p. m. The military guard, also a band of eozonos, were placed in two lines in front of the porch, in order to prevent the concentration of the people and to keep order. The crowds began coming to the Stadium one hour before the usual time and the number of them had surpassed the number of previous days. According to rough calculations at least 60,000 must have entered the Stadium.

It was 5:30 p. m. when the games in the Stadium had all taken place. The news cf the loss in the contest of discus began to spread a general sadness and disgust to the faces of those pres- ent, to the faces that were gay a little while ago. I wonder what was taking place? Was it a messenger of bad omens that liave later on caused the sorrow to all those crowds, the crowds that were expecting to see at least a corner of the Greek colors coming in triumphantly through the porch. What was that in- visible sorrow that has seized all the seats after the loss of the di.scus contest ? It is true that the unpleasant rumors did not cc'ise cominar in the one after the other. That same moment Mr. ]\lavronichalis' automobile arrived with M. R. Caridia, the custodian of the chronometer. As soon as they arrived tin: cnnvds turned tiicir looks toward them and were trying to prophesy their thoughts and their heart. Unfortunately the ex- pression on their faces showed other than joy.

They were talking loudly with the members of the committee, whose faces besan to get very melancholic. "All is through," >aid some- "It is pjone, we lost it," cried out others.

A. L. SHAPLEIGH. Chairman Physical Culture Department World's Fair, St. Louis, whose management the Olympic Games of that year were held; Finance Committee of 1906.

1904, under member of

SPALDING'S ATnLETIC LIBRARY. 41

No one, however, knew anything positive. Finally, one of the reporters asked a member of the committee about the results and he loudly answered that a Canadian comes first. The news reached the ears of the crowds like a fierce bomb. The whole Stadium knew then that a foreigner was coming first. Sorrow ♦/a.s depicted on the faces of all The committee noticing this, circulated the news that the Canadian was first by a kilometer and that a Greek followed.

Hope came back again. "Courage, boys," shouted the crowds ; "It may be that he will fall down like Flak." "Yes, oh yes; he will fall going up the hill," said others.

It is 5 :40 p. m. ; a light dew begins to cover the seats. It was needed. It gives life to the dying out hopes. As the minutes go by, however, and every moment begins to count, the anxiety is increasing. The crowds can read the bitter truth in the expres- sion of the committee. But no one wants to believe it, no one wants to accept it. What will then happen? At this time new rumors reach the ears of the spectators. The Italian and the two Frenchmen have fallen down. The Greeks are coming. New hopes and new expectations. The national pride is in danger. The angel of Marathon must be a Greek, like the one of the victory of Miltiadis. and in the memory of all the victory of Louis is revived. As the time goes by the victor of the Mara- thon race of the first Greek Olympiad is presented to the imag- ination of all like a sacred icon on a flag that is hoisted in the midst of an international arena.

A general sadness spread over the expression of all present, either because the darkness of sunset falls on them or because of the bad news thai they are getting. - Ten minutes — or rather 600 seconds — are only left, and each second is longer than a year, and each moment of a second is longer than a whole day. Suddenly a shot is fired from the Rizarian School.

The first runner goes through the road of Kifissia. Only ten minutes and he will be into the Stadium. But who is he? To what nationality does he belong? Nobody knows. "He is a for- eigner," is the cry of the crowds. "It is impossible," say others. "Both the first, second, and third are foreigners," comes the reply. No one could believe. Never mind. Suddenly, an un- usual agitation and excitement reigns on the bridge of Ilissos and further beyond the road of Hirodis the Atticus.

"He is coming! He is coming!" The crowds outside of the Stadium are shouting. Whistles and the steps of horses an- nounce the arrival of the first victor of the Marathon race. It is a moment of highest spiritual life. The crowds in the Stadium are now standing. The first victor of the race comes in. He is

-^^

M. P. HALPIN,

Manager and Adviser of the American Team,

Olympic Games, 1906.

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 43

short and runs so softly on the right, that one could say that he comes from the bridge of Ilissos. He is accompanied by Prince George of Crete. All those present applaud, the Stadium pre- sents an image of triumph, as soon as Shcrring from Canada, a P.ritish subject, makes his appearance.

lie is so graceful, so unaflfectcd, he salutes so politely that all forget that he is a foreigner and continue clapping their hands, shouting out hurrahs and applauding the victor. He was not tired. Only his thin clothes were wet from perspiration. Hav- ing reached before the royal seats he bowed and was carried from shoulder to shoulder through the royal entrance to the dressing room.

The sorrow of the spectators was succeeded by a silent grief soon after the dejxirture of the victor. Silence rei.gns all over the Stadiinn. It is the silence of the highest calamity. A gen- eral disgust is dei)icted on the faces of all. No one could be- lieve that the victor of this race is a foreigner. Fifteen minutes have passed in agon,v. No one moved from his seat. Fifty thousand spectators are standing waiting for the second victor.

New whistles and a great excitement beyond the Staditun an- nounce the arrival of the second victor. "He is a Greek," the crowds are shouting. All in vain. He is Svanberg, a Swede. Soon after him comes the third victor, who is Frank, an Ameri-

Of the three victors the Canadian, Sherring, ran the distance from Marathon to the Stadium in 2 hours 51 minutes 233-5 sec- onds, 7 minutes 28 seconds less th'<n the time taken by Louis Svanbug ran this distance in 2 hours 58 minutes 24-5 seconds, .nid Fr;ink in 3 hoiu-s 454-5 seconds.

President Roosevelt's Greetings

To have been a member of the American Olympic team was an honor that any athlete can justly feel proud of, and the fact that our President, the Hon. Theodore Roosevelt, had accepted I he Honorary Presidency of the American Committee, was a tribute to. all' who were connected with this glorious victory.

After tiie games were over and the American victory bad been heralded over the world and President Roosevelt had been ad- vised bow our athletes performed, the receipt of the following cablegram pleased all the lioys immensely:

"UNCLE SAM IS ALL RIGHT."

The three American Flags on the Announcing Board indicating the Nationality

of First, Second and Third men in the Standing Broad Jump.

tsPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 43

Washington, May 3, igo6. Mr. James E. Sullivan, American Commissioner, Olympic Games.

Hearty congratulations to you and the American contestants. Uncle Sam is all right.

THEODORE ROOSEVELT.

'J"he message was read itj the athletes at a dinner at the Hermes Hotel, and three long cheers were given for our ath- letic President. The President again showed his deep interest in the success of the team, as is shown by the following tele- gram which was received as soon as the team landed from the steamer Republic upon their return to New York:

Washington, May 25, igo6. Mr. James E. Sullivan, New York.

Let me heartily congratulate you and all the members of the team upon their admirable showing. We are all proud of the record they made.

THEODORE ROOSEVELT.

These messages from President Roosevelt not only pleased the American athletes, but they also pleased the members of the royal family and the Greek Committee. They were charmed at the President taking such interest in the Olympic Games of 1906.

The daily papers of Athens commented quite freely on the cable, and an editorial from a leading Greek daily paper, Tlic Estia, is appended :

UNCLE SAM.

Nothing couUl be nicer and more American-like than the tele- gram of the enterprising President of thfc United States sent to the American representative and American laureate athletes, and published in yesterday's Estia : "Hearty congratulations to you and tlie American athletes. Uncle Sam is all right." Who is this "Uncle Sam" who deigned at last to be pleased after the tearing up by the roots of the olive tree of Altis by the un- rivalled athletes of the New World and its transportation to the United Stales ?

Only those among the Gre*eks know him who read European satirical papers and magazines. For this wc place his picture in this paper. He is that big man with a hat like a chimney and the Star Spangled Banner used as a ribbon around it, with a long nose and pointed beard, with the many colored jacket and the striped short trousers. He is to the Americans what John

srALnrxc's athletic library. 47

Bull is to tlic Eiifi;lisli. To make it more imposing and humor- islic, lie is the country of the (ireeks.

Tiic Amcric:in athletes, as well as the United States repre- sentative, cof.Id not have dreamed of anything better, of anything greater, than to have the first American citizen interpret hy right the thoughts and desires of "Uncle Sam."

Many cablegrams besides the one from President Roosevelt vere received. One from j\Ir. A. G. Spalding, wdio was the American Director of the Olympic Games of igco at Paris, read as follows: "Pretty work. Congratulate the American athletes on their glorious victory in the athletic events." Another cable of congratulation was received from Mr. Robert Kammerer of the New York Athletic Club.

It is doubtful if there has ever been an Olympic meeting, or an international athletic gavhering, that attracted so many dis- tinguished gentlemen v. ho are interested in the development of athletics and a plan to organize athletics, through all countries of the world, under one set of rules was discussed.

Tn talking with the representatives from the dififercnt coun- tries, as well as the members of the Greek Committee, it was ad.mittcd that there must be one uniform set of athletic laws ; and, undoubtedly, before the next Ol.vmpic Games of 1910, such a code will be adopted, and the contestants from all over the world will go to Athens fully posted as to how each and every competition is to be contested and what the rules are.

In attendance at the Olympic Games were many members of the International Committee, and they held several conferences during their stay in Athens. Among those who were very promi- nen.t in such affairs were : Dr. W. Gebhardt, Colonel Balck. Comte de Rosen, Comte Brunetta d'Usseaux. Dr. Jiri Guth, Comte Alex. Mercati, Baron de Tuyll.

The general opinion seems to be that there is a great future for the International Committee as the maker of international laws and as a body to sanction international competitions, and there can be no doubt whatever but what it will be absolutely necessary for the Greek Committee, of which His Royal High- ness the Crown Prince is President, and the International Com- mittee, of which Baron Pierre de Coubertin is President, to come to some definite understanding in relation to Olympic Games in the future, and I confidently predict that before 19 10 both organizations will be working in perfect harmony.

The other prominent representatives were : From Great Britain, Lord Desborough, who besides being active in the man-

mt

-^^»

.^m

.^ 0%

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 49

rigcmcnt of tlic Olympic Games of 1906, was likewise a contes- Icstant, being a member of the English fencing team; France was represented by Al. Pierre Roy and M. Farrand, of Paris; Jnles do Mnza, of Hungary; G. S. Robertson, England ; J. Fow- ler Dixon, England; W. Hellstrom, Sweden; Mess. E. Dahl, Norway; P. J. AJuller, Germany, as well as many others, known throlighont the foreign world as experts.

It was regretted by a great many that Baron Pierre dc Couber- tin, President of the International Olympic Committee, was not present, for we all must admit that to Baron Pierre dc Coubcrtin nuist be credited the idea of forming an International Olympic Committee and the revival of the Olympic Games. It was in June, i8q.|, that he put his idea into operation by calling together delegates in Paris. It was this committee that selected Athens as the best place to hold the Olympic Games in the year 1896.

It certainly nnist have bc^en pleasing to the Greek Committee, particularly His Royal Highness the Crown Price, to have every government of the world co-operate with him and the Greek Committee towards making the Olympic Games of 1906 the most remarkable function in the history of Olympic Games since their revival.

The Honorable Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States, officially recognized the Olympic Games by the appoint- ment of a Commissioner. England, Germany, France, Sweden, Holland, Norway, Denmark and other countries were likewise represented by one or more Commissioners ; thus giving to the Olvmpic Games of 1906 an official standing that they never had before.

The fact that the govenunents officially recognized the Olympic Games, proves conclusively that the International Olympic Games fif the future will be more than mere athletic functions. The Olympic Games of 1906 also proved that many governments did more than officially recognize the Olympic Games ; for many of the teams that visited Athens during 1906 had part of their ex- penses defrayed by their government.

The American team was sent on money received by popular subscription ; and much of this money was raised owing to the fact that our worthy President, the Honorable Theodore Roose- velt, approved of the plan and accepted the position of Honorary President of the American Olyiupic Committee.

The English team also had their expenses paid, or part of them, to the 01yni])ic Gatnes by popular subscription.

Sweden's team, numbering" ninety men, received 5,000 kroncns

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 51

from the government ; and they raised, by private subscription, 5.000 kroncns more.

The French team received 10,000 francs ($2,500) from the gov- ernment, and 3,000 francs ($750) from the city of Paris.

The government of Norway gave 3,000 kronens ($810) toward the expenses of their team.

The Austrian team received from the city of Vienna, a donation of 1,000 kronens ($2Cc). Twenty-nine men represented Austria.

The team from Germany received from the government 12,000 marks ($2,850) ; the bahmcc came from subscription. No less tlian nineteen men on the German team paid their own expenses.

A great deal of credit must be given to the Greek Committee f(ir its liberal contribution to each foreign committee. It con- lril)uted liberally towards the expenses of all teams that com- peted in the Olympic Games.

The Equipment and Management of the Games

The Greek Comniiltee and the officials deserve a great deal of praise for the intelligent manner in which the meeting was conducted. The entry was a large one — the largest ever re- cei\ed for an Olympic meeting. The arrangement of the heats and the order of events were most satisfactorily conducted. The little details in relation to the paraphernalia of the Stadium were carefully looked after, with the possible exception of the track.

The track in the Stadium, owing to its construction, is not a track for fast time — the straights being long and the corners sharp, and there never will be fast racing on it until the present construction is changed. The committee are now at work on plans whereby the corners will be enlarged, which can be done without interfering with the track in any manner.

The material used in the track construction was the same as i^^ used by a great many people who are not up-to-date in track building — cinders — and in nine cases out of ten cinders will not pack. There was no clay whatever used, thus rendering it soft and lie:ivy. The water was just sprinkled on it, and it was probably as heavy going as any country road after a rainstorm. The track has a good foundation, and by adding to it at least 60 per cent, of clay, a fast track with good footing can be made.

The Greek method of making the circles for the weight throw- ing is superior to the American or Englisli methods. They have it raised about four inches and as a result it is an easy matter to detect a foul.

The jiunping boxes were well laid out, with the exception that the runs used were not long enough and instead of having four

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 53

runways and twii boxes, there was only one, which, of course, made it inipos.iible to use the two boxes at the one time. An- nouncing boards at each side of the field showed distinctly just how high the contestants were jumping or vaulting. The same can be said for the announcing boards announcing the laps in the runs. Their method of marking the distances for the weight events was an improvement on ours and so was the plan used in declaring foul throws in the discus (free style).

The announcing boards in the Stadium have never been ex- celled or equaled on any athletic track in the world. The spec- tators could tell at a glance what had happened. Apparently the Greek Committee had read a great deal, and had studied the question of managing athletic meetings, for certainly America or England can teach them very little. Some of the contestants and newspaper men complained because they were not kept thor- oughly posted in relation to each and every move of the con- testants and officials within the Stadium. It was not a hard thing for the newspaper men to follov/ the wins of the athletes ; the hardship came, of course, in not being able to talk Greek, but even this was no great drawback, because in the Stadium at all times could be found at least a dozen officials who spoke English fluently and answered all questions in an intelligent and courteous manner.

The closing ceremonies of the Olympic Games were very in- teresting. At least 60,000 spectators were in the Stadium to wit- ness the official closing of the Olympic Games of 1906. Thou- sands of school children crowded the arena, giving exhibitions of calisthenic work and marching. After the exhibitions by the school children, the athletes, jurymen and officials marched to the arena, and the pK'sentation then took place. As each victor's name was announced, he departed from the ranks of standing athletes, walked to the royal box, and there His Majesty King George I. presented him with, his prize and the famous classic olive branch.

The games terminated in the most interesting manner ; the King of Greece, as a final act, einbraced his son, the Crown Prince, tenderly and affectionately, bestowing a kiss upon him. as a reward for his good work as President of the Games for igo6. The Crown Prince was likewise presented with a hand- some piece of statuary, the gift of Italy. Many other gifts that had been bestowed upon the Crown Prince during the Olympic Games proved conclusively that the work of Tlis Royal Highness was appreci;-.ted by many.

^r AI.DIXC-S ATin.KTir i.li:KAK> 55

Fetes and Receptions During Olympic Games

llu- social side of the Olympic Games was particularly pleas- ing 'lO tlK' foreign represencatives, who had so many fetes ar- ranged for them. It was also particularly observable that the (ncek people did everj'thing they possibly could to make the stay of all visitors pleasant while attending the Olympic Games. Representatives of the royal family were more than anxious to show the visitors real Grecian hospitality, and they certainly succeeded in giving them a reception that they will long remem- ber. Following is a brief summary of some of the more im- portant functions :

.\pril i6th — The American Commissioner, with Messrs. C. M. Daniels and M. Schwartz, of the American party, arrived at Pira?us. and were met by a reception committee, among whom were Count Mercatti. Mr. Streit, M. Negrepontes, Secretary Lambros and Mr. R. Caridia.

April i/th— On the arrival of the King and Queen of Eng- land, invitations were extended by Madam M. Negrepontes and Mr. M. Negrepontes to a tea, to witness the arrival of the King and Queen at the Palace.

April i8th — The Americans were presented to the King of England at a reception held at the British School.

.'Xpril igth — The entire American team of athletes, with Man- ager lialpin, arrived from Patras — and a royal welcome awaited them. The Greek Reception Committee had arranged an elabo- rate celebration. The team was escorted to the Archreological Society building, where a banquet was held and introductions tcuflered.

April 2ist — Invitations were received and the Americans at- tended a reception at the French Legation.

.•\pril 22d — Sunday — The opening of the Olympic Games. In the evening a reception was held at the Zappion, which was attended by the Crown Prince, Prince George, Prince Nicholas, Prince Andrew and all the foreign ministers.

Apri^ 23d — Madam Negrepontes entertained several of the government commissioners at dinner; and in the evening a re- ception was tendered to the American athletes at the Hotel d'Angleterre, where they viewed the illuminations and torchlight procession from the balconies of the hotel.

April 24th — The American Minister, Mr. J. B. Jackson, and Mrs. Jackson, gave a dinner at the American Legation. At 9:30 the same evening the Mayor's reception at the Acropolis was attended by the visiting athletes.

April 2Sth— Concert at Salle de Parnasse.

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SPALDINirS ATHLETIC LIIJUAKY. 57

April 26lh — The illuminalion of llic Acropolis.

April j/ih — Theutor. Play "Duclus-s of Athens," by a com- pany at the Royal Theater.

April 28th — Conference of Col. AI. Balck, of Sweden, with stereopticon views of Sweden.

April 28th — The Crown Prince and the Greek Committee gave a luncheon at the Action Hotel, Phaliron. The Crown Prince liresided, and delivered an address of welcome. There were at least two hundred present. In the afternoon, at 3 o'clock, an (!pen-air Greek play was given in the Stadium, '"King QEdipus," by Sophocles, by a company of the Royal Theater. 6 P. M. — Tea given by Aladam Lambros and Secretary Lambros. The royal family was represented by His Royal Highness the Crown Prince, Prince George, Prince Nicholas and Prince Andrew. At 9:30 — Veaetian fete at Pirrcus.

April 30lh — Opera at the Municipal Theater, where the first cinematograph views of the opening of the athletic events in the Stadium were given. Ball at the Action Palace Hotel, Phaliron.

May 1st — At the palace, H. R. H. the Crown Prince gave a luncheon to the foreign representatives and members of the In- ternational Committee.

May 2d — At the King's palace. His Majesty the King of (ireece gave a luncheon to the foreign committeemen, ambassa- dors and officials to the Olympic Games of 1906, the entire royal family being present. At 3 P. M., in the Stadium, the presenta- tion of prizes to the victors. In the evening, a farewell reception was tendered at the Zappion to the participants in the Olympic Games. At 9 P. M. a reception to the American athletes was given at the Hotel d'Angleterre.

May 3d — In the morning the American athletes and their friends were the guests of Mr. S. J. Vlasto, the editor of the Greek newspaper Atlantis of New York City, at his villa, "At- lantis," where an elaborate reception awaited them, and ffom .Mount Kephissia they obtained a magnificent view of the battle- fields of Marathon. In the evening the American Minister, Mr. J. B. Jackson, and Mrs. Jackson, gave a reception to the Amer- ican athletes and their friends, which was attended by His Royal Highness the Crown Prince. Prince George, Prince Nich- olas and Prince Andrew, many prominent Americans attending.

Receptions had also been arranged for the American athletes at the .American College, by Mr. and Mrs. Bates ; also at the home of Count and Countess Mercatti. Owing to a sudden change in the programme, the American athletes and their friends were unable to be present at these two latter receptions, as they were scheduled to leave .\thens that day.

SPALDING'S ATHI.ETIC IjIJBKAKY. 59

Greek Discus

Uu illy In the comment and discusiion in relation to the Greek style of throwing the discus, we have translated from the official Olympic Bulletin an article ( see page 157) giving directions for throwing the discus in the Greek style. That it can be made an interesting event goes without saying, and the article in ques- tion will certainly give to all American and foreign athletes other than Greeks, a thoroughly correct idea as to how the discus should he thrown in the Greek style. After seeing the Greek athletes throw the discus, and after a study of the correct statues and drawings, I am convinced that the Greek method is the only correct way. and that the method we have been following in America is not discus throwing at all.

SPALDINO'S ATIILKTIC LIBRARY.

SUMMARY OF THE STADIUM EVENTS, OLYMPIC GAMES, 1906

lOo METERS SPRINT.

Trials and srmi-fmals held .m Wednesday, April 25, 1906; final

on iM-iday. April 27, 1906.

Trial Heats. *'

Eirst and second men in each heat to rnn in semi-final.

h'irst heat — Archie ilahn, America, first; Otto Bock, Denmark, second ; .time, 12s.

Second heat — W. D. Eaton. America, first ; Torretta, Italy, sec- ond ; G. Malfait, Erance, third; time, 11 .3-5S.

Third heat — E. R. Moulton, America, first ; P. Ektoros, Greece, second; M. Beckmann, Germany, third; time, 114-5S.

Eourth heat — Knut Lindherg, Sweden, first; B. Polensky, Bohe- mia, second; C. Devetzis, Constantinople, third; time, 11 4-55.

Eifth licat — G. Kassar, Greece, first; w.o.

Si.xth heat — W. A. Schick, America, first ; W. Halswell, England, second ; Kroycr, Anstria. third ; time, 12 1-5S.

Seventh heat — R. C. Reid, England, first; Ax Ljnng, Sweden, second ; time, 12s.

Eighth heat— II. Mealy (Anstralia), Great Britain, first; V. Dim- kcr. Germany, second; S. .\nastasopoulos, Greece, third; time. 12 I -5s.

Ninth heal — E. Rohertsnn. America, first; Nigel Barker (Aus- tralia), Great Britain, second; time, 1 1 2-5S.

Tmth heat — Sidney Ahrahams, England first; AT. Prinstein, America, second; time. 11 4-5S.

Semi-Einals.

Eirst and second men to run in the final.

Eirst heat— Archie Ilahn. America, first; E. Robertson, second;

linie 112-5S. Won by two yards. Second heat— E. R. Moulton, America, first; Knut Eindberg, Swe- den, second; W. A. Schick, Americ\a. third; time, 112-5S. Won by a yard and a half. Third heat — W. D. Eaton, .\merica. first; Nigel Barker (Aus- tralia). Great Britain, second.; time. 11 i-^s. Won bv a vard.

SrAI.niNG'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 63

Final Heat. Archie Ilahn, America, first; F. R. Moulton, America, second; Nigel I-Jarker (Australia), Great Britain, third ; "W. D. Eaton, America, fourth ; L. Robertson. America, fifth ; Knut Lindberg, Sweden, sixth; time, ii i-5s. Won l)y one yard; second man by a foot ; third, by a yard and half. The ICO meters sprint was divided into ten heats, the first and second men in each heat to qualify for the semi-final, leaving nineteen men. Myer Prinstein of America withdrew, which left eighteen men. thus making it possible to have three semi-finals, the first and second men to go in the final heat.

.America was very successful, having four m^n for the final ; Sweden had one and Great Britain one.

During the preliminary heats the Americans and the English- men were not familiar with the method of starting, the starter .ulliering to the Greek language, and in some of the heats many of tile contestants were shot off the mark and some wtre left, ilowever, it can be truthfully said that the final heat of the lOO nieurs sprint was an absolutely fair start. Hahn of America win- ning quite easily. F. R. Moulton. the American, and Nigel B.irker. the Australian, had a great fight for second place, Moulton winning on the tape. W. D. Eaton of America was a close fourth. I'orly-si.x men took part in this race.

400 METERS RUN.

Trial heats antl trials for second men held on I'"rida_\-, April 27,

1906; final on Monday, April .?o. 1906.

Trial Heats. I'irst heat — II. L. llillman, America, first; 1). W. .\nderson. Eng- land second; time. 544-5S. .^econd heat — P. H. Pilgrim. America, first; V. Dunker, Germany.

stcond ; time, 55 1-5S. Third heat— NigefBarker (Australia), Great Britain, first; J. 1).

Lightbody, America, second; J. W. Home, England, third;

time, 53s. Home ran bravely, for he was a sick man. Fourth heat — W. Halswell. England, first ; L. Robertson, America.

second: time. 544-5S. Fifth heat— C. J. Bacon. America, first; Ct)teau M. du Bcllin.

I'Vance. second; time, 56 1-5S. Si.xth heat— F. R. Moulton, America, first ; J. Runge, (jermany,

second; time, 54 1-5S.

spaldixcs athletic mbrart. 66

Heat for Second Men. Winner to run in final. D. W. Anderson, England, first ; Cotcau M. du Bellin, France, second ; time, 54 4-55.

Final Heat. r. H. Pilgrim, America, first; W. Halswcll, England, second; Nigel Barker (Australia), Great Britain, third; time, 53 1-5S. Won b,v four yards ; second man by two yards. Twenty-four men took part in this event.

A very large field turned out for the 400 meters sprint, no less than six heats being necessary, the winner to run in the final ; second men to run an extra heat, the winner to qualify for the final.

The finish of this race will certainly go down in athletic his- tory as one of the greatest races ever contested and the final placing of the men was contrary to all expert calculation. It is doubtful if there has ever been a race before in the history of athletics in the world that furnished such a surprise. The ath- letes that faced the starter for the final heat were: Harry Hill- man, American and Olympic Champion, admitted to be one of the fastest men in the world ; Nigel Barker, the Australian, who has a record inside of 49 seconds ; W. Halswell, British cham- pion ; Charles J. Bacon, of America ; F. R. Moulton, the American (Western) champion; D. W. Anderson of England and Paul Pilgrim of America.

Before the start of the final, experts gave the three places to Harry Hillman, Halswell and Barker, for here we find three recognized champions on the mark, all apparently in good con- dition. It is true that Hillman was in the accident on the Bar- barossa and had not been himself since his arrival at Athens, but those on the inside felt confident that he was game enough and had speed enough to pull out a victory. The finish of the race will never be forgotten by those who saw it. About 180 yards from home it was seen that Hillman was out of it, and as the men rounded in the last turn the three first men were bunched. They were Halswell, Barker and Paul Pilgrim. The Americans, when they saw that Hillman was out of it, felt disheartened and practically gave up the race. The finish was one that will long be remembered by them, and the performance of Pilgrim, who was an unknown quantity, will never be forgotten. He ran like a champion, outfooted Halswell and Barker, and won by several yards, to the great delight of the .-Xmerican delegation, particu- larly to Manager Halpin. for when the American team was se-

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lected, it was fell lliat Pilgrim was not quite good enough to will first place. All felt, however that he was a sterling runner, and a man who, if we were tooking for thirds or fourths, could capture theni, but Manager llalpin maintained that Pilgrim had youd stuff ill him. was game, and at the right moment would do the right thing. At the lasl nioiiiuii he was added to the Ameri- can team, lliat such an entry should result in the most sterling pfrformance of the Olympic Games, is highly creditable to him, lo .Manager llalpin, Capt. Sherrill, Mort Bishop and to the iitlur nun who ailvised his selection.

800 METERS RUN.

Tri.-il heats held on Wednesday, April 25, IQ06; first and second

men ill each heat to run in linal ; final on Tuesday,

-May I, 1906.

„ ' Trial Heats.

iMrst heat — J. D. Lightbody, America, first ; Charles J. P.acon,

America, second; Ernst Serrander, Sweden, third; tiiiu,

2111. 5 2-5S. Won by eight yards. Second heat — Kr. Hellstrom, Sweden, first; W. Ilalswell, Eng- land, second; II. V. Valentine, .-Kmerica, third; time, 2111.

5 4-5S. Won by two yards. Third heat — R. P. Crabbe, England, first ; E. Parsons, America,

second; J. W. llorne, England, third; time, 2m. 7 3-7S. I'mnth heat — P. H. Pilgrim, America, first; J. Runge, Germany,

second; G. \. Wheatlev (Australia), Great Britain, third;

time, 2ni. 6 .^-5s. Won liy four yards.

Ei.v.\L Heat. P. II. Pilgrim, .America, first; J. I). Lightbody, America, second;

W. ffalswell, Englaiul, third; time. 2111. i i-2s. Won by two

feet ; second man by ten yards. In the 800 meters run it took four preliminary heats to weed out the back-markers. The knowing ones had predicted that the finish would be between Crabbe, Halswell and Lightbody. After Crabbe's sensational race with Cornwallis at the O.xford-Cam- bridge games, it was admitted that he had a chance of winning this race, and calculations gave first place to Great Britain; but Pilgrim again upset calculations by winning this race in great fashion, using his head at all times, and coming through in the last sixty yards, beating Lightbody by a few feet, Lightbody dis- tancing Halswell. The time, 2m. r r-2s.. was very creditable going, considering the track and corners. Twenty-three athletes took part in this event.

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SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY.

1,500 METERS RUN.

Trials held on Friday. April 27, igo6; first four men in each

heat to run in final ; final on Monday, April ,?o, igo6.

Trial Heats. First heat — J. D. Lightbody, America, first; Kr. ITellstronL

Sweden, second ; J. P. Sullivan. America, third ; G. A.

Wheatley ( .\ustralia ). Great Britain, fourth; time. 4nL

192-5S. Second heat — J. MacGough (Scotland), Great Britain, first; R.

P. Crabbe, England, second; G. Blake (Australia). Great

Britain, third ; Harvev Cohn, America, fourth ; time, 4m.

184-5S.

Final Heat. J. D. Lightbody, America, first; J. MacGough (Scotland). Great Britain, second ; Kr. Hellstrom. Sweden, third ; G. A. Wheat- ley (Australia). Great Britain, fourth; J. P. Sullivan, America, fifth; George Bonhag, America, sixth; time, 4m. 12s. If any crowns were to be distributed for meritorious wins, James D. Lightbody, of the Chicago Athletic Association, should get one for winning the 1,500 meters run. This was another event that was absolutely granted to Great Britain, with its MacGough or Crabbe. Of course, the experts figured without considering the remarkable ability, gameness and running quali- ties of that sterling A^merican (Western) runner, Lightbody. He won his heat, beating Hellstrom of Sweden quite easily. The second heat went to IMacGough of Scotland, running for Great Britain, with Crabbe of Great Britain second. In the final heat these remarkable runners faced the starter : Lightbody, Mac- Gough. Hellstrom, Wheatley, J. P. Sullivan and Bonhag. While Bonhag finished last, he must be given credit for having set the pace and using his head three-quarters of the journey. He made the pace exactly to suit Lightbody. and why MacGough or Crabbe stayed in the rear the way they did the knowing ones cannot figure out. li they watched Lightbody on the day of the trials of the 1,500 meters run, they should certainly have learned a lesson, for, Lightbody, on this day, showed what speed he had for a distance man. He ran his heat in the 1,500 ineters and won ; then came out and finished second to Nigel Barker in the third heat of the 400 meters sprint, in 53 seconds, making Barker run all the way. That performance statnped Lightbody a sterling runner, and when it was observed that he was in hailing dis-

srAr.nrxcs atift-eti'" ijrrary. 71

(aiice of luiglaiul's representatives, 200 yards from hoiiie, his American friends knew he would pull out a victory, and he did it quite easily, in the remarkable time, for the track, of 4m. 12s. Lishtbody received many congratulations for this — a victory which America never expected. Twenty men competed in this event.

FIVE MILE RUN. Held on Wednesday, April 25, 1906. [. C. Uawtrey, England, first; John Svanberg, Sweden, second; K(\ Dahl, Sweden, third ; George V. Bonhag, America, fourth; Pagliani, Italy, fifth; George Blake (Australia), Great Britain, sixth ; time, 26m. 26 1-5S. Won by fifty yards. John J. Daly of Ireland finished third, but was disqualified.

FIVE MILE RUN.

The five mile run taught America a lesson. It taught us that we are short of distance runners. Of course we at no time had hopes of winning, notwithstanding the fact that one of the best men we had in America started in this race. H. C. Hawtrey of England had no trouble in winning; John Svanberg of Sweden was second, and John J. Daly of Ireland finished third. He was a tired man. He and Dahl of Sweden made a great finish, run- ning neck and neck for the last sixty yards. Daly led Dah?, who was six inches behind him, but Daly, in an unconscious manner, did not run straightaway to the tape, but instead kept running in and out. thus making it an utter impossibility for Dahl to get by him. This of course, was a foul, claimed bv the Swedish representatives and allowed by the referee. Twenty- seven athletes took part in this event, the complete list of starters being as follows :

D. Stammou, Thessaly (Greece); Ed Dahl, Sweden; F. M. Edwards, England; Arnost Nejedly, Bohemia; Er. Serrander, Sweden; H. Miiller, Germany; A. Tselopopoulos, Turkey; J. Svanberg, Sweden ; F. Skullerud, Norway ; I. Santorainos, Greece; Louis de Fleurac, France; Harvey Cohn, America; J. AlacGough, England ; W. G. Frank, America ; H. C. Hawtrey, England; Mulanakos, Greece; I. Ardsanites, Greece; Gaston Ragueneau, France ; G. V. Bonhag, America ; H. G. Weber, England ; A. R. Churchill, England ; Arthur Marson, Egypt ; Stephen Carnelly, England ; Kwieton, Austria ; D. Kanitsias, Greece ; G. Blake, Australia : J. J. Daly, Ireland.

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 73

no METERS HURDLE RACE.

Trial heats and trials for second men held on Monday, April 20,

1906; final on Tuesday, May i, 1906.

Trial Heats. First heat — Hugo Friend, America, first ; V. Dunker, German}',

second; Wallis D. Walters, England, third; time, 164-55.

Won by half a yard. Second heat — R. G. Leavitt, America, first; H. Molinie, France,

second; Ax Ljung. Sweden, third; time, 16 i-2s. Won

easily. Third heat — H. Healy (Australia), Great Britain, first; G. Issi-

gonis, Greece, second; time, 16 i-2s. Won easily. Heat for Second Men, Winner to Qualify. V. Dunker, Germany, first ; A. Molinie, France, second ; G.

Issigonis, Greece, third; time, 172-5S.

Final Heat. R. G. Leavitt, America, first; H. Healy (Australia^, Great Britain, second; V. Dunker, Germany, third; time, 161-53. Won by a foot. The hurdle race was divided into three heats, the winners to run in the final and the second men to have an extra heat, the winner to qualify for the final. Hugo Friend of America had no trouble whatever in winning the first heat. The second heat went to R. G. Leavitt of America, and the third heat went to Healy (Australia) of Great Britain. Dunker of Germany won the heat for second men. The final heat, between Leavitt and Healy, was as pretty a race as one would wish to look at. They raced neck and neck to the last jump, Leavitt winning by a foot in 16-1-5$.

STANDING BROAD JUMP. Held on Wednesday, April 25, 1906. Ray C. Ewry, America, first. 3.30 meters (American distance, loft. loin.) ; M. J. Sheridan, America, second; 3.095 meters American distance, loft. I 7-8in.) ; L. Robertson, America, third, 3.05 meters (American distance, loft. i-i6in.). As the performance shows, Ewry was in a class by himself. Sheridan and Robertson had quite a competition for second place, beating the other competitors quite easily. The complete list of starters was as follows :

H. Jardin. P'rance ; Ray Ewry, America; Haggman, Finland; P. Weinstein. Germany; M. Brustnian, (Itrinany; A. Petersen.

^s^

MYER PRINSTEIN, OF THE AMERICAN TEAM, WINNER OF THE RUNNING BROAD JUMP.

Cop.vi-ight Ptjoto by Bowdeii Bins., Loudon, EnglaiiJ.

srAi.niNcrs athletic library. 75

Denmark; L. Robertson, America; Kroyer. Austria; W. Ritzen- hof, Germany; Mallvvitz, Germany; H. W. Kerrigan, America; P. Ameras, Smyrna ; E. Anedsakes. Crete ; I. Kollaros. Egypt ; Tsikliteras, Greece; Somody, Hungary; Njal. Johansson. Swe- den ; Petit, Austria : M. J. Sheridan. America ; J. Wagner, Ger- many; Mudin. Hungary; A. Touferes. Greece; Maspoli. France; l.eos Dupont. Belgium; Lemming. Sweden; Low Niels, Den- mark; Bamhilla, Italy.

One of the most spectacular sights of the games took place as the result of this competition, which was the raising of the three American flags for the three places won by the Americans. In this connection with the flag raising for first, second and third in this event, it may interest our readers to know what the Greek people thought of the American flags going up, and wc publish the following from Ilstia, an Athens newspaper, in its issue of April 26, 1906:

THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER.

The Stadium was covered yesterday by the Star Spangled Ban- ner, the flag of the Americans, having been hoisted three times, thanks to the invincible and fearful athletes whom the new world sent to us. The Pan-Americanism of the victorj^ has inspired with enthusiasm all the Americans, who raised their hurrahs up to the sky. Greece, as well as the other nations taking part in these games, are also enthusiastic about these victories. The speed with which the new world rises up in the horizon, the new world that has subdued the labor, that lives wMth the rush and the whirling everywhere, could not but shake the Stadium of Athens with its athletic triumphs. America longs for beauty as w-ell as for money. She wins the beautiful as well as the money. .America is one of the nations that tries to absorb the spirit of ancient Greek civilization. There you will find fervent ath- leticism, simplicity, love for nature. There you will find invi- tation of Parthenons spread all over on the quickly growing new cities. The .-Xmericans came here with all the ambitions of the new world ; for this we saluted yesterday at the Stadium their flag three times in succession. Famous works of the country of Ilingos (whirling).

RUNNING BROAD JUMP. Held on Friday, April 27. Myer Prinstcin, America, first; distance, 7.2 meters (23ft. - i-jin.). •

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 77

r. G. O'Connor (Ireland), Great Britain, second; distance, 7.025

meters (23ft. i-2in.). Hugo Friend, America, third; distance, 6.845 meters (22ft. loin.).

Prinstein made his winning jump on his first trial and he would have, undoubtedly-, made a better jump had it not been for the fact that he sprained his ankle very badly on the second jump of the finals, O'Connor only beating Friend for second place on his last jump.

In reference to the protest made by O'Connor of Ireland to the effect that M. P. Ilalpin of the American team was the only judge present when Prinstein made his winning jump, and that he (O'Connor) had fouls unjustly called upon him, it may be said that Prinstein's jump was measured by Mr. Perry of England, and the measuring was witnessed not only by Mr. Hal- pin but Mr. Muller of Germany and Mr. Dahl of Sweden. On each side of the jumping pit there were boards with the measure- ments from the take-ofif board, and Mr. Muller stuck his cane at ^.2 on the outside of the board, when Prinstein's jump was measured as the best jump up to this time.

The foul called on (i)'Connor was according to the rule adopted by the committee to the effect that if any part of a man's body fell behind the mark made by his feet, such jump would be de- clared foul.

H. Mellander of Sweden, who had the fourth best jump, would have been a very dangerous competitor if he could hit the take- off board properly, as on his best jump of 6.585 he was a foot and a half behind the take-off board.

Following is a complete list of competitors in the running broad jump, with each man's best performance (in meters) :

G. Ronstrom, Sweden, 6.15; M. Brustman, Germany, 5.85; H. Friend, .America, 6.705 : N. Low, Denmark, 5.47 ; Mallwitz, Ger- many, 5.38; Myer Prinstein, America, 7.20; Somody, Hungary, 6.045; Sidney Abrahams, Great Britain, 6.21; P. O'Connor (Ire- land), Great Britain, 6.815; A. Priftes, Greece, 5.30; Vargha, Hungary, 5.97; Stournkres, Greece, 6.035; Torreta, Italy, 5.68; N. Andredakis. Greece, 5.25 ; .Lampmayer, Austria, 5.385 ; Otto Bock, Denmark, 5.775 ; P. Wagner, Germany, 5.95 ; J. Runge, Germany, 5.815; L. Leon, Greece, 5.585; H. Mellander, Sweden, 6.585; Kroyer, Austria, 5.725; Cronan, America, 6.185; Otto Kohout, Bohemia, 5.275 ; K. Petersen, Denmark, 5.575 ; P- Wein- stein, Germany. 5.76 ; Francis Connolly, America, 5.285 ; James Connollv, America, three fouls.

SI'ALDIXCS ATIILF.TIC LIBRARY.

HOP. STEP AND JLLMP.

Held on Monday, April 30, \go().

P. G. O'Connor (Ireland^, Great Britain, tirst ; distance, 14.075

meters (46ft. 2 i-8in.^ C. Leahy (Ireland), Great Britain, second; distance, 13.98 meters

(45ft. i0 3-8in.). Thomas F. Cronan, America, third; distance, n.7 meters {44ft.

Ii3-8m.) F.veryhody expected to see Leahy of Ireland win this event, hut he seemed to have trouble in hitting the '"take-off," only doing 13.98, which is not an extra good performance. Leahy led ail the way through the competition up to O'Connor's last jump, when the latter beat him for first place. Prinstein com- I)eted in this event, but could not do better than about 12.50 meters, owing to the mishap to his ankle in the running broad jump. Eighteen athletes took part in this event, their names, country and best performance being also given :

C. Leahy (Ireland), Great Britain, 13.98; Cronan, America, 13.7; Polensky, Bohemia, 12.195; Low Niels, Denmark, 11.62; P. Weinstein, Germany, 12.615; Francis Connelly, America, 12.75; P. G. O'Connor (Ireland), Great Britain. 14.075; Lemming, Sweden, 12.195; C. Pedensen, Norway, 12.68; Kroyer, Austria, 11.985: L. Leon, Greece, 11.96: X. Parsales, Turkey, 12.52; Myer Prinstein, America, 12.27: D. Muller, Greece, 13.125; S. Lelekos, Greece, 11.455; Os. Guttormsen. Norway, 13. ,34; Stournaras, Greece, 12.725 ; Brustman, Germany, three fouls.

STANDING HIGH JUMP.

Held on Tuesday, May i, 1906.

Ray C. Ewry, America, first: height. 1.565 meters (5ft. i5-8in.).

Alartin J. Sheridan, .\merica ; Leon DuPont, Belgium, and L.

Robertson, America, tied for second with 1.4 meters (4ft. 7 i-8in.).

Ewry made an imsuccessful attempt for his own record of 5 ft. 5 i-2in. All the Americans thought they would see another spectacular sight as a result of this event, the raising of three American flags — such as took place in the Standing Broad Jump —but Dupont of Belgium, who is a very good man, upset their calculations. Sheridan would undoubtedly have secured second place outright in this event had it not been for the fact that the Greek discus competition, in which it is unnecessary to say he was very much interested, was going on at the same time.

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 81

Some of the competitors from other countries had very remote ideas about the standing high jump, several thinking that they could take a few steps before the jump and others diving over the bar. Of course, these were declared foul jumps.

Following is a complete list of the competitors in the Standing High Jump, with each man's best performance (in meters) :

Ray Ewry, America, 1.45; Diachides, Greece, 1.25; Tsikliteras, Greece, 1.30; Kroyer, Austria, 1.125; Robertson, America, 1.40; M. J. Sheridan, America, 1.40; Leon Dupont, Belgium, 1.40; P. Weinstein, Germany, 1.25 ; Goenczy, Hungary, 1.35 ; Scegedi, Hungary, 1. 125.

RUNNING HIGH JUMP.

Held on Monday, April 30, 1906, and Tuesday, May i, 1906. C. Leahy (Ireland), Great Britain, first; height, 1.775 meters

(5 ft. 9 7-8in.). Goenczy, Hungary, second; height, 1.75 meters (5ft. 8 7-8in.). H. W. Kerrigan and T. H. Diakidis, tliird ; height, 1,725 meters (5ft. 7 7-8in.;.

The above performances were made on Tuesday, the com- petition stopping on Monday on account of darkness, at 1.675 meters, with the following men left : C. Leahy, Ireland ; G. Runstrom, Sweden; T. H. Diakidis, Greece; Goenczy, Hungary; H. W. Kerrigan, America.

The running high jump furni.shed somewhat of -a surprise. It was confidently e.xpected that Kerrigan of America .-would push Leahy. Kerrigan, however, owing to the Barbarossa accident, was inches behind his true form, and that he got -as good as third surprised those who knew the condition of tlie man, for he was anything but well.

The jumping of the different contestants here proved con- clusively that outside of Kerrigan and Leahy^ the others knew none of the fine points of high jumping. The Greek and the Hungarian who figured in the high jump, jumped purely with strength — with no science — and did remarkably well. One of tlie contestants who cleared 1.75 took oft at least 10 feet or more from the bar, and who in making his qualifying jump slipped at least eighteen inches, having no spikes in his shoes. Such jump- ing is simply remarkable under such conditions; It only goes to show what these foreigners will do when they take up scientifc jumping. '*

Folk)wing is a complete list of competitors in the running high jump: C. Lealiy (Ireland), Great Britain; G. Ronstrnm, Sweden; N. Mourniourt-s, (Inece; Szegedy, Ihnigary; Th.

Sr.M.Dl.S-GS ATIILETIO LIBRART.

Diakidcs, (irocce: Papot, iM-ancc ; Drosinos. Greece; Leon Du- pont, Belgium; 11. Bgolgerud. Norway; Soniody. Hungary; VVeinstein, Germany; P. G. O'Connor (Ireland), Great Britain; Geonczy, Hungary, Otto Beck, Denmark; H. W. Kerrigan, America ; Sodcrstrom, Sweden ; Petit, Austria ; Kroyer, Austria ;

POLE VAULT.

Held on Wednesday, April 25, 1906. Gouder, France, first; height, 3.5 meters (lift. 6in.). B. Soderstrom, Sweden, second; height, 3.4 meters ('lift.

I 4-5i"-)- v.. C. Glover, America, third; height, 3.35 meters (lift.)

Ten athletes took part in this event.

France produced a real champion at this game and is cer- tainly entitled to all the honors. That that country should cap- ture the pole vault was not a matter of surprise to the athletes who had been practicing in the gymnasium outside of the Stadium, for during Gouder's preliminary work he did some re- markable pole vaulting, clearing twelve feet with ease.

The competition had a large number of starters, but they were a poor lot of pole vaulters, for when the bar was at eleven feet, but three men were left in ; Gouder of France, Soder- strom of Sw-eden and Glover of America. All three men tried for II feet 6 inches, the Frenchman having no trouble in clear- ing it and winning the world's championship.

Glover w-as certainly interfered with in trying for this height. In one of his trials, he got a good run and certainly felt that he would clear this distance when an official crossed his path, making him lose his balance. The accident might have been serious and many think that this accounts for his not doing better. The winner used a bamboo pole and had it wrapped around the small part ; in fact all of the competitors, except Glover, used the same kind of a bamboo pole, which certainly gave them an advantage and grip. It is doubtful if such a pole would be allowed in America.

THROWING THE DISCUS. GREEK STYLE. Held on Tuesday, May i, igo6. Jaervinen, Finland, first; distance, 35.17 meters (115ft. 4in.). Georgantas. Greece, second; distance, 32.8 meters (107ft.

7 5-i6in.). Mudin, Hungary, third; distance, 31.91 meters (104ft. 8 i-4in.).

MARTIN J. SHERIDAN, Winner of the Discus Throw (Free Style).

srAI.DlNCS ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 85

THROWING THE DISCUS, FREE STYLE.

Held on Wednesday, April 25, 1906.

M. J. Sheridan, America, first; distance, 41.46 meters (137ft

i-3in.). Georgantas, Greece, second; distance, 38.06 meters (124ft. lOin.). Jaervinen, Finland, third; distance 36.82 meters (120ft. 9.9- i6in.).

THROWING THE DISCUS.

In discussing throwing the discus I will refer to both styles. The discus throwing at Atlicns did cause quite some comment. The authorities in Greece certainly must be given credit for knowing what is discus throwing.

At the revival of the Olympic Games in 1896 they had a discus event. This was won by Robert Garrett of America. Garrett brought the discus to America, it was copied, and discus throw- ing became popular in this country. We immediately classed it as one of our weight-throwing events and had it thrown from a seven- foot circle, paying no attention to the poses at the start- let a man stand in the arena and hurl it as far as he could — with the result that it developed into a weight-throwing com- petition, losing all of its classic features.

At this particular game America excelled, and we have pro- duced in the person of Martin Sheridan the greatest discus thrower in the world, insofar as it pertains to the free or Amer- ican style, but in following the American or free style of going for distance or records we have, no doubt, lost sight entirely of what real discus throwing is like. The Greek authorities knew this. Then they resolved that a rule must be formed particu- larly to have the discus thrown according to the old method, the method followed by the ancients, and as a result, for the Olympic Games of 1906, two discus events appeared on the pro- gramme.

The free style of throwing was easily won by Martin Sheri- dan. This was in accordance with what was expected. - Then . came throwing the discus, Greek style. Certainly vve, in America, never saw discus throwing as it was practiced in Greece, for we must admit that at no time in our style of throwing does the contestant assume any of the positions that are illustrated by the statues and paintings of the Greek discus thrower.

For the benefit of those who were not at Athens we publish elsewhere in this volume several illustrations, and a description showing how the discus is thrown, Greek style. Herewith also will be found the official rule on how to throw the discus which governs the competition at Athens,

JAERVINEN, FINLANDER, WINNER OF DISCUS THROW-GREEK STYLE.

Copyright Photo by Branger, Paris,

spalding's athletic library. 87

Hellenic Methods of Throwing the Discus.

ARTICLE 25.

((/) For this test a pedestal 80 centimeters long and 70 centi- meters broad is inclined, with a maximum height of 15 centi- meters behind and a minimum height of 5 centimeters in front.

(b) The Hellenic method of throwing the discus is something like the following:

The thrower places himself on the pedestal with the feet apart, and holding the discus in either hand. He then takes it with both hands slightly stretched, lifting them without letting go the discus, and stretching out the rest of his body in the same way in the same direction. After that he turns the trunk slightly to the right and bends sharply, so as to bring the left hand when free to the right knee, and the right hand still holding the discus, as far back as the build of the shoulder permits. At this moment the right foot should be forward and the legs bent ; the right foot rests on the sole, and the left on the toes only. Then by a sharp and simultaneous extension of the whole body, the thrower throws the discus straight in front of him.

(c) In this test the competitor has the right to leave the ped- estal in the very moment of throwing.

(d) The distance is measured by a straight line going from the point where the discus touches the ground for the first time to the middle of the front part of the pedestal.

From this it can be judged how different our style of throw- ing is.

Now when one studies the rule and the poses, he can see that discus throwing is an event that should be encouraged, particu- larly when the Greek rules are lived up to and understood. In this' particular event at Athens, however, I doubt if there was a man entered in the competition who 'knew exactly what he had to do. other than George Georgantas. The officials knew what the contestants were to do. I think myself that the competition was spoiled by the interference of a lot of officials who knew much less about throwing the discus (Greek style) than the contestants themselves. When the competition commenced the judges were three Greek gentlemen. They knew the rules, knew what was expected, and as a result they were absolutely fair, and when a man threw irregular, his throw was declared a foul. This went all right until the discus throwers from several countries were declared out. Then it was up to the friends of the contestants and they made it appear as though the jury- men and Greek officials were unfair. They were not unfair; very few of the men that competed threw the discus according

SPALDING'vS ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 89

to the Greek rules, for how could they? They did not under- stand the rules and never saw the discus thrown that way. After the competition was partly spoiled with objections, the Greek officials made a mistake in being lenient. Martin Sheri- dan's throw was disallowed, as well as many others. It was particularly noticeable that the representatives of some of the contestants made all kinds of claims, and the result was that the Greek officials felt they would be criticised and called unfair, so they allowed several men to throw in doubtful style; that is, to my way of thinking. I thought the winner of the discus did not throw according to the Greek style, but the Greek officials, wanting to please everyone and not wanting to appear unfair to anyone, allowed Mr. Jaervinen of Finland ("The Big Finn") to score the victory. It can be truthfully said that if this Fin- lander's style was Greek style, so was Sheridan's.

There can be no question whatever but what the Greek style is the proper way to throw the discus and the style that should be encouraged. Furthermore, the authorities should form laws that would be international. They should have drawings made so that the different officials in any part of the world may be able to decide according to the Greek rules. I think that if Sheridan had studied the rules for a couple of weeks he could easily have distanced Mr. Jaervinen or Mr. Georgantas, and if we adopt the style he will make a new record.

Georgantas played the baby act in this event, and it was too bad that he did not follow the principles of the Greek officials who presided over this event. The officials felt that this was a new competition to many, and they decided as they thought, in the interest of fair amateur sport, to be lenient. His action in going to the pedestal or box and throwing in the free style after the competition was declared over, which throw distanced all others, was uncalled for and he certainly merited the rebuke that he received. When Sheridan knew that his style was not the right style, he left the field amid the plaudits of thousands. Georgantas should have done the same thing.

Following is a full list of competitors in the free style dis- cus-throwing contest: N. Dorizas, Turkey, G. Papakristnu. Greece ; ; Defifarge, France ; Patit, Austria ; Masprone. Italy : Fr. Sousck, Bohemia ; Lemming, Sweden ; Strauss, Hungary ; Lunt- zer, Hungary; Haltenbach, Germany; M. J. Sheridan, America; Jaervinen, Finland ; B. Papageorgiou, Greece ; N. Georgantas. Greece; Edgren, America; David, Hungary; Aohlman, Finland; M. Sustera, Bohemia; W. Dorr, Germany; Maudin, Hungary; Tison, France; U. llaggman, Finland,

SPALDING S ATHLRTIC LIBRARY. 81

PUTTING THE SHOT.

Held on Friday. April 27, 1906.

M. J. Sheridan, America, first ; distance, I2.,325 meters (4oh,

4 4-5in.). David, Hungary, second; distance, 11.83 meters (38ft. 9 3-5in.). Temming, Sweden, third; distance, 11.26 meters (36ft. i0 4-5in.).

Tliis was won by that sterHng, all-round champion, Martin Sheridan, who, during the Olympic Games, easily maintained his reputation — that of being the world's greatest all-round athlete.

The jury, at a meeting prior to the holding of this event, de- cided that the shot should be put according to the American and English rules, and the officials certainly had their hands full. Many of the contestants had not the slightest idea of what shot- putting meant and the officials on several occasions were forced to declare the puts of some contestants "no put." This was par- ticularly true of Jaervinen, "The Big Finn," as the boys called him. Had he been allowed to throw the shot he certainly would have won.

Sheridan's victory was a popular one, and, in fact, every time the American all-round champion appeared in the Stadium he was cheered to the echo.

Eighteen athletes took part in this event

THROWING THE JAVELIN.

Held on Friday, April 26, 1906.

Lemming, Sweden, first; distance, 53.49 meters (175ft. 6in.). Knut Lindberg, Sweden, second; distance, 45.17 meters (148ft.

2 2-5in.).

B. Soderstnim, Sweden, third; distance 44.92 meters (147ft.

4 4-5in-). H. Mellander, Sweden, fourth; distance, 44.30 meters (r45ft.

3 3-5in-).

America didliot have a starter in the javelin throwing contest, simply because it was an event that our athletes knew absolutely nothing about. It is a pretty event and will no doubt become popular in this country. The Swedes certainly had things all their own way in this competition. It was an event that prac- tically was a gift to them.

Following is a complete list of actual competitors in the jave- lin throwing contest: Kaltenbach; Germany; Arne Halse, Fin-

SPALDING'S ATHLET.O LIBRARY. 93

land; Br. SodersUinii, Sweden; Fr. Soucek, Bohemia; H. Mel- lander, Sweden; David, Hungary; C. Carlsrud, Norway; E. Anedsakes, Crete; E. Parouses, Greece; B. Papageorgiou, Greece; Aiudin, Hungary; Luntzer, Hungary; Jaervinen, Finland; E. Antoniades, Samos ; Knut Lindberg, Sweden ; Lemming, Swe- den ; Aohlman, Finland ; A. Tsolias, Greece ; Weinstein, Ger- many; Heitman, Finland; Strauss, Hungary; Vargha, Hungary.

ATHLETIC PENTATHLUM.

Held on Monday, .\pril 30, and Tuesday, May i, 1906. This competition consists of the following events, contested in the order named :

Standing Broad Jump, Throwing the Discus (Greek style), -Throwing the Javelin,

Running one Olympic Stade (iqj meters). Wrestling (Greco-Roman). The points were scored according to how the men finished, the man with the lowest number of points winning the compe- tition. After three events had been contested, all but the eight men with the lowest scores were eliminated, and after the run, two more men with the highest scores were eliminated, leaving six men with lowest scores for the wrestling event, which was a round-robin competition.

The order of finish was as follows : 11. Mellander, Sweden, first, 24 points; Mudin, Hungary, second, 25 points ; Lemming, Sweden, third, 29 points ; U. Haggman, Finland, fourth, 34 points ; L. Robertson, America, fifth, 36 points; Knut Lindberg, Sweden, sixth, 2>7 points. Robertson was first in the standing broad jump and in the run; Mudin was first in the wrestling and discus, and Lemming was first in the javelin.

It was in the Pentathlum that JNlartin Sheridan's knee went back on him, showing conclusively that he, like the others, suf- fered from the accident on board the Barbarossa. This mishap to Sheridan accounts for his not winning the Pentathlum — the all-around championship of the world.

TUG-OF-WAR. Held on Monday. .April 30. IQ06. Germany, first ; Greece, sect)nd ; Sweden, third.

s

« I

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 95

1,500 METERS WALK. Held on Monday, April 30, 1906. George V. Bonhag, America, first; Donald J. Linden (Canada), Great Britain, second ; K. Spetsiotis, Greece, third ; G. Sara- dakis, Greece, fourth; time, 7m. 123-53.

This ended as many walking competitions will end — in dispute — and it is doubtful if a walk will ever appear on the Olympic programme again — and it should not. This walking match clearly demonstrated that it is well nigh impossible for a jury of men to become a unit when a man's style of walking is questioned.

There were many starters in this race, some of them good walkers — according to their own ideas — but they were disquali- fied by the jury. When George Bonhag of America finished first there was a consultation of the four jurymen; two felt positive that he walked fairly and two felt equally as positive that he walked unfairly, and the matter was finally settled when the president of the jury cast his vote in favor of Bonhag.

Bonhag did not e.xpect to win this race. He just entered into the spirit of it and thought he would like to see how he com- pared with other first-class walkers. Bonhag certainly walked as fairly as any of the placed men.

Following is a complete list of actual competitors in the 1,500 meters walk: Saradakis, Turkey; Spiegler. Austria; A. Kouris, Greece; D. J. Linden (Canada), Great Britain; X. Basilakos, Greece ; R. E. Wilkinson, England ; K. Spetsiotes, Greece ; G. V. Bonhag, America ; Stantics, Hungary.

ROPE CLIMB, 10 METERS (32ft. 8in.), HAND OVER HAND, AGAINST TIME. Held on Thursday, April 26, 1906. D. .Miprantis, Greece, first; time, 11 2-55. Eroldi, Hungary, second ; time. 13 4-5S. K. Kozanitas, Greece, third ; time, 13 4-5S.

The rope climbing competition was interesting and the win wa.s popular, owing to the fact that the winner was a Greek. His time for thirty-two feet was very fast going and the world's record at this game.

MARATHON RACE.

Hold on Tuesday, May i, 1906.

A Greek did not win the Marathon race, and for the good it

would have done sport, it is too bad that a runner of that na-

tionalitv did not carry ofif the honors. To be sure, we all give

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRAH^. 97

great credit to W. J. Sherring of Canada. He ran a plucky race and used great judgment throughout and is entitled to all the glory that naturally goes with a victory in this the most impor- tant race of the Olympic Games.

The Greeks felt confident that they would win this event. Not only the Greeks but the representatives from a great many of the foreign countries predicted that Greece would surely have the winner. Among the Greeks themselves the greatest confi- dence prevailed. In discussing the race before it took place they would claim that "Greece had a very large entry in it ; their men knew the course ; the others did not, and furthermore, didn't they win the Marathon Race in 1896?" They seemed to place too much reliance on Louis' win in 1896.

The field in 1906 was a different one. The men that came there from foreign countries were trained athletes — training for years. The competitors in the Marathon race were the pick of distance runners in their respective countries, and, as a result, the Greeks never had a chance, the first Greek home finishing fifth. It was clearly evident from observation and investigation that the Greeks did not go into the training of their Marathon men in a scien- tific manner. It is too bad they did not, for had they won I doubt if there would have been a man in Stadium that would have been displeased.

The Marathon race, of course, is a Greek event, and no amount of charging can alter it. The distance is about 26 miles. It starts from Marathon and finishes in the Stadium. The race was very well managed, the course patrolled perfectly and no com- plaint can possibly be made by any of the contestants. There was not a soldier left in the barracks on the day of the Marathon race ; they were all out on the course, to see that everything was conducted fairly. At about every five miles there was an emer- gency tent, with medical attendants to take care of those who desired to discontinue the rrce. Mounted officers followed the leaders, changing their mount at about every five miles.

The committee sent all of the contestants, numbering fifty- three, to Marathon the night before the race. This was quite a large number. I have heard that the accommodations there were not up-to-date, and complaints have been heard from some of the runners. Personally, I think it was a mistake to send the men out the night before ; they could just as well have been sent out on the day of the Marathon race in automobiles or carriages and would have stood the journey much better.

The race was started promptly at 3 p. m., and immediately the official watches were dispatched to the Stadium in charge of Regiliald Caridia. At the crack of the starter's pistol, Blake,

W. G. FRANK, AMERICA, FINISHING THIRD IN THE MARATHON RACE. Copyrigbt Thuto by Bowdeu Bros., Lomlou, England.

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 99

the Australian, jumped to the lead; Will Frank, the American, was next and Daly of Ireland was third. These positions were maintained by the runners for the first four miles, when Frank took the lead, lie lead from about the fourth to the seventh mile, when Rlake again took the lead, which he kept till about fifteen miles had been covered. Frank was second and Sherring third. At this point Sherring, who was running quite easily and with no efifort whatever, took the lead and was never headed. Frank kept in second place until within a few miles of home when the Swede, Svanbcrg, passed him. Sherring, continuing, first, had no trouble whatever in taking a decided lead and reached the Stadium eight minutes ahead of the second man.

As Sherring entered the Stadium he was met at the door by Prince George, who ran with him the entire length of the Stadium, applauding him vigorously. The 80,000 people within the Stadium were Greek sympathizers, but they took their cue from the sportsmanlike conduct of the Prince and cheered Sher- ring as no victor was ever cheered before in an athletic contest. The King and the members of the Royal Family applauded him, and a large bouquet of flowers was sent to him by Queen Olga. .\s Sherring entered the marble arch doorway leading to the dressing room it was through a shower of roses that he went, which certainly must have gratified that plucky victor.

On the day of the Marathon race it looked as though the people from all parts of Greece were congregated in the Stadium or its vicinity — at the gates and on the Hill of Ardettos — and on the Marathon road for miles out. The contestants themselves say that they never saw such a crowd as lined the roads for at least five miles from the Stadium gate. There must have been 150,000 spectators on the road, in addition to 80,000 in the Stadium and 40,000 on the hills surrounding the Stadium— a spectacle long to be remembered.

It is only fair to Frank to say that he was for a long time without an attendant, the attendant assigned to him having the misfortune to have his bicycle break down, which of course was to Frank's disadvantage.

The Greeks started enough men in this race to win, for the clerk of the course checked up no less than thirty-three Greek starters.

Following w-ill be found the names of the first fourteen men home :

W. J. Sherring (Canada), Great Britain, first; John Svanberg. Sweden, second ; W. G. Frank, America, third ; G. Tornros, Sweden, fourth ; J. Alepous, Greece, fifth ; Geo. Blake, Austria, sixth ; K. Karvellas, Greece, seventh ; Rofi, France, eighth ; B.

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 101

Koskoris, Greece, ninth ; C. H. Ntabaris, Greece, tenth ; G. Chountoumadis, Greece, eleventh; J. Forshaw, America, twelfth; V. L. Ncgrepontes, Turkey, thirteenth ; N. J. Cormack, England, fourteenth.

Time. 2 hours 51 min. 233-5 sec.

Won by 7 minutes. Frank's time, 3 hours 46 4-5 sec.

1 he Greek Committee had special rules drawn up for the Marathon race. The race was run on the high road from Marathon to Athens, which is steep and hilly until j^yithin a couple of miles of ihe Stadium, and is a hard course, i he road is built of macadam and was fairly good going. The da> on which the Marathon race was run was frightfully hot, which af- fectfcd the runners a great deal. Each contestant was entitled to be followed by one handler on a bicycle, bearing on his chest the same number as that of the contestant. He was permitted to offer the contestant medicines or refreshments at any time during the race. If the runner was attended by two or more handlers he was immediately disqualified, and each entry had to declare the name of his handler before the race was started. It was not necessary, however, for one handler to follow a man the entire distance. The runner could declare separate handlers at various points of the road. They would have to bear the same number as the contestant, however, but of dififerent colors, each section of the road being designated by a certain color. Immediately on reaching the arch in front of the Stadium the handler must leave the runner and enter by a different gate. Each contestant before being allowed to start was examined as to his physical condition.

The start of the race was witnessed by about 300 peasants who took great interest in it. For the first twenty miles of the race the runners ran through knots of people, but no large crowds. The crowds began to increase about five miles from home and from this point on the officers in charge at times had to use force to get a space of three feet for the men to come through.

Frank and Sherring ran together for several miles of the journey, and at about the eighteenth mile, when Sherring was leaving Frank he called out : "Well, good-bye, Billy," and off he went on his triumphal run.

LIFTING THE BAR BELL WITH BOTH HANDS.

Held on Thursday morning, April 28, 1906.

D. Tofolas, first, with a lift of 142.08 kilos (313 7-iolbs.) .

Steinbach, Austria, second, with a lift of 136. 50 kilos (300 17-20 lbs.).

Maspoli, France, Rondi, France. Schneiderreit, Germany, tied for

third, with 132.2 kilos (2909-iolbs.).

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 103

This umpetition was interesting and exciting and without doubt the final test was between two of the strongest amateurs in the world. Some people criticised the actions of Mr. Stein- l)ach in this event — and justly so. There was ill-feeling, of course, and he was mainl}' responsible for it.

When the final test came it was found by the jury that Mr. Steinbach objected to the Greek rules, which prescribed how the bar bell should be lifted. Steinbach could not — or would not — lift the bar according to these rules. D. Tofolas of Greece could — and did. Steinbach made three baby-like attempts to lift the weight and finally dropped it in disgust. Tofolas made three very good attempts ; two of them were not allowed, but the third was made according to the rules and he was declared the winner.

After the competition was over, after the jury had left the weights and Tofolas had been declared the winner, Steinbach came back to the particular weight that Tofolas had lifted and then easily raised it according to his own method.

Of course, those in the Stadium did not know that he had raised it wrongly and the result was that the fair-minded Greeks thought that Steinbach had been robbed of a victory, and for the moment the jury became very unpopular. This was a very unsportsmanlike act on the part of Mr. Steinbach, and no doubt he regrets it now more than any one. He is a great weight lifter, but was fairly l)eaten in this competition according to the rules laid down.

Following is the rule that Mr. Steinbach of Austria would not live up to :

(c) It is "forbidden to let the weight rest on the knees or on the stomach in lifting it to the shoulder. But, if in carrying it from the shoulder above the head, the bar touches the chest of the competitor, the lifting is taken into consideration.

l'"olIowing is a complete list of competitors in the two-handed weight lifting event: Cammilloti, Italy; K. Tsitas, Greece; D. Tofolas, Greece ; P. Kakousis, Greece; Phillipe Nassif, Egypt; S. Krestopoulos, Greece ; A. Rudel, Egypt ; M. Dubois, Belgium ; C. Svensson, Sweden ; I. Barannakes, Greece ; Geogriades, Smyrna; Steinbach, Austria; M. Photas, Greece; Rebora, Italy; .Vug. Gustafsson. Sweden; Salemi, Italy; Anton Gustafsson, Sweden; Maspoli, France, M. Jensen, Denmark; Grahl, Austria; E. Columbani. Egypt; Weisz, Hungary; Ritzenhof, Germany; Schneiderrcit, Germany.

GEORGE GEORGANTAS, GREEK ENTRY, IN THE ACT OF THROW- ING THE STONE. HE WON THIS CHAMPIONSHIP.

Copyright Photo by Bowden Bros., London, England.

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 105

DUMB-BELL COMPETITION. Lifting the Dumb-Bell with each hand separately. Stcinbach, Austria, first; 76.550 kilos ( 168 3-5lbs.). Camillotti, Italy, second; 73.450 kilos ( 161 3-4lbs.). Schneiderreit, Germany, third; 70.750 kilos (i561bs.).

THROWING THE STONE.

Held on Friday, April 27, 1906.

Georgantas, Greece, first; distance, 19.94 meters (65ft. 41-sin.).

-M. J. Sheridan, America, second; distance, 19.031 meters (62ft.

4 4-5in.). M. Dorizas, Greece, third; distance, 18.56 meters (60ft. 9in.).

George Georgantas of Greece won this event in good style and deserves a great deal of credit for beating Sheridan, who is an extraordinary good man at almost any event, and Georgantas' win was a popular one. Of course, had James S. Mitchel been a competitor he would certainly have won this event, for, in stone throwing, I doubt if he has a peer.

Mitchel was one of the unfortunates that were injured in the Barbarossa accident ; in fact, more so than the others, for he has his shoulder dislocated and it was utterly impossible for him to throw the stone. Sheridan's work in this event was simply remarkable. This is something he had never expected to enter It only goes to show that Sheridaio was a safe man for any event that America wished to enter him in.

Following is a complete list of actual competitors in the stone- throwing contest :

O. Franke, Germany ; Deflfarge, France ; Witmann, Austria ; M. J. Sheridan, America ; J. Wagner, Germany ; Kaltenbach, Germany ; Aohlmann, Finland ; G. Papakrestou, Greece ; M. Doridsas, Turkey ; Lahner, Austria ; Lemming, Sweden ; N. Georgantas. Greece; Jaervinen, Finland; David, Hungary; B. Papageorgiou, Greece; Ritzenhof, Germany.

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRAUY.

COMPLETE SUMMARY

Part I. ATHLETIC SPORTS— TRACK AND FIELD.

loo meter run — i. Archie Hahn, America; 2. F. Moulton, Amer- ica; 3. Nigel Barker (Australia), Great Britain. Time, II i-5sec.

no meter hurdles — i. R. G. Leavitt, America; 2. H. Healy (Aus- tralia) Great Britain; 3. V. Dunker, Germany. Time, 16 1-5SCC.

400 meter run — i. P. H. Pilgrim, America; 2. W. Ilalswell, Eng- land; 3. Nigel Barker (Australia), Great Britain. Time, 53 i-5sec;

800 meter run — i. P. H. Pilgrim, America ; 2. J. D. Lightbody, America; 3. W. Halswell, England. Time, 2min. i i-5sec.

1500 meter run — i. J. D. Lightbody. America; 2. J. MacGough (Scotland), Great Britain; 3. Kr. Hellestrom, Sweden. Time, 4min. I2sec.

5.-mile run — i. H. Hawtrey, England; 2. J. Svanberg, Sweden; 3. Ed. Dahl, Sweden. Time, 26min. 26 i-5sec.

Marathon run, 42 kilometers (26 miles approximately^ — i. W. J. Sherring (Canada), Great Britain; time, 2hrs. simin. 23 3-5sec. 2. J. Svanberg, Sweden ; time, 2hrs. sSmin. 20 4-5sec. 3. W. G. Frank, America ; time, 3hrs. 46 4-5sec.

Standing broad jump — i. Ray Ewry, America ; distance, loft. loin. 2. M. Sheridan, America; distance, loft. I 7-8in. 3. L. Robertson. America; distance, loft. i-i6in.

Running broad jump — i. Myer Prinstein, America; 23ft. 7 i-2in.

2. P. G. O'Connor (Ireland), Great Britain; 23ft. i-2in.

3. H. Friend, America; 22ft. loin.

Standing high jump — i. Ray Ewry. America; 5ft. i 5-8in. 2. Leon

Dupont, Belgium ; M. Sheridan, America ; L. Robertson,

America ; 4ft. 7 i-8in. Running high jump — i. Leahy (Ireland), Great Britain; 5ft.

gin. 2. Goenczy, Hungary; 5ft. 8 7-8in. 3. Diakidis, Greece;

Kerrigan, America; 5ft. 7 7-8in. ,'

'I'riplc jumper. P. G. O'Connor (Ireland)"", Great Britain; 46ft.

2in. 2. C. Leahy (Ireland), Great Br itatri.; 45ft. 10 3-8in.

3. T. Cronan, America; 44ft. 11 3-8in.

SPALDINGS ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 109

Pole vault — I. Gouder, fVancc ; lift. 6in. 2. Snderstrom, Sweden; lift. I 4-5iii. 3. E. Glover, America; lift.

Throwing the di.scus (Greek style) — i. Jaervinen, Finland, 115ft. 4in. 2. N. Georgantas, Greece; 107ft. 7 5-i6in. 3. Mudin, Hungary; 104ft. 8 i-4in.

Throwing the discus (free style) — i. M. Sheridan, America; 136ft. i-3in. 2. Georgantas, Greece; 124ft. loin. 3. Jaervin- en. Finland; 120ft. 9 9-i6in.

Throwing the stone (14 lbs.) — i. Georgantas, Greece, 6sft. 4i-Sin.

2. M. Sheridan, America ; 62ft. 4 4-5in. 3. Dorizas, Greece ; 60ft. gin.

Putting the shot — i. M. Sheridan, America ; 40ft. sin. 2. David, Hungary ; 38ft. 9 3-5in. 3. Lemming, Sweden ; 36ft. 10 4-51"-

Throwing the Javelin — i. Lemming, Sweden; 175ft. 6in. 2. Lind- berg, Sweden; 148ft. 2 2-5in. 3. Soderstrom, Sweden, 147ft. 4-Sin.

ATHLETIC PENTATHLUM.

All Around Championship.

Five Events.

1. Mellander, Sweden, 24 points ;

2. Mudin, Hungary, 25 points ;

3. Lemming, Sweden, 29 points.

Bar bell lifting. 2 hands — i. Tofalos, Greece, 142.08 kilos (3137-10

lbs.). 2. Steinbach, Austria, 136.50 kilos (300 17-20 lbs.). 3.

IMaspoli, France ; Rondi, Germany ; Schneiderreit, Germany,

132 kilos (290 9-10 lbs.). Dumb-bell lifting, either hand — i. Steinbach, Austria, 76.550 kilos

(1683-5 lbs.). 2. Camilloti, Italy, 73.450 kilos (161 3-4 lbs.).

3. Schneiderreit, Germiny, 70.750 kilos (156 lbs.). Wrestling (Greek style), light-weight class — i. Watzl, Austria.

2. Karlsen, Denmark. 3. Holuban, Hungary.

Wrestling (Greek style), middle-weight class — i. Weckman, Fin- land. 2. Lindmayer. Austria. 3. Behrens, Denmark.

Wrestling (Greek style), heavy-weight class — i, J. Jensen, Den- mark. 2. Baur, Austria. 3. M. Dubois, Belgium.

Wrestling championship — Won by J. Jensen of Denmark.

Team wrestling — i. German team (Rondi, Schneiderreit, Born, Wagner, Kramer, Dorr, Ritzenhof, Hofmann). 2. Greek team (Bellas, Triboulidcs, Papakristou, B. Psakos, Sp. Ladsaros, Tsitas, G. Psakos. K. Ladsaros). 3 Swedish team.

1500 meter walk — i. G. V. Bonhag, America. 2. Donald Linden, Canada. 3. Spctsiotis, Greece. Time, 7iTiin. i2-3-5sec.

GEORGE V. BONHAG, AMERICA, WINNING THE 1500 METER RACE. Copyright I'hoto bj- Bowdeu Bros., London, England.

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. Ill

Rope-climbing contest, distance lO meters (32ft. 9,3-5in.) — i, G. Aliprantis, Greece; time, Ii2-5sec. 2. Erodi, flnngary; time, i3 4-5sec. 3. Kozanitas, Greece; time, 13 4-5sec.

Tiig-of-vvar — i. German)-. 2. Greece. 3. Sweden.

Part II.

GYMNASTICS.

Team gj^mnastics — i. Norwegian team ; Danish team. 2. Italian

team (Pitchogue) ; Italian team (Rome) ; German team.

All Around Gymnastic Championships.

Five Events.

First class — Lavielle, France; Weber, Germany; Pissie, France; Braglia, Italy; Schwartz, Germany; Ohms, Germany; Paysse, France ; Kramer, Germany ; Charmoille, France ; Gubiani, Italy: N. Aliprantis, Greece; Erodi, Hungary; Honzatko, Bohemia ; Massoti, Italy.

Second class — Anastassoglous, Greece ; Akestoridis, Greece ; Schirmer, Germany ; Wiegand, Germany ; Despotopoulos, Greece ; G. Aliprantis, Greece ; Daner, Hungary ; Mahler, Germany ; Andersen, Norway ; Polakis, Greece ; Graff, Hun- gary; Hermes, Germany; Wagner, Germany.

All Around Gymnastic Championships. Six Events.

First class — Weber, Germany; Pissie, France; Braglia, Italy;

Ohms, Germany ; Paysse, France ; Carmoille, France ;

Gubiani, Italy; Erodi, Hungary; Massoti, Italy. Second class — Lavielle, France; Schirmer, Germany; Wiegand,

Germany ; Daner, Hungary ; Kramer, Germany ; Mahler,

Germany; Polakis, Greece; Honzatko, Bohemia.

GENERAL FIELD SPORTS.

Part III.

LAWN TENNIS.

Gentlemen's singles championships — i. M. Decugis, France. 2.

Germot, France. 3. J. Z. Zemla, Bohemia. Gentlemen's doubles championships — i. Decugis, France ; Germot,

France. 2. Balis, Greece; Z. Kadsdaglis, Egypt; 3. J. Zemla,

Bohemia ; R. Zemla, Bohemia.

11 OF THE 800 METER RUN.

Paul Pilgrim on the inside, Lightbody on the outside. Won by Pilgrim.

Copyright Photo hy Bowden Bros., London, England.

SPALDINGS ATHLETIC LIBRART. 113

T.adies" singles championships — i. Miss Semyriotou, Greece. 2.

Miss Marinou, Greece. 3. Mrs. Paspati, Greece. .Mixed doubles championships — i. Mr. and Mrs. Decugis, France.

2. Miss Marinon, Greece; Mr. Semeriotis, Greece. 3. Miss Matsa, Greece; Mr. Kadsdaglis, Greece.

INTERNATIONAL FOOT BALL CHAMPIONSHIP. I. Danish team. 2. Smyrna team. 3. Salonica team.

Part IV. SWORD CONTESTS.

I-^oils contest — i. Dillon Cavanagh, France. 2. Casimir, Germany.

3. Hugues, France.

Sword championship — i. Comte de la Falaise, France. 2. Dillon Cavanagh, France. 3. Van Bligenburgh, Holland.

Saber championship — i. Georgiadis, Greece. 2. Casimir, Ger- man)'. 3. Cesarano, Italj'.

Three-cornered saber contest — i. Casimir, Germany. 2. Van Rosen, Holland. 3. Toth, Hungary.

International sword contest for teams — i. French team (Hugues, Dillon Cavanagh, Mohr, Captain de la Falaise). 2. English team. (Desbrough, Duf. Gordon, Newton, Robertson, Selig- man). 3. Belgian team (Cloquet, Montigny, Crahay, Le Hardi de Beaulieu).

International sabre contest for teams— i. German team (Ekrath de Bary, Petri Casimir, Schon). 2. Greek team (Georgiadis, Sakorrafos. Zormpas, Kordogiannis). 3. Holland team (Baron Melville de Carubee. Lt. Otsen, Lt. Van Rossen, Lt. Lobenscls).

Sword contest for teachers — i. Verbrugge, Belgium. 2. Gubiani, Italy. 3. Raises, Greece.

Saber contest for teachers — i. Verbrugge, Belgium. 2. Raisis, Greece.

Part V. NAUTICAL SPORTS.

100 meter swim — i. Daniels, America; time, imin. I3sec. 2. Halmay, Hungary. 3. Healy (Australia), Great Britain.

400 meter swim— i. Sheff, Austria; time, 6min. 23 4-5sec. 2. Tay- lor, England. 3. Jarvis, England.

i6co meter swim — i. Taylor, England; time, 28min. 28sec. 2. Jarvis, England. 3. Sheff, Austria.

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 115

TEAM SWIMMING CONTEST.

loco meters — i. Hungarian team (Halmay, Hajos. Kiss, Onody) ; time, i6min. 52 2-5sec. 2. German team (Bahnmeyer, Pape, Rausclie, Schiele) ; time i/min. 16 i-5sec. 3. English team ( Derbyshire, Henry, Jarvis, Taylor).

Diving, height 4 to 12 meters — i. Walz, Germany. 2. Hoffman, Germany. 3. Salzinger, Austria.

Canoe race, singles— i. Delaplane, Canoe de la Societe de la Basse-Seine de Paris, France. 2. Laram, Canoe de I'aviron Bayonnais, France.

Gigs, pair oared (two oarsmen and coxswain) 1000 meters, i. Canot du Club Buccintoro, Italy (Enrico Brunna, Enrico Fontanclia. Georgio Cesana, coxswain)*. 2. Canot du Club Barrion, Italy ( Liugi Diana, Francisco Avera, Emilio Cesarana, coxswain). 3. Canot du Club de la Basse-Seine, France (Delaplane, Delaporte).

Gigs, pair oared (two oarsmen and coxswain) 1600 meters-ri. Canot du. Club Buccintoro, Italy (Emilio Brunna, Enrico Fontanella, Georgio Cerana, coxswain). 2. Canot du Club Nautique de Gand. Belgium (Max Orban, Remy Orban, Psilakos, coxswain). 3. Canot de I'aviron Bayonnais, France (Bernard, J. Halcet, J. B. Mathieu, coxswain).

Gigs, four-oared, with coxswain, 2000 meters — i. Canot du Club Buccintoro, Italy (Enrico Brunna, Emilio Fontanella, Ric- cardo Jandinoni, Georgio Cesana, Giuseppe Poli, coxswain).

2. Canot du Club de la Basse-Seine, France (Delaplane. Dela- porte, Delignieres. Echard Jr., Marcel Frebough, coxswain^.

3. Canot de I'aviron, Bayonnais, France (A. Bernard, J. Ilalcet, J. Laporte, Larram, J. B. Mathieu, coxswain).

Man-of-war gig, six oars, 2000 meters — i. Gig of the ship ''Varesa," Italy. 2. Gig of the man-of-war "Spetsai," Greece. 3. Gig of the man-of-war "Idra," Greece.

Man-of-war's long boats, 3000 meters — i. Senior long boat of the "Olga," Greece. 2. Senior long boat of the "Idra," man-of- war, Greece. 3. Long lioat of the "Varese," Italy.

Part VI. SHOOriNG. Any rocngnized army rifle, 300 meters, standing or kneeling — I. Ricliardct. Switzerland. 2. Reich, Switzerland. 3. Captain de Boignc. France. Gras army rifle. 200 meters, standing or kneeling — i. Captain Moreaux, France. 2. Richardct, Switzerland. 3. Reich, Switzerland.

#^1-

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v

MARTIN J. SHERIDAN, AMERICAN WINNER AT PUTTING THE 16-LB. SHOT. Copyright Photo by Bowden Bros., London, England,

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 117

Any rifle, 300 meters, standing or kneeling— i. Meyer de Stadel- hofen, Switzerland. 2. Staegeli, Switzerland. 3. Captain Moreau, France.

International teams of five. 300 meters— i, Switzerland (Staeheli, Meyer de Stadelhofen. Richardet, Reich, Griitter). 2. Nor- way (Moller, Helgerud, Braathe, Holm, Skattebo). 3. France (Fouconnier, Captain Moreaux, Foure, Captain de Boigne, Lecoq).

Gun championship — Skattebo, Norway.

Gun championship, standing position — Skattebo, Norway.

Gun championship, kneeling position— Staeheli, Switzerland.

Gun championship, prone position — Skattebo, Norway.

Any recognized army revolver, 20 meters — i. Richardet, Switzer- land. 2. Theofilakis, Greece. 3. Skotadis, Greece.

Army revolver, design 1873, 20 meters^ — i. Fouconnier. France. 2. Captain de Boigne, France. 3. Herman Martin. France.

Any revolver, 25 meters — i. Lecoq, France. 2. Captain Moreau.x, France. 3. P. Rankavis, Greece.

Any revolver, 50 meters — i. G. Orthanidis, Greece. 2. Foucin- nier, France. 3. A. Rankavis, Greece.

Duelling pistols, 20 meters, deliberate aim — i. Captain Moreaux, France. 2. Liverziani, Italy. 3. Lecoq, France.

Duelling pistols, 25 meters, at command — i. Skarlatos, Greece. 2. Hiibner Von Hoist, Sweden. 3. W. Carlberg, Sweden.

Sporting shotgun, clay pigeons, single shot — i, Gerald Merlin, England. 2. Peridis, Greece. 3. Sidney Merlin, England.

Sporting shotgun, clay pigeons, double shot — i. Sidney Merlin, England ; 2, A. Metaxas, Greece. 3. Gerald Merlin, England.

Part VII.

BICYCLING.

loco meters race — i, Verri, Italy. 2. Bouffler, England. 3. De-

bougnie, Belgium; time, imin. 42 i-5sec. 333 1-3 meters race — i. Verri, Italy. 2. Crowther, England. 3.

IVIenjou, France ; time, 22 4-5sec. Tandem race, 2000 meter.s — i. Matthews and Rushen, England.

2. M. Gotze and B. Gotze, Germany. 3. Dannenberg and

Kiipferling, Germany. 5000 meters race — i. Verri, Italy. 2. Crowther, England. 3.

Vast, France ; time, 8min. 35sec. 20 kilometer paced race (about 12 miles) — i. Pett, England. 2.

Bardonneau, France. 3. Vast, France ; time, 29min. 84 kilometer road race (on the road from Marathon to Athens,

about 50 or 52 miles) — i. Vast and Bardonneau, France; time,

2hrs. 4imin. 28sec. 2. Luguet, France; time, 2hrs. 4imin.

28 3-5sec.

4i

, -•' '"

'4

I V

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 119

LIST OF COMPETITORS FROM EACH COUNTRY IN

THE OLYMPIC GAMES AT ATHENS. Greece — including Athens, Sparta, Isle of Crete, Salonica, Samos, Isle of Cyprus, Thessaly and Grecian Archi- pelago 298

Finland 4

Great Britain — including England proper, Ireland, Scotland,

Canada and Australia 66

CJerniany 52

P.elgium ■ • 23

Constantinople (Turkey) 12

Sweden 57

Denmark 56

Italy 39

Holland ^ 18

Norway 44

America — including two entries from Robert College at

Constantinople 43

France '.' 7i

Bohemia 27

Switzerland • • 10

Egypt 5

Russia 4

Hungary 35

Austria 3S

Total number of entries received 901

THE SCORE IN THE STADIUM EVENTS. ■■'''There were contested, during the Olympic Games, twent\--four athletic events in the Stadium, these events, of course, forming the feature of the games, for it was the athletic events that were witnessed by the thousands and thousands of people, and the scoring of the different countries as represented makes interest- ing reading. America was first, with 751-6 points; England was second, with 41 points ; Sweden, third, with 28 points ; Greece, fourth, with 271-3 points; Hungary, fifth, with 13 points; Austria was sixth, with 8 points, scored by Steinbach, the weight lifter; Germany, seventh, with 72-3 points; Finland, eighth, with 6 points ; France, ninth, with 5 1-3 points ; Italy, tenth, with 3 points, and Belgium, eleventh, with i 1-3 points.

Thus it will be seen that the scoring of the Olympic Games was confrffed' tO" eleven countries, as follows : America, Eng- land, Sweden, Greece, Hungary, Austria, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium and Finland. Following is a complete score of points:

R. P. Crabbk. a. R. Churchill.

Two Prominent Engrlish Competitors in the Running Events.

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY.

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OTHER. OLYMPIC GAMES

For the purpose of comparison we publish herewitli the rec- ords of previous Olympic Games, as compiled bv the Greek Committee and published in their official booklet. These Olympic Games have been held at .Athens in i8g6, at Paris in iqoo, and at St. Louis in 1904, all .mder sanction of the International Committee.

Prior to the games at Athens the most notable games, from an athletic standpoint, were the ones held at Paris, and a great deal of credit for the success of the Olympic Games at Paris was due entirely to Mr. A. G. Spalding, who was the American Director of the Olympic Games and American representative. Fifty-five athletes went from this country to uphold the honor of America, and they were without doubt as high a class of ath- letes as ever competed, as the performances of 1900 show.

The Olympic Games at St. Louis were conducted very success- full)^ Athletically speaking, no one could ask for more. They extended over many months and hundreds of Olympic Cham- pionships were contested, the features, of course, being the ath- letic games in the Stadium at St. Louis during the first week of August — the Olympic Games. As a matter of comparison, how- ever, it might be stated that in point of interest the French people took no interest in the Olympic Games of 1900, when compared with the interest taken in them at Athens in 1906. The entire number of people who witnessed the Olympic Games at Paris and the number of people that witnessed the games at St. Louis, if added together they would not equal the number of people, by many thousands, who attended the opening cere- monies at the Olympic Games at Athens on April 22, 1906. This is what the writer means by speaking so frequently of all other games suffering by comparison, when one thinks of how they conducted the athletic games or Olympic Games at Athens.

SPALDIN'GS ATHLETIC LIBRARY.

RECORDS OF OLYMPIC GAMES.

Events. Athens. 1S96. Paris. 1000.

60 metre run Kraenzlein, 7s., America ....

100 metre run BurUe, 12s., America. .. .Jarvis, 10 4-5s., America....

200 metre run Tewlisbury, 22 l-5s., Amer...

400 metre run Burke, 54 l-5s., America. Long, 49 2-5s., America

800 metre run FUick. 2m. lis., Enjil'd. .T.vsoe, 2m. 1 2-5s., England.

1500 metre run •. Flack, 4m. .33 l-5s., Eng. Bei«iett. 4m. 6s., England..

110 metre hurdle Curtis. 17 3-5s., Amer. .. Kraenzlein, 15 2-5s., Amer...

200 metre hurdle Kraenzlein, 25 2-5s., Amer. .

400 metre hurdle Tewksbury, 57 3-5s., Amer.

2500 metre steeplechase Orton, 7m. 34s., America...

4000 metre steeplechase Rimmer, 12m. 58 2-5s., Eng.

Running long jump Clark, 20ft., 9 3-4in., Am. Kraenzlein, 23ft. 6 7-8in.,Am

Running high jump Clark, 5ft. 11 l-4iu.. Am. Baxter, 6ft. 2 4-5in., Amer..

Running triple jump Connolly, 45ft., America. Prinstein, 47ft. 4 l-4in.. Am.

Standing long jump Ewry, 10ft. 6 2-5in., Amer. .

Standing high jump Ewry, 5ft. 51n., America

Standing triple jump Ewry, 34ft., 8 l-2in., Amer.

Pole vault Hoyt, 10ft. 9 3-4in., Am. Baxter, 10ft. 9 9-lOin., Am..

Shot put Carrett, SOft. 2in., Am.. Sheldon, 46''t. 3 l-8in., Amer.

Discus Garrett, 9oft. 7 l-2in., Am. Bauer, 118ft. 2 9-lOin., H'g'ry.

Throwing 161b. hammer Flanagan, 167ft., 4in., Am...

Throwing 561b. weight

Marathon race Loues, 2h. 55m. 20s., Gr.Teato, 2h. 59m., France

Weight lifting (1 hand).. Elliott, 1561b, 8oz, Eng

Weight lifting (2 hands) .Jensen, 2451b, 12oz, Den

Dumbbell competition

Tug of war

Team race i::,el;i:.d

5 mile run

Throwing stone

Throwing javelin ,

Pentathlum

1500 metre walk

Rope climbing contest,

32ft. 9 3-5in ,

Throwing discus (Gr. styl. ) /

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBEAKY.

RECORDS OF OLYMPIC GAMES.

Kvents. St. Louis, J9ii4. Athens, 1906.

50 nictie run Hahn, 7s., America

100 metre run Hahn, lis., America Hahn, 11 l-5s., America.

!00 metre run Hahn, 21 3-5s., America

lOil mitre run Ilillman, 49 l-5s., America. . Pilgrim, 53 l-5s., America.

iOO mitre run Lightbody. Im. 56s., Amer. . Pilgrim, 2m. 1 l-5s., Amer.

5(Mi metre run Lightbody, 4m. 5 2-5s., Am. .Lightbody, 4m. 12s., America.

110 metre hurdle Schule, 16s., America Leavitt, 16 l-5s., America.

ion metre hurdle Hillman, 24 .3-5s., America

100 metre hurdle Ilillman, 53s., America

5501 metre steeplechase. . .Lightbody, 7m. 39 3-5s., Am

JOOt) metre steeplechase

Hunniiig long jump Prinstein, 24ft. lin., ^mer. . Prinstein, 23ft. 7 l-2in.. Av/

Running high jump Jones, 5ft. llln., America. . .Leahy, 5ft. 9in., Ireland.

Running triple jump Prinstein, 47ft., America. .. .O'Connor, 46ft. 2in., Ireland

Standing long jump Ewry, lift. 4 7-8in., Amer. . Ewry, 10ft. lOin., America.

Standing high jump Ewry, 4ft. llin., America. .. Ewry, 5ft. 1 5-8in., America.

Standing triple jump Kwry, 34ft. 7 l-4in., Amer

Pole vault Dvorak, lift. 6in., America. .Gouder, lift. 61n., France.Xf

Shot put Rose, 48ft. 7in., America Sheridan. 40ft. 51n., America.

Discus ."-^heridan, 12Sft. 10 l-2in., Am. Sheridan, 136ft. l-31n., Am.

Throwing 161b. hammer. ..Flanagan, 168ft. lin., Amer

Throwing 501b. weight Desmarteau. 34ft. 4in., Can

Marathon race Ilicljs, .3h. 28m. 53s., Amer. .Sherring,2h. 51m. 23 3-5s., Can.

Weight lifting (1 baud) Steinbach, 168 3-51bs., Aust.

Weight lifting (2 hands) .Kakousis, 2461bs., Greece Tofalos, 313 7-lOlbs., Greece.

Dumbbell competition Osthoff, .\merica

Tug of war Milwaukee A.C., .\merica. .. .Germany.

Team race New York .V.C, .\nierica

iTtoile run Ilawtrey, 26m. 26 l-5s., Eng.

Throwing stone (;i'organtas, 65ft. 4 l-5in., Gr.

Throwing javelin lemming. 175ft. 6in., Sweden.

Pentathlum Mcllander, 24pts., Sweden.

1500 metre walk Bonhag, 7m. 12 3-5s., Amer.

Rope climbing conti'st,

32ft. 9.3-5in Aliprantis, 11 2-5s.. Greece.

rhrowiug discus (Gr. sty 1.) Jaervincu, 115ft. 4iu., Fin.

2fc'%"-

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY.

THE AMERICAN FINANCE COMMITTEE

To the chairman of the Finance Committee of the American Committee. Mr. Julian W. Curtiss of Yale University, to Caspar Whitney and tho memhcrs of the Finance Committee a great rkal of credit is due for the collection of the fund necessary to p.-iv the expenses of the athletes who comprised the American team, and the total sum collected, $14,864, shows how well they did their work. The names of those who subscribed to this lund is worthy of being placed on the roll of honor and is herewith published in full :

To Mr. John R. Van Wormer, president of the New York Athletic Club, and to the generosity of the members of the New York .Athletic Club, the Committee certainly owes a debt of grati- tude. The New York Athletic Club made the largest contribu- tion to the fund, mainly through the efforts and energy of Presi- dent Van Wormer, uid it is a well-known fact that at the dinner given to the swimming contingent in the New York Athletic Club house on the final night of the swimming championships, in January, 1906, President Van Wormer told the Chairman of the Committee that the New York .Athletic Club would give the Olympic Committee all the money it desired to send a representa- tive team of athletes to Athens. It was not necessary, however, to call on the New York .Athletic Club for additional money.

To New England, the Committee's thanks is certainly due. Joseph B. Maccabe, president of the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States; Edward E. Babb, Thomas Riley, Frank l-"acey. A. Lill, and M. F. Winston (all officers of the Amateur Athletic Union) worked zealously. The members of the Bos- ton .Athletic .Association and its committees, including J. J. Stor- rovv. E. Carter, George Billings, George Beals and George Morrison, did good work. The New England Committee was presided over by Governor Guild, of Massachusetts. ?le directed the work of tlic Committee, and tho amount of money sub- scribed ($,1,000) shows what energy was put into this collection.

The Pacific Northwest Association collected $685. For a young association of the Amateur Athletic Union this is a fine showing. To Mr. H. W. Kerrigan, member of the Financial Committee of the Amateur Athletic Union in that district, great thanks is due.

']"o Mr. .August Belmont, J. P. Morgan, S. R. Guggenheim and

SPALniNCS ATIILKTIO LITiRARY. 129

(korgc Gould a special vote of thanks should Ik given; for each contributed $500.

Mr. F. J. V. Skiff, Director of Exhibits at the World's Fair in St. Louis in 1904, and a member of the Amateur Athletic Union Board of Governors, collected among his personal friends in Chicago and the C. A. A. the sum of $1,200.

Mr. A. L. Shapleigh, with the backing of the Missouri Athletic Club. St. Louis, collected $400.

To the Intercollegiate Athletic Association, representing the colleges of America, and the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States, the Conunittee feel thankful, each having contrib- uted $500.

Mr. F. B. Pratt, who lias done so much good work for the cause of Y. M. C. A. athletics, contributed $250.

Cleveland H. Dodge, M. Robert Garrett (the winner of the discus at the first Olympian Games, in 1896. at Athens) and George D. Pratt each contributed $100 to the fund.

The Military Athletic League made a very generous contri- bution, as did the Birmingham (Alabama) Athletic Club and the N. O. Y. M. C. A.

The Greater New York Irish contributed $250.

James Pilkington, president of the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen, contributed personally $50.

Mr. Robert Kanunerer, of the New York Athletic Club, one of the Huckleberrv Indians, did good work among that tribe.

However, it is the ones who contributed from $1 to $100 that we desire to specially thank. They showed great interest in the mnvement.

SUBSCRIPTIONS TO OLYMPIC GAMES FUND RE- CEIVED BY JULIAN W. CURTISS,' CHAIRMAN, NEW YORK CITY.

New York Athletic Club $3,500.00

New England 3,000.00

Intercollegiate Athletic Association 500.00

Pacific Northwest Association of A. A. U 685.00

.•\mateur Athletic Union 500.00

S. R. Guggenheim ^ 500.00

August Belmont 500.00

J. P. Morgan 500.00

George Gould 500.00

Greater New York Irish Athletic Association 250.00

A. L. Shapleigh, St. Louis 403.00

F. B. Pratt 250.00

SPALDINGS ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 131

Huckleberry Indians ($ioo subscribed through Mr.

Robert Kammcrer) 200.00

C. II. Dodge 100.00

Robert Garrett 100.00

G. D. Pratt loo.oo

Charles Deering 100.00

W. J. Chalmers 100.00

Watson F. Blair 100.00

B. L. VVinchell lOO.oo

F. J. V. Skiff 100.00

James Deering 100.00

C. K. Wooster 100.00

G. B. Harris lOO.oo

E. R. Graham loo.oo

F. S. Peabody loo.oo

Blank 100.00

Birmingham (Ala.) Athletic Club 100.00

Military Athletic League 100.00

New Orleans Y. M. C. .\ 100.00

J. S. lluvler 50.00

M. L. Schiff 50.00

James Pilkington 50.00

Twentv-third Regiment N. G. N. Y 50.00

A. G. Mills 25.00

C. T. Kilbourne 20.00

Mohawk Athletic Club, New York i5-00

St. George Athletic Club. New York 15.00

Brooklyn Athletic Club, New York 1500

B. C. Vv^illiams 1500

Far Hills (N. J.) Athletic Club 10.00

Grace Athletic Club, New York 10.00

National Turn Verein, Newark, N. J 10.00

Sixty-fifth Regiment Athletic Association, Buffalo, N. Y. 10.00

Alex. Brown 10.00

L. F. Hanmer 10.00

George Orton S-OO

C. C. Hughes S-OO

H. H. Trueman 100

$13,364.00

From Greek Conmiittee 1.500.00

$14,864.00

SPALDINOS ATHLETIC LIBRARY.

THE TRIP OF THE AMERICAN TEAM

Bv M. P. Halpin, Manager.

The team selected by the American Olympic Committee If) represent tiie United States at the Olympic Games, held at Athens, Greece, from April 22 to ]\'ay 2, 1906, was formally or- r?anized at a meeting held at the New York Athletic Club on .Monday, April 2, igo6. All the members of the team, excepting Z. M. Daniels of New York, and Marquard Schwartz of St. Louis (swimmers), who had sailed on the steamship St. Louis on March 31, were present, namely^ Archie Hahn, Milwaukee, Wis. (sprinter) ; F. R. Moulton, Kansas City, Mo. (sprinter) ; \V. D. Eaton, Boston, Mass. (sprinter) ; Lawson Robertson, r.rooklyn, N. Y. (sprinter) ; W. A. Schick, New York (sprint- er) ; G. H. Queyrouze, New Orleans, La. (sprinter) ; H. L. Hill- man, Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y. (400 meters) ; P. H. Pilgrim, New ^'ork (400 and 800 meters) ; J-1. V. Valentine, Brooklyn, N. Y. (400 and 800 meters) ; C. J. Bacon, Brooklyn, N. Y. (400 and :'oo meters) ; E. B. Parsons, Troy, Penn. (400 and 800 meters) ; J. I). Lightbody, Chicago, III. (800 and 1,500 meters) ; J. P. Sullivan, New York (800 and 1,500 meters) ; Harvey Cohn, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1.500 meters and 5 miles) ; G. V. Bonhag, New York (5 miles and walk) ; W. G. Frank, New York (Marathon) ; Michael Spring, Brooklyn, N. Y. (Marathon) ; Joseph Forshaw, St. Louis, Mo. (Marathon) ; R. J. Fowler, Cambridgeport, Mass. (Marathon); R. G. Leavitt, Boston, Mass. (hurdler); Hugo hViend, Chicago, TIL (broad jumper and hurdler) ; Myer Prin- stein. New York (broad jumper) ; Ray C. Ewry, Bayonne, N. J. (standing jumps); H. W. Kerrigan, Portland, Ore. (running high jump) ; M. J. Sheridan. New York (weights, standing jumps and Pentathlum) ; D. A. Sullivan, Anaconda, Mont. ( Pentathlum and wrestling) ; J. S. Mitchel, New York (weights) ; R. W. Edgren,.New York (weights); E. C. Glover, Crown Point, Ind. (pole vaulter) ; J. W. Spencer, New York (swimmer) ; L Niflot, New York (wrestler), and F. A. Bornamann, Chicago, 111. (fancy diving).

The meeting was addressed by Mr. John R. VanWormer, President of the New York Athletic Club; Mr. Julian W. Cur- tiss. Chairman of the Finance Committee of the Olympic Com- tnittee and Mr. F. W. Rubien, vice-president of the Metropoli-

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 135

tan Association of the A. A. U. A telegram from the Hon. Joseph B. Maccabe, of Boston, Mass., President of the Amateur Athletic Union, was read. He expressed his regrets that he could not be present and wished the team every success and asked them to adopt the motto, "Remember Old Glory," which was very enthusiastically received.- The team sailed at ii A. M., April 3, from Hoboken, N. J., on the steamship Barbarossa of ihe North German Lloyd Steamship Company, amidst the cheers and good wishes of their relatives, friends, and all athletes who could possibly be present, from champions of the early seventies down to the schoolboy athlete of the present day.

On the second day out, April 4, about eleven o'clock in the morning, an accident happened to some of the members of the team which might have proved very serious. Six of the team, Mitchel, Bornamann, Hillman, Sheridan, Cohn, and Kerrigan, were standing up forward, watching the waves break against the bow of the ship, when an extraordinary wave for the sea that was running, at the time, broke over the bow, throwing the men in all directions ; some against heavy hoisting machinery, some against the deck and others against the outside rail, nearly over- board. Mitchel had his shoulder dislocated, and Hillman his knee lacerated; Kerrigan was hurt about the abdomen, and Cohn about the head and legs. Sheridan also hurt his knee, which luckily did not show until most of his work was over, but he was unable to compete in the athletic Pentathlum on account of same. The question as to whether the men would be able to compete in the games gave us serious thought. Dr. Ramon Gui- teras, a member of the New York Athletic Cktb, was a passenger on the ship and did everything in his power to get the injured men in condition to be able to compete in the games. At the time the accident happened I was just about getting the men out to train, as the sea was not rough enough at that time to pre- clude it, and which proves that the men who met with the acci- dent were in no way reckless or careless in being where they were.

The men trained on board of ship every day for the sea and weather for the whole voyage was extraordinarily fine. Their training consisted of running, skipping rope, boxing, putting the shot and jumping. All the other passengers on board took a lively interest in the work of the men, which encouraged them considerably.

We arrived at Gibraltar, April T.3. staying there for about five hours, during which the nun had a chance to practice at the race track of the Jockey Club of English officers. The men showed that they were in good condition, especially so con-

From left to right— Prince George, President of the International Jury; James E. Sullivan, American Commissioner to the Olympic Games; Count Mercatti; G. Robertson, Oxford, England's Representative. (Special photograph taken by Prince Nicholas at the morning trials.)

A GROUP OF OLYMPIC OFFICIALS.

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 137

sidering the len clays on the sea. No more training was done aboard ship after leaving Gibraltar except by the Marathon men, as the men had worked pretty hard from the time they started. Captain Langrenter and tiie officers of the Barbarossa showed us every courtesy, giving us the exclusive use of the lower deck for our training and anything else that we wished in order to have the men in the best possible condition.

We arrived at Naples on the i6th and stopped at the Hotel de Londres. Through the kindness of Mr. Homer N. Byington, United States Vice-Consul at Naples, who secured for us the use of a shooting park for training, the men had a good work- out under somewhat difficult conditions, there being four inches of lava on the ground.

We left Naples the following morning (Tuesday) on the seven o'clock train for Brindisi, a port in southeastern Italy. As it was a ten hours' trip we took provisions with us from the hotel. The ride, with its ninety-seven tunnels, was long and tiresome, but nevertheless interesting, as we were in a new country. We had quite a good view of Vesuvius and Pompeii from the train. We arrived at Brindisi about seven o'clock in the evening and after having dinner embarked on the Italian steamer Montenegro, intending to go to Piraeus, the seaport of Athens. Finding that the conditions on the steamer were in- jurious in several ways to the good condition of the men, it was decided to abandon it at Patras and go the rest of the distance by rail.

Next morning, Wednesday, April i8th, we arrived at the Isle of Corfu, making a stay of ten hours, which afforded us ample time to see the place, which is very beautiful, and also a chance for some good training on the parade grounds. On our arrival we were met by the local reception committee, who showed us everv courtesy and remained with us until the steamer departed at 6 'P. M.

The following morning, Thursday, April 19th, we arrived at Patras, where the men did some training on a public square, through the courtesy of the local reception committee, who paid us every attention.

The steamer from Patras to Piraeus had the roughest kind of a voyage, so it was fortunate we left the steamer at the former port.

We left Patras at 11.30 A. M.. arriving at Athens about 7 in the evening. We were met by the reception committee and a band, who escorted us in carriages to the headquarters of the reception connnittce, which were situated in the Archeological Society Building. After a very cordial reception we were con-

AMERICAN COMMISSIONER JAMES E SULLIVAN AND MATTHEW

P. HALPIN. MANAGER OF THE AMERICAN TEAM.

(Special photograph taken by Prince George at one of the morning trials.)

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRAUY. 139

ducted to the Zappeon, the Exposition Building of the citj', where the committee had provided accommodations for the stay of the visiting athletes. This was named the Athletes' Residence.

The part of the Zappeon to which we were assigned was a large hall, arc shaped, about thirty feet high, divided into rooms about 12 X 12, with partitions seven feet iiigh. These rooms were on each side of a passage way. After three or four days, finding the place did not suit, the entire team was taken to the Hotel Hermes, where the team was very well situated for the rest of our stay in Athens.

We arrived at Athens about six days before the games com- menced, which gave the men ample time to finish their training. Our arrival at Athens was none too late, as on the closing days of the games some of the men were beginning to show the effects of the climate.

On our return we left Piraeus on Saturday evening. May 5, on the steamship Princess Sophie, arriving at Naples Tuesday morning. May 8, where the team was formally disbanded. Pilgrim, Kerrigan, Prinstein, Spencer, Ewry, D. A. Sullivan, Bornamann, Fowler, Moulton, Schick and Forshaw left us to go to England, Rome. Paris, etc. Lightbody, Friend, Parsons, Bonhag, Valentine, Bacon, Daniels and Edgren left Athens previous to the team, so as to give them some time to tour the country. The remaining members of the team, Mitchel, Schwartz, Sheridan, Hillman, Cohn, Robertson, Glover, Hahn, Niflot, Lcavitt, Eaton, J. P. Sullivan, Spring and Frank, made short trips to Rome, Pompeii and Vesuvius, until we sailed on the White Star steamship Republic on May 12, arriving in New York on May 25.

THE RECEPTION OF THE AMERICAN TEAM ON THEIR RETURN.

When cables were leceived in New York city to the effect that the American team would return on the steamship Re- public of the White Star Line, accompanied by James E. Sullivan, the American Commissioner to the Olympic Games, and Manager M. P. Halpin, lively preparations were made to give them a rousing reception. Several friends of the athletes, Mr. Sullivan and Mr. Halpin, organized into a Reception Com- mittee.

This Committee at once decided to charter an ocean-going tug to meet the "Republic" and the victorious team upon its arrival down the bay, and the C. P. Raymond, a large and commodious tug of Fred B. Dalzell & Co.'s fleet, was engaged for the occa- sion. The tug was decorated with flags and bunting and upon

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 141

each side of tlic hoal, lianginj^ frniii and exteiuliiig the entire length of the guard rail on the upper deck were long pieces of canvas bearing the following words in large letters:

"Welcome Home, J. E. Sullivan and the American Team."

Professor Bain's band was secured to furnish music for the occasion.

As the Republic was originally scheduled to arrive on Thurs- day, the 24th of May, early that morning the Raymond left her pier with the following friends in search of the returning ath- letes, but neither word nor sight was received of them during the entire day. Among those on board were :

A. G. Spalding, Wm. T. Brown, J. W. Curtiss, Robert Ferris, Bartow S. Weeks, Harry P. Burchell, Charles C. Hughes. Charles J. Dieges, Thomas Nevin,H. F. McCafferty, Aleck Fer- ris, John Farrington. C M. Cooper, John T. Doyle, F. G. Law- rance, H. S. Quinn, James Keleher, Charles Wolhorn. R. J. Hellawell, John P. Bovlc, George Bushfield, Wm. Johnson, J. ^'oungcr, T. L. O'Connell. W. Bennett. N. V. Ketchum, F. Pearsall.

Receiving no tidings of the Republic, the Raymond party en- joyed a delightful sail around the harbor and along the New Jersey coast, disembarking in the afternoon, upon the invitation of Mr. Bartow S Weeks, at his seashore residence at Sea Gate, where he entertained the party, after which the boat put back to New York.

Late Thursday night word was received that the Republic would dock on Friday morning. As early as seven o'clock that morning the party gathered once more at the Battery, ready to proceed down the bay and welcome the champions. ■ The Ray- mond was but a moment in getting under way and in a very short time was within sight of the Republic lying at quarantine. Upon approaching the vessel, the band played the Star-Spangled Banner, and other patriotic airs, which were smothered fre- quently by the thunderous blasts from the steamer and numerous boats in the vicinity and the cheers of the welcoming party.

Arrangements had been made whereby the Committee could board the Republic, and being provided with special permits, could have taken ofif the American Commissioner, and possibly some of the others, but owing to quarantine regulations, it was impossible fo board the ship immediately upon reaching her, sn a unique reception was hurriedly arranged. Mr. A. G. Spaldin"' was selected to make an address of welcome to the members of the team who were then on deck. Through a megaphone he wel- comed the boys in the following words :

A GROUP OF OFFICERS. OLYMPIC GAMES, 1906.

M. M. NegTopontes, J. E. Sullivan,

(Greek Committeeman). (America).

J. Fowler-Dixon, Prince George.

(England). (Referee of Olympic Games).

Photo taken by G. L. Robertson, Oxford, England.

Sl'AL,in.N(

"Mr. Sullivan and Members of the Victorious American Team : "I have been chosen by the members of this Reception Com- mittee, who are your friends, to lender to you and to the gentle- men who compose the American team, our heartiest congratula- tions on your magnificent victory at Athens, and a warm welcome Iiome. Our country is proud of you all, and the American people have nothing but praise for the grand work you did at Athens. When we recall the work of the American athletes in the Olym- j)ic Games held at Athens in 1896, and again at Paris in 1900, where we practically swept the boards ; and again at St. Louis in 1904, the details of which are still fresh in our memory ; it shows the supremacy of the Americans as an athletic nation. I need not dwell any longer on the achievements of the athletes at Athens. I wish you and all the members of the American team a hearty welcome home, and now gentlemen of the Reception Committee, I call upon you for three cheers for the victorious American team."

After the cheers of the Committee had died away, Mr. Sullivan on behalf of the athletes responded to Mr. Spalding's words of welcome and Manager Halpin was likewise called on for a few remarks which he cheerfully made. Then each member of the team in turn was called to the guard rail and introduced, and as they came forward one by one they were cheered to the echo. This reception, accompanied by the music, aroused considerable excitement among the Republic's passengers.

After quarantine had been lifted, the Raymond made fast to the Republic, and the members of the Reception Committee, headed by Mr. A. G. Spalding, boarded the ship. There was hand- shaking all around and general congratulations and three rousing cheers by the American team were given for Mr. A. G. Spalding. The Reception Committee remained aboard the steamer while the balance of the party followed the vessel on the tug, with ban- ners flying and band playing, getting a vociferous greeting from the river craft, until the White Star pier was reached, where the boys were greeted by thousands of enthusiasts who had been waiting for hours on the pier to receive the victors.

The officials of the Irish-American Athletic Club of New York, upon hearing of the departure of the athletes from Athens, had likewise made preparations to meet them. They chartered the Iron Steamboat Cepheus, and with several hundred enthusiasts aboard greeted their club members, who formed part of the American team. On this occasion the principal ovation was given to Martin J. Sheridan, the idol of his club mates, and he certainly was entitled to all the honors he received.

,4

4

SFAbUlNG'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY.

THE STADIUM

During the fiftli century, or nearly a century after the construc- tion of the Odeon, Lvcurgus, the illustrious orator, constructed the Stadium for the celebration of the Gymnastic Games. Bemg elected to the most high place in the state and having governed for eight years the Republic, he augmented a public treasury, erected a number of military fortifications, arsenals, long walls at Pin-eus, a harbor for vessels and embellished the town with monument's. Amongst these numerous monuments were included a Panathenaique Stadium.

On the left bank of the Ilissus, which has the name of Agra, was a ravine or a hollow place between two hills, one at the south and one at the north, that is to say. perpendicular to the river bed or the course of the water. Of these two hills^^ one was designated under the name of Ardettos. nicknamed "Dead- head Hill" by the American athletes, on which the Heliastas came to take oath. This place was the best to choose for the erection of a Stadium to contain many thousand spectators. It did not belong to the citv of Athens, but was the property of Dinias. good patriot and friend of Lycurgus. who gave it to the city in consideration of his friendship for Lycurgus, and the construction of the Stadium was confined by the people to overseers. Now the part of the work under Lycurgus consisted of closing the semi-circular meridianal opening, to equalize the surface of the arena and to cut out symmetrically the interior ballast of these h+lls. As one will readily conceive, this work demanded a long time and considerable expense. A generous citizen named FAidamos of Platce offered to stand the expense and to this object he gave i.ooo head of oxen. (This was 329 B. C.) . ^ ^.

Not onlv did Lvcurgus transform this ravine into a Stndium and level the soil, but he surrounded the arena with a Paratheton stone, separating it from the spot occupied by the spectators. At the outside of this paraphet ran a corridor, somewhat nar- rower than that of to-day. under which was a conduit by which the waters of the Stadium were distributed and some traces of which still remain. The outside at this time did not have any seats or benches of marble, but the spectators sat on the ground as at OljTTipia in celebrating the Olympic Games. Only the priests and the ambassadors had seats within the front row—

^^^^

^

'V \

IM

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 147

seats of wood — reserved for thciii. Now such was the condition of the Stadium in the niichhe of tlic second century, from 329 P). C. until the second century after. Four centuries after, lieractis repaired llie Sta(hum, hut we do not know in what consisted these repairs.

In the second century after Christ the Stadium was entirely renewed and embellislied by llerodis of Atticus. Under the reign of Herodus of Atticus he terminated the transformation and direction of the Stadium. He achieved a work which caused tlie astonishment of the spectators. No monument could com- liire to the Stadium. The spectacle was beyond all description. I lie work had exhausted the quarries of Pentelicon, where all tile Pentclic marble came from. One admires the Stadium as without equal in the imiverse, for though a little inferior in (iiniensions to the circus ma.ximus or to the coliseum at Rome, it excelled these monuments by the richness of its decorations. Its steps of marble could seat easily 50,000 people. It was sur- rounded with bridges and temples and other monuments in a complete, harmonious ensemble. It was not only by the richness of its decoration and the profusion of marble that it differed from that of Lycurgus ; it was owing to its change of plan. In tiic plan of Lycurgus the benches were narrower at the edge of the sub-base than in the corridor, under which was placed a conduit of water, and not more than two meters in width. The distance which separated the first row of benches from the edge of the sub-base was not always the same, on account of the optical law, so the spectators would be able to see the sub-base of the lower row of benches that separated it, it was not parallel to the a.xis of the arena and that still had an elliptical form springing from the curve of the line toward the center. The radius of this curve is 2 milometers ; thus, the distance from tlic sub-base to the parapet, consequently the width of the cor- ridor, which is semi-circular, is 2 meters 82 in the narrow part and 5 meters in the middle, allowing a curve of i meter 18, so as to give some elevation to the sub-base and so to pro- tect the spectators, not obstructing their view of the games, they built the rows of seats lower than at the Lycurgis theater. This sub-base was constructed of marble at the base and at height in the cornice of 1.66 meters. Now the theater that is reserved for the spectators is divided into, two bridges named zones or diazomata. separated one from each other or one another by an alley 3 meters wide. This is also called diazomata, each of these diazomata containing twenty- three rows of seats in marble with stone foundation. The first and last row of the lower diazomata is composed of seats of honor, or thrones, with backs. None of the seats have backs

SrAI.DINfJ'S ATMLRTIC LIRRARY. 149

cxrcpt those scats of honor, and so also was the first row of tile superior dia/.omata.

On one of the hills to the side of the Stadium was the Temple of h'ortune and the splendor of the interior of the temple was due to the munificenee of llerodis. On the other hill the Athen- ians elevated the tomb of Herodis, on which were engraved these lines: "Hero of Marathon, son of Atticus, worthy of all praise; all this which surrounds it is his work." A bridge and three roads thrown over the Ilissus conducted to the Stadium. Travel- ers came still during the last century to take photographs. This bridge was demolished in 1774 and the stones were embellished by the Turks in the construction of a wall in the town of .Athens. After this epoch all was rapid destruction, and part of the marble was taken up and transported to other places. One sees some traces of it still in the garden of Zappeion.

A part of the marbles of this svendome have been discovered during the excavations made in 1869 and 1879 by M. E. Ziller, and many of the old busts found during the excavation are now built in the present Stadium. These discoveries have rendered l)ossible the restoration of the Stadium of Herodis, and aided in its reconstruction after the same plan owing to the fact that when they started to build the Stadium in the same spot, the excavators found the foundation of the present Stadium, as laiilt by Herodis and planned by Herodis. It only goes to show ihe remarkable genius of the man. This was made possible by the generous gift of a Grecian citizen and it is an imperishable monument to his munificence.

The Committee of the Olympic Games interpreting the organ- ization of the Hellenes, realized the national wish, which was to erect by means of popular subscription a worthy monument of this illustrious benefactor. The sLatue of G. Averoff was exe- cuted with much art by M. G. Vrontos in Pentelic marble, ])Iaced on a simple pedestal at the right of the entrance to the- -Stadium.

We publish the piclm-e of George Averofif, to wdiom we owe the reconstruction of the ancient Panathenaic Stadium in its present magnificent appearance. It was rebuilt entirely of marble by him, he having spent for this object more than two million t'ancs.

r.eorge AverofF ought to be considered, therefore, one of the ])rincipal authors of the revival of the Olympic Games.

During tlie Olympic Games H. R. H. The Crown Prince, President of the Committee of the Olympic Games, placed a royal wreath on the statue of George Averofif, the great bene- factor of the nation, as a token of their great esteem and rever- ence for him.

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY.

ORIGIN OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES

'I he orisin of the games recedes into the mythical ages. The Gr.'eks reverenced Hercules as their founder— not the hero usually known by that name, but the Idcxan Hercules, who was s-iid to have been present at the birth of Zeus hmiself. Ihe liter Hercules, however, also took part in some famous contests lure, after the defeat of King Augeas of Elis Enomaos. kmg of Pisa the old capital of the district, compelled the suitors ot his daughter Hippodameia to compete with him in chariot- racing, and ignominiouslv put to death all whom he vanquished, until ^it length Pelops succeeded in beating him and so won the hand of Hippodameia. Pelops was thus the heroic prototype ot the victors of Olvmpia, and as such was held in high honor there. The actual founding of the games proper is ascribed to Iphitos of Elis, who, along with Li'kourgos of Sparta, reorganized the games at the bidding of the oracle of Delphi in the ninth century P.. C, introduced the "Ekecheiria"' (lit. "hand-staying,^ truce ) or "Peace of God" among all the states of Greece during the celebration of the games. Pausanias saw the decree mscribed on a discus of bronze, preserved in the Heraeon. By this means the Olympian Games rose to the dignity of a national festival, which was the visible expression of Hellenic unity, in spite ot all the interracial contentions and wars among the individual states of Greece. The regular chronicle of Olympian victors begins in B. C. ll^, but the use of Olympiads as chronological epochs did not originate till much later.

The games took place after the f^rst full moon after the sum- mer solstice. At the beginning of the sacred month, the Eleans who had been left in undisturbed possession of the sanctuary since about B. C. 580, sent heralds to proclaim the universal peace throughout all Greece. The competitors and ^P^^^^^toj-s c^^ the festival streamed in from far and near, the larger states represented bv embassies ("Theori.-e"), which were sometimes ot great magnificence. The function lasted for five days, ^^^ '"^ tral point was a series of great sacrifices to Zeus and other eods under the solemn management of priests, ^^o^^ of whoni dwe't eontinuouslv at Olvmpia. The ^^^iMfices were ac.-ompa. led by athl.tic contests of ihe most varied description, foot-races,

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 153

luirling the discus, wrestling, boxing, cliariot-raccs, etc., carried on under the direction of the Helhinodik.-e ("Judges of the Hel- lenes'V. who were at the same time the highest political body in El is.

The original and most important event in the games was the foot-race in the Stadion, at first one length of the course, but afterwards two or more. In the i8th Olympiad (B. C. 708) tile Pentathlon or Fivefold Contest was introduced, a com- bination of leaping, hurling the discus, running, wrestling, and boxing, so arranged that only the victors in the first contest could compete in the latter, and that the final contest should be a boxing match between the two best competitors. In the 25th Olympiad (B. C..680) was held the first Chariot-race with four horses. In the ,3,3d Olympiad (B. C. 648) the first horse race took place, and the Pankration, a combination of wrestling and boxing, was introduced. Subsequently special competitions for boys in most of these sports were arranged, and in the 65th Olympiad (B. C. 520) the Hoplitrodromos, or "Soldiers' race m licavy marching order," was added.

The competitions were restricted to free-born Greeks of un- stained character, tho4.ig:h "barbarians" might be spectators. Women, with the exception of the Elean priestess of Demeter, were not permitted to view the sports. Before the contest the competitors had to appear in the Bouleuterion, in presence of Zeus Horkios, and take an oath that they had undergone the prescribed ten months' course of training and would obey the Olympian laws and regulations of the games. They then entered the Stadion by a special entrance with the Hellanodikre, the heralds announcing the name and country of each athlete as he .ilipeared. The palm was handed to the victor immediately after the contest. The prizes proper, simple branches from the sacred olive tree planted by Hercules himself, were distributed at the end of the games to all the victors at the same time. The (ireeks attached the most extraordinary value to the Olympic olive-branch. Pindar has celebrated it in spirited song. Its acquisition was not only a lifelong distinction for the winners, but reflected also the highest honor on their families and on their states, and their countrymen used to testify their gratitude by triumphal receptions, banquets at the public expense, and often by exemption from taxes.

In Olympia itself the champions dwelt at the public expense in the Prytaneion and had the right of erecting a statue in the Altis, which, in the case of a triple victory, was aJlowed to bear the features of the victor. Besides these statues, the first of which were erected in wood about the 60th Olympiad (540), numerous

CLIMBING THE KOPE-10 MFTERS.

SPALDING'S ATHIETIC LIBRARX. 155

votive offerings were presented by states and individuals, so that in the course of centuries there arose that forest of statues, the description of which, even after it had been several times plun- dered by the Romans, fills nearly an entire book in Pausanias (p. cxxxi).

In addition to the athletes, men illustrious in the intellectual sphere also sometimes appeared with their performances. Hero- dotus is said to have read in public at Olympia a portion of his historical work, and so to have fired the youthful Thucydides, who was present, to the composition of his history. Celebrated authors like Georgias and Lysias, addressed the people from the opislhodomos of the temple of Zeus, as did the sophist Hippias of Elis and others. Painters exhibited their works here. It was here also that Themistokles enjoyed his greatest triumph, when at his appearance in the Stadion, probably in the 77th Olympiad (472), the assembled Greeks greeted the hero of Salamis with shouts of applause. At a later date Plato was also received here with honor by the admiring multitude.

The Olympic Games attained their zenith in the period after the Persian Wars and the contemporary struggles of the Sicilian Greeks against the Carthaginians. As Hellenic influence ex- tended to the East, the contingents from the Asiatic states and from Egypt, as well as those from Macedonia and Thrace, grew larger and larger. In the Roman period we find champions hail- ing from all parts of the empire, and even two emperors, Tiberius and Nero, on victories here. Greece proper, on the other hand, be- came less and less conspicuous. Professional athletes appeared and, traveling from one to another of the numerous athletic meetings, succeeded in degrading the Olympic victory to a trade. 'Ihe regular celebration of the Olympic Games seems to have died out in the fourth century A. D. The Emperor Theodosius finally suppressed them in 394.

For translations and extracts the publishers of "Murray's Greece," "Baedecker's Greece," and the "Official Olympic Book edited by C. P. Lambros" are respectfully given credit.

THROWING THE Disc I IS (JIM:EK STYLE, Showing First PobiiiuNs oi the Throw.

Sl'ALDINUS ATHLETIC LIBRARY.

THROWING THE DISCUS

Greek Style.

This manner of throwing the discus confirms all that has hi'en said by the ancient writers on this subject and accords witli the monuments relative to this sport still in existence. F.xamined from a mechanical point of view it is also most advantageous in producing the desired effect (the length of the throw). The inclined platform assists the body in keep- ing the center of gravity at the moment where the thrower, having carried the disc in advance, is obliged to lean a little ft)rward. The muscles of the secondary members are spared a part of the work in keeping the equilibrium of the body, and resting free to produce their work with all the other muscles during the flexion and extension of the trunk which follows this position.

The extension of the whole body with tlie two hands holding the disk above, facilitate the deep breathing that the athlete should take before leaning forward and putting to work all the extensor muscles of the body and to prepare for the brusque contraction of the flexors, while the work of the extensors will be interrupted.

The right leg placed in advance since the beginning receives all the shock and raises all the body during the torsion and extensor of the trunk, following simultaneously the throwing backward of the right hand that carries the disc.

What is more, having thus assured the equilibrium of the body, it is permitted to the left leg to extend itself lightly so as to be able to increase the extension of the lateral muscles of the trunk and consequently their contraction also during the straightening of the body and at the same time to serve not only as a rest, but also to reinforce this blow of loins when during the blow there is danger of being thrown backwards.

The hu"d should turn toward the hand, that holding the disc following the moving of the body so as not to diminish the nniscular energy and also to increase the torsion of the trunk toward the right. It is known that the long muscles of the back extending from one ;nd to another of the vertebral column the

^^^^■^1

1

THROWING THE DISCUS. GREEK STYLE. Showinu ^.ip; Finish of the Throw.

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBUAUV

unilateral contraction of whicli has for effect the torsion of the trunk. To contribute also to the intensity of this torsion co- operating movement of the left hand, which balances itself just in front of the right knee without leaning on it. This last position is conserved in the discobolus of Myron (Figs. VI. and VII.), which has been in some sort the point of departure in all this which has been written on the throwing of the discus. This statue only represents one fugitive movement which many other positions lead up to.

Fig. I.

Fig. II.

Fig. III.

This position is the best and most advantageous of all those that the body is able to take in order to concentrate on a single point all his muscular energy. The rapid extension of the legs, the twisting an extension from lower down on the right side to high up on the left side, the extremely rapid and violent balancing of th.e hand which carries the disc in back and with slight pronation also the co-operative balancing of the left hand, all these form a group of forces which unite themselves into one movement having for its point of application the disc, which starts perpendicular to the surface of the inclined platform, but the disc should be thrown at an angle of about 45 degrees. The

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161

Anglo-Saxon lioxers of our days Iiave formulated an aphorism that a good blow with the fist was aided by the muscles of the loins and the entire body. The principle is true and is proven by the physiological science (Dr. Lagrange's Physiology of Body Exercise, page 21). It can be applied to the throwing of the disc where one seeks to gain a similar object by extreme mus- cular energy. It is also just to say that this manner of throw- ing presents an economy of considerable work. On one hand the total quantity of work is increased; that is, the intensity of muscular contraction is increased, but on the other hand the duration and number of movements are diminished. The throw- ing of the disc from any point of view is aesthetic. That the

Fig. IV.

Fig. V.

Fig. VI.

throwing of the disc is beautiful and remarkable, especially when the thrower has succeeded by a rational throwing to render his body an instrument subject to his will. The effort which thrusts forward the hand with the disc, begins in the leg which is ex- tended and thtn involves the thigh, which projects the trunk in the direction in which the discus is to be thrown ; the muscles of the loins transmit the movement to the thorax, and those of the thorax pass it on to the shoulder, which in its turn thrusts for- ward the forearm and the hand holding the disc, thus trans- mitting to the hand the iovcc to which the entire body has contributed.

SI'ALDINCS ATHM;TIC LIBRARY. 163

It is exactly for this reason that the sport has been classified by the ancients among the violent sports.

1. The thrower steps up on the platform and holding in a natural manner the disc, no matter which hand. Stace says that before stepping, he beats it on the edge into the dust on the ground so as to have a firmer hold, reseeking attentively the part of the disc where he must place his fingers and the part necessary to place against his forearm. The throwers do not wish to have two faces too well polished, but would rather have a hold for the palm and fingers.

2. Then the athlete seizes the disc with the right hand, the fingers spread out and holding lightly the rim; he assured the

Fig. VH.

Fig. VIII.

hold by means of the left hand, which supported the disc at the other side, while elevating the two hands slightly in advance.

3. At this moment the knees were separated, the rig^, ex- tended ir advance and the left slightly flexed in the rear— after which he straightens the trunk a little, and raises the hands which, half extended, yet hold the disc. (Figs. II. and III.)

He carries the weight of the body more in advance: turning on the right leg he turns the trunk brusquely to the right. The kft hand abandons the disc to the right and the left leg touches the ground by the toes only (Figs. IV. and V.). turning the head in the direction of the right hand, stilly holding the disc. Stooping over on the right leg with a sufficient flexion and

SPALOt.VrrS ATfir.KTIf- I.fBRARY. 165

turning so as to be able to sie trunk right sides with the right hand entirely extended still carrying the disc with a full sweep of the body, he throws it in arrear with a sweep of the shoulder as full as the anatomical construction and flexion of the body will allow.

The left hand, on the contrary, becoming free, follows the movement of the trunk, lets itself hang with inertion just before the right knee, ready to throw itself violently to the left during the movement which goes to follow and thus to balance the spring that all the body takes in advance. CFigs. VI. and VII.)

In this position, by a brusrjue and. simultaneously torsion, and extension of the trunk to the left and raising on his limbs at the same time, he thrusts the right hand violently forward and throws the disc with all his force, and straightening himself, he follows the throw with a slight jump forward (Fig. VIII.;

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ORGANIZATION OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES OF 1906

A great deal of the credit for the marvelous success of the Olympic Games of 1906 — such a success that all previous Olympic Games suffer by comparison — was due to the untiring efforts of H. R. H. the Crown Prince and the Greek Committee, and the consistency of the marvelous organization which they had built up. To be sure, at home, in Athens, all worked hard and well toward the success of the Games of 1906; it meant a great deal to them ; but the Greek Committee alone would have been powerless had not the Crown Prince, through Secretary Lam- bros, organized committees in every country in the world. These committees selected men with rare good judgment, and nun were appointed who stood for everything that was good atliletically. As a result, it is doubtful if ever before in the history of the world there has been a set of games which were organized under such competent auspices, and to publish a book on the Olympic Games without a complete list of the names of the men who were responsible for this magnificent success would be wrong, and therefore it is with great pleasure that we append herewith a complete list of committeemen who were highly hon- ored b_\- appointment froiu H. R. H. the Crown Prince.

FOREIGN COMMITTEES. (Reprinted from the Official Programme.) AMERICA.

Honorary President — Hon. Theodore Roosevelt, Washington.

President — Caspar Whitney, New York.

Secretary — James E. Sullivan, 21 Warren Street, New York City:

Honorary \"ice-Presidents — George J. Gould, New York; Jos. B. Maccabe, East Boston, Mass. ; Frederick J. V. Skiff, Chicago; John R. Van Wormtr, New York; S. R. Guggen- heim, New York.

SPALOINGS ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 169

Executive Committee — Caspar Whitney, Chairman, New York ; Jos. B. Maccabe, East Boston, Mass. ; Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick, Brooklyn ; Gustavus T. Kirby. New York ; Juhan W. Curtiss, New York ; Thornton Gerrish, New York ; James E. SulHvan, New York.

Finance Committee — J. W. Curtiss, Chairman ; Joseph B. Mac- cabe, John R. Van Wormer, A. L. Shapleigh, Frederick R. Pratt, Wm. Greer Harrison, Evert Jansen Wendell ; Gus- tavus T. Kirbv, Caspar Whitney, James E. Sullivan, Fred- erick J. V. Skiff.

Selection of Team Committee — James E. Sullivan, Chairman; Caspar Whitney, James H. Sterrett, Edward E. Babb, Thomas F. Riley, John J. O'Connor, Herbert Hauser, Gus- tavus T. Kirbv, Evert Jansen Wendell, Julian W. Curtiss, A. A. Stagg, D. R. James, Jr., E. C. Brown, B. P. Sullivan, Theo. E. Straus. Chas. H. Sherrill, P. Gorman, F. W. Rubien, James Pilkington, H. W. Kerrigan, Dr. L. H. Gulick, Charles Baird.

American Committee — Joseph B. Maccabe, East Boston. Mass. ; H. L. Geyelin, Philadelphia, James H. Sterrett, Philadel- phia ; Edward E. Babb, Boston ; John J. O'Connor. St. Louis; Herbert Hauser. San Francisco; A. G. Mills, New York; Capt. John J. Dixon, Brooklyn; F. W. Gerould, Chicago ; A. L. Shapleigh. St. Louis ; Frederick R. Pratt, Brooklyn ; Paul Dashiell, Annapolis, Md. ; Bartow S. Weeks, New York ; Gustavus T. Kirby, New York ; Julian W. Curtiss, New York; Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick, New York ; George W. Beals, Boston ; W. H. Liginger. Mil- waukee. Wis. ; A. A. Stagg. Chicago ; George W. Morri- son, Boston ; W. D. Ncsbit, Birmingham, Ala. ; D. R. James, Jr., New York; Everett C. Brown, Chicago; Charles Baird. Ann Arbor, Mich.; Thos. F. Riley. No. Cambridge. Mass. ; B. P. Sullivan. New Orleans ; Theo- dore E. Straus, Baltimore ; P. Gorman. Montreal, P. Q. ; W. Scott O'Connor. New York ; Charles H. Sherrill. New York; Dwight C. Davis. St. Louis: F. W. Rubien, New York; Thornton Gerrish. New York; John T. Dooling, New York ; F. R. Moulton, Kansas City, Mo. ; Evert J. Wendell, New York ; Oliver Shiras, New York ; James Pilkington, New York ; Wm. Greer Harrison, San Fran- . cisco ; H. W. Kerrigan. Portland, Ore. ; Addison Thomas, Chicago ; D. N. Botassi. Consulate-General of Greece in New York City; N. Salopoulos, Consulate-General of Greece in Chicago, Chicago, 111.

SPALDINGS ATHLETIC LIBRART.

ENGLAND.

President lion. — His Grace the Duke of Argyll, K. T.

Vice-Presidents Hon. — His Grace the Duke of Marlborough K. G. ; His Grace the Duke of Westminster; Rt. Hon. Lord Lansdovvne K. G. ; Rt. Hon. the Earl of Gersey ; ; Rt. Hon. A. J. Balfour.

Vice-Presidents— G. V. A. Schofield, A.A.A. ; H. Venn, Esq., ; L.C.A.

Secretaire Hon. — M. C. Marinaky, Esq.

Membres — MM. S. A. Abrahams, Esq., Emmanuel College, Cambridge ; Dr. Roscoe Badger, W. M. Barnard, Esq. (L. C. A.); A. R. Churchill, Esq.; K. Cornwallis, Esq., University College, Cambridge ; D. Scott Duncan, Esq., Edinburgh ; J. E. Fowler-Dixon, Esq. ; C. B. Fry, Esq. ; Rev. J. 1 1. Gray, Queen's College, Cambridge ; C. B. Gull, Esq., 0.\ford; C. Herbert, Esq.; Le Rev. Courcy Lafan; C. N. Jackson, Esq.; C. L. Lockton, Esq.; G. Robtrtson, Esq.; Montague Shearman. Esq., K.C. ; Harold Wade, Esq. ; A. R. Welsh, Esq., Trinity College, Cambridge.

AUSTRIA. ■'.

Vienna Sub-Committee —

Protectcur — Son Altesse Iniperiale IMgr I'archiduc Rainer. President — S. E. le comte Hans Wilczek.

Membres — S. A. le prince Alex, zu Solms-Brannfels ; S. E. le comte Carl Sohonborn-Buchheim ; S. E. le comte Carl Lanckeronski ; Mr. le consul-general Alexandre Singer ; Mr. Emmanuel Bachmayr, Mr. Themistocle Petrocochino, Mr. le chevalier Georges von Metaxa, Mr. Nicolas Doumba, Mr. le chevalier Nicolas Scanavi, Mr. le chevalier Hans Galatti, S. A. le prince Emmanuel Ypsilanti, S. A. le prince Theodore Ypsilanti, Mr. le conseiller imperial Basile Gianclia, Mr. le baron Louis Czekelius von Rosen- feld, Mr. von Wertheim, Mr. le professeur Adolf Wilhelm, Mr. Theobald Harmsen. Prague Sub-Committee — •

Representation pour Bohcme : Le Comite tsheque des jeux Olympiques a Prague.

President— Mr. le docteur Jiri Guth. Sub-Committee Trieste —

Membres— MM. le baron Stephau von Ralli, Le baron Kimon von Ralli, Le baron Leon von Economo, Le chevalier Michael von Galatti, Nicolas Sevastopoulo, Etienne Siavro.

.SrAl.DIN'CS ATHLKTIC LIBRARY. l73

CUBA (Havana).

President — Air. 1 lector de Saavedra.

Secretaire — AJr. Portirio Franca.

3\lembres — MM. Ygnacio Plasencia, Ramon Font, Miguel Morales, Ramon Hernandez, Carlos Macia, Dr. Francisco Dominguez Roldan, Charles Morales, Miguel Angel Men- doza, Gonzalo Freyre de Andrada, Federico Gibert, Vidal Grana, Felix Carvajal.

Presidence — Calle Habana No. 49. La Havane, Cuba.

DENMARK.

Protecteur — H. R. H. Prince Christian.

President d'honneur — S. E. Le Ministre of Foreign Affairs, Le comte Feodal. Raben-Levetzau.

President — Hr. Fritz Hansen, Capitaine de I'Artillerie.

Tresorier — Mr. F. Lorck, Conseiller.

Secretaire— M. Ivar Nyholm, Intendant niilitaire.

Membres — MM. R. Bondo, Capitaine I'infanterie, Chef de i'ecole militaire de gymnastique a Copenhague ; G. F. Bock. Conseiller; Le Commandeur C. Michelsen; H. C. V. Moller, Tngenieur en chef des travaux maritimes ; C. V. B. Thalbitzer, Co;isul general de Grece ; N. Andersen, Con- • seiller ; C. J. Christensen, Conseiller ; Benny Dessau, Di- recteur ; Martin Dessau, Conseiller ; Job. Goldschmidt ; A. Clod Hansen. Medecin de quarantaine ; J. E. V. Hansen, Amiral ; Chr. Hecksher, Consul general; F. L. Hey, Con- sul ; Jens Jorgensen ; Job. Kier, Chirurgien major ; K. A. Knudsen, Inspecteur de gymnastique; C. F. Lohmann, N. C. Monberg, Henrik Norgaard, Emil Vett.

EGYPT.

President — Mr. Em. Benakis.

Secretaire — Mr. D. Theodorakis.

Membres — MM. M. Synadynos, G. Zervoudakis, M. Salvagos, N. Tsigadas, D. Gouzouassis, J. Athanasakis, J. Tsamis, D. Fabrikios, Louis Nicolaides, P. Loisidis, L. Cottas, K. Benakis. N. Pallis, A. Sepsis, J. Vitiades, Arist. Polymeris, Nic. Tsamis.

SPAIN.

President — Mr. Le iNLnrquis de Cabrinana.

Secretaire — Mr. Luis Morote ( journaliste).

Membres— MM. Le Comte de .A.smir, Le Marquis de Villa- viciosa de Asturias. Le conunandant Antonio Barreto, Carlos Padros, Roman Macaya. Eduardo Careaga, Manuel Alexiades, Felipe Boulafentis, Felipe Pastora.

SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 175

NORWAY. President — Mr. le lieutenant colonel Thomas Heftge, ancien

Ministre de la Defence nationale. Secretaire — Mr. le capitaine Johan Tidemann Sverre. Membres — Mr. le captaine F. G. Seeberg. Professeur de

gjmnastiquc et d'Escrime a I'Ecole Militaire.

RUSSIA.

President — Son Altesse Imperiale le Grand Due Nicolajevitz.

Secretaire — Mr. le general Kroupentzki.

Membres — MM. Ic conseiller d'Etat Waltzoff, G. Eumorfo- poulo.

ROUMANIA.

Secretaire — Mr. Jean Arion.

Membres — MM. Emmanuel Boutcoulescu, Alexandre Bellio, Dr. Dinu Bratianu. Constantin Golescu. Budi Catargiu, Jean Cesianu, A. S. H. Panteli, Georges S. H. Panteli.

SWEDEN.

President d'honneur — S. A. R. Le Prince Heritier.

President— Mr. Le colonel Viktor G. Balck.

Secretaire — M. Le major S. Hermelin.

Membres — MM. Le directeur B. E. Burman. Le capitaine Sten Drakenberg, Le capitaine Erik Erestadius, Le docteur Astley Levin, Le directeur J. Sigfrid Edstrom, Le re- dacteur E. Bergvall, Le capitaine Goster Drake, Le capi- taine B. Festin, Lo capitaine Einar Nerman, MM. Le capitaine E. Eick, Fred Lowenadler, John Hakanson, Le lieutenant Carl Hjorth.

SWITZERLAND.

President — Mr. Alois Naville, President dc I'Automobile Club de Suisse.

Secretaire — Mr. Marcel Guinand, President de I'Union Ath- letique Suisse.

Membres — MM. Dr. Kebedjy, Professeur de droit interna- tional a rUniversite de Berne, Louis Buscarlet, President de la Societe d'Escrime de Geneve ; Eugene le Royer Pre- sident de la Societe Nautique de Geneve; Aime Schwob, Directeur de la Presse Sportive ; Gustave de Stoutz, Con- sul General de Grece, Chef consul du Touring Club italien en Suisse ; Jean Diodati, Chancelier du Consulat general de Grece, membre du Conseil d'Administration du Tour- ing Club Suisse ; Dr. Francis de Crue, Professeur a rUniversite de Geneve ; Godefroy de Blonay.

SPALniNCS .vTI'I.':TI(' Mr.RAKY. 177

TURKEY. Constantinople Sub-Committcc —

President — S. E. Mr. J. Gryparis, Ministre de Grece. Vice-Presidents — MM. Jean Eliaskos, Chr. Hatzichristos. Secretarie — Mr. Ath. Piniatoros.

Membres— MM. J. Hatzopoulos, S. Cazanovas, D. Vlastaris, C. Stecoulis, D. Nicolaides, G. Veil is, S. Carajiannides, C. Spanoudis, L. F. Mizzi, Regis Delbeuf, E. Pesmat- zogloii, Calvocoressis, Rosber, E. Saridakis, J. Carotseris, G. L. Zarifi, L. L. Zarifi, E. E. Evgenides, Th. Courtzi, A. Jiannoulatos. Th. Paraschos. Smyrna Sub-Committee —

President — Mr. Phocion Voutsinas. Secretaire — Mr. Jean Boskovitz.

Membres — MM. Dem. Savclis, Ap. Psalloff. An. Arealis, Alex. Photiades. Ange Alevras, Richard Whittall. Alfred van Leimep. Elie Guiffray. Salonica Sub-Committee —

MM. E. Bountonas, Clcon Ilatzilazaros, N. Papazoglou, N. Pindos. Trebizonde Sub-Committee —

MM. P. Acritas, E. Constantinides, B. Joannides, M. Papajian- nides, C. Theophilactos.

GERMANY. Representant du Comite — Deutschcr Reichsausschuss fiir

Olympische Spiele. Protecteur — S. A. I. le prince hcritier de I'Empire Allemand et

de Prusse. Presidents d'honneur — S. A. le prince Philippe Ernest zu

Hohenhohe-Schillingsfiirst. Podebrad, Boheme ; S. A. le

prince Eduard zu Salm-Horstmar, Berlin ; W. Wilhelm-

strasse 63 ; S. A. le due de Ratibor, Schloss Rauden, Bez.

Oppeln ; S. A. le prince Kraft zu Hohenlohe-Oehringen,

Schloss Slavcntztz, Bez. Oppeln. President — S. E. Mr. Ic Comte Egbert von der Asseburg,

Berlin, N. W. Herwarthstr. 4 IT. 2306. Caissier — Mr. le Baron Julius von Hiinefeld. Siidende-Berlin.

Hermannstr. 8/9. Directeur du Bureau et Premier Secretaire — Mr. le Dr. Willi-

bald Gebhardt. Friedenau, Kranacherstr. 25. Deuxieme Secretaire — Mr. le Dr. Hugo Hardy, Berlin. Som-

merstr. 6. I. 4358.

J. E. FOWLER-DIXON. The veteran English holder of many of the " world's best-on-recordc " for walk- ing- and running; born September 3, 1850. During the recent Olympic Games in the Stadium at Athens he walked 1500 meters in 8 minutes 45 seconds; he ran IS'^O meters in 5 minutes 46 seconds (at intervals of 20 minutes) in the presence of the King and other members of the royal family. This event took place on Saturday, May 5, 1906.

spaldin(js athletic library.

Membres— MJM. J. Becker, Max Blume, Dey. G. Demmler, C. Diem, Kurt Dorry, H. Hasperg, Le Comte d'Hausson- ville. G. Hax, Fr. A. Hemme, Fritz Hofmann, Alex. Moenig, Hermann Jiirst, Dr. Otto Krork, Le Baron von Kiihlmann, Le Baron von Maltzahn, Dr. P. Martin, P. J. Mviller, C. Orbanowski, Albert Preuss, Prof. H. Haydt, Franz von Rekowski-Gynz, Dr. Alfred Schifif, Alfons Schoene, Le Comte Adalbert .von Sierstorpf, Dr. Aug. Smith, Dr. Fr. 'Praun, G. v. Tschudi, Le Comte de War- tensLbcn.

BELGIUM.

Protecteur— S. A. Royale Mgr. le Prince Albert de Belgique

President d'honneur — Mr. Ernest Solvay.

Presidents — MM. Le Baron de Lavekye, President de I'Union beige des societes de sports athletiques ; V^an Overbergh, Directeur general de TEnseignement Superieur dts Sciences et des lettres, Ministere de I'lnstruction Publiquc.

Vice-President — Mr. Van dtn Abeele, President du cercle d'escrime de la societe "La Concorde."

Secretaire General — Mr. Lefebure, Captaine Commandant ad- joint d'etat-major. commandant I'Ecole normale de gym- nastique tt d'escrime.

'I'resorier — Mr. Walckiers, Secretaire de la Ligue beige de Lawn-Tennis.

Membres — MM. Anspacli, Secretaire du Cercle d'escrime de Bruxelles; B. Beauram, Vice-President de la Federation beige des Societes de natation; Emil de Beukelaer, Di- recteur sportif de la Ligue