yy YY Y, yy Yy Uy ly Wii Uy My} iy ; j f “ ne ee 6 Late Ss . * . _ z gigs 4 ee ce = ‘ % a a — ig) «< r a ' 5 ? “ " : * ‘ 4 . “ , - Salta tes) tn eee ' 2 TRANSACTIONS OF THE rew ne AN OO CTE FY. VOLUME VI. LONDON: PRINTED BY WILKS AND TAYLOR, CHANCERY-LANE, SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S HOUSE, NO. 10, PANTON-SQUARE, COVENTRY-STREET, AND BY JOHN WHITE, FLEET-STREET. M.DCCC.II. Br? O 4: & ea ve C-O.N EEN T S. ie DISSERTATION on two Natural Genera hitherto con- founded under the Name of Mantis. By Anthony Auguftus Henry Lichtenftein, D.D. F.M.L.S. Tranflated from the German by Thomas Young, M.D. F.R.S. and L.S. — Page Il. The Botanical Hiftory of the Genus Ebrharta. By Olof Swartz, M.D. F.M.L.S. p- IH. ‘Account of a Microfcopical Inveftigation of feveral Species of Pollen, with Remarks and Queftions on the Struéture and Ufe of that Part of Vegetables. By Luke Howard, Efy. of Plaiftow in Effex p- IV. Obfervations on Aphides, chiefly intended to fow that they are the principal Caufe of Blighis in Plants, and the fole Caufe of the Honey-Dew. By the late Mr. William Curtis, F.L.S. p- V. Remarks on the Genera of Pederota, Wulfenic, and Hemimeris. By James Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S. P.L.S. Dp VI. An Mluftration of the Genus Solandra. By Richard Anthony Salifbury, Ef. F.R.S. and L.S. Dp VII. Obfervations on fome remarkable Strata of Flint in a Chailk-pit in the Ile of Wight, in a Letter from Sir Henry Charles Englefield, Bart. F.R.S. to Fohn Latham, M.D. F.R.S. and L.S. 65 75 99 p> 103 VIII. Re- vi C10; OR a, is. VII. Remarks on fome Britifh Species of Salix. By James Edward Smith, WD. F.RS. P.LS, Page 1X. Defcriptions of four new Species of. Fucus. Y Dawfon Turner, M.A: F.L.S. — p- X. Defcription of Callicocca Ipecacuanha. By Felix Avellar Brotero, Profeffor of Botany in the Univerfity of Coimbra, F.M.L.8. p.- XI. Obfervations on the Curculio Trifoli:, or Clover Weevil, a_fmall Infect which infefts the Heads of the cultivated Clover, and de- Jiroys the Seed. Ina, Letter to Thomas Marfham, Efg. Tr. L. S. dy William Markwick, E/y. F.L.S. With additional Remarks by Mr, Marfham P- XII. Farther Obfervations on the Curculio Trifolit. In a Letter to William Markwick, Efg. F.L. 8. by Martin Chriftian Gottlieb Lehmann, M.A. of Gottingen p- XI. Defcription of Brotera perfica and Muftelia eupatoria, two new Plants cultivated in the Botanic Garden of Halle, by Cart Sprengel, M.D. Profeffor f Botany in the Univerfity of Flalle p- XIV. Obfervations on the Hinges of Britifh Bioglve Shells. By Mr. William Wood, F.Z.S. XV. Catalogue of the more rare Plants found in the Environs of Dover, with occafional Remarks. By Mr. Lewis Wefton Dill- wyn, F.L.8. p> XVI. Ilo 142 147 151 177 De- C.O.nN TEN ST. 8 vil XVI. Defcriptions of fome fingular Coleopterous Infeéts. By Charles Schreibers, M.D. Deputy Profeffor of Natural Hiftory in the Univerfity of Vienna Page 135 XVII. Defcription of Menura fuperba, a Bird of New South Wales. By Major-General Thomas Davies, F.R.S. and L.S. p- 207 XVIII. On the Doryanthes,a new Genus of Plants from New Hal- land, next akin to the Agave. By Jofeph Correa de Serra, LL.D. F.R.S. and LS. ——- ane ea XIX. Obfervations on feveral Species of the Genus Apis, known by the Name of Humble-bees, and called Bombinatrices by Linneus. By Mr. P. Huber, of Laufanne in Swifferland _—— Pp 214 XX. Botanical Charatters of four New-Holland Plants, of the Natural Order of Myrti. By. James Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S. P. LitSe : — Ta re p- 299 XX. Additional Obfervations on fome remarkable Strata of Flint in the fle of Wight, in a Letter fram Sir Henry Charles Engle- field, Bart. F.R.S. to John Latham, M.D. F.R.S; and LS. of Romfey ota," i) Awd 8 XXII. De/fcription of a new Species of Viola. By Thomas Furly ‘Forfter, E77. F.L.S. ee teen’ = P- 309 - XXII Defeription of the Fruit of Cycas revoluta. By James Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S, P.LS. —T p- 312 XXIV. Sfe- vill C. O. Newt LE CNL. XXIV. Species of Erica. By Richard Anthony Salifbury, E/7. F.R.S. & LS. Page 316 XXV. Extraéts from the Minute Book of the Linnean Society p. 389 Catalogue of the Library of the Linnean Society, continued from Page 293 of Vol. V. of the Society's T ranfaétions Pp. 39! Lift of Donors to the Library of the Linnean Society — Pp. 395 Dire@tions for placing the Plates of the SixtH VOLUME. Tas. x. Phafma filiforme and Ph. heéticum, toface page 14 2. Phafma Ohrtmanni and Mantis Filum - - - 19 A Flowers of Ehrharta - =e 64 5. Aphides, &c. - - 94 6. Solandra - - - 102 7. Strata of Flint in Chalk - 107 8. Fucus rufcifolius, &c- - - 127 9+ Fucus clavellofus _ - - 133 so. Fucus Wigghii - = ergs 11. Callicocca Ipecacuanha - 140 12. Brotera perfica - oe rer 13. Muftelia eupatoria ~ = - 352 14. IS. 16. ¢ Hinges of Bivalve Shells = 176 18. 19 F asf Coleopterous Infeéts = 206 al. 22. Menura fuperba - - 207 ia i Doryanthes excelfa, _ - Sih 25. Humble-bees " 14230 26. Nidification, &c. of Humble-bees 238 27. The fame — = - 278 28. Violaconcolor — = - 3Ir 2g. Cycas revoluta = - 314 30. A Frond, &c. of the fame - 315 31. Cancer Phalangium —- - 389 AY Ae ARN Ss AG ere ep Oo DN us Of THE Lil NuN: Be AvN())S:0:61-E: T- ¥. ee GD GE ———— 1. 4 Difertation on two Natural Genera hitherto confounded under the name of Mantis. By Anthony Augufus Henry Lichtenfiein, D. D. F.M.L.S. Tranflated from the German.by Thomas Young, M. D. FOR S & LS. . Read April 4, 1797. Wu EN I firft took up Fabricius’s Syftem of Entomology, Iwas much ftruck with thefe words in the preface:—“ The fcience of entomology is as yet in its cradle: it is fcarcely fo far advanced as botany was at ‘the time of Czfalpinus.” Iwas then inclined to think that this gentleman, whofe excellent moral character I have only fince that time had an opportunity, by perfonal acquaintance, to know and efteem, -had at leaft exaggerated the truth, and done injuftice to Linné and the reft of his predeceffors. But fince I have had an-opportunity of obferving with accuracy, and of comparing with many defcriptions and plates, a large number of infects, chiefly foreign, in the extenfive collection of Mr. Holthuyfen, Iam convinced that this great fyftematift did not, in making that affer- tion, go much too. far; for what a mafs of information ‘has been _ Vor, VL B added 2 Dr. Licurenstern’s Difertation on two Natural Geiera added to our knowledge of infeéts within thefe twenty years by him- felf and other active naturalifts! And yet we are ftill very far from having a proper natural arrangement and defcription of all the orders and genera. I fhall fay nothing of the fpecies ; for here, efpecially through the imperfection and frequent incotrectnefs of the fynonyms, fo much confufion prevails, that it is often difficult to afcertain to what fpecies of Linné or Fabricius a perfectly common indigenous infe&t belongs. If a genus be truly natural, or, as logicians call it, a genus proximum, a fingle charaéteriftic is almoft always fufficient to determine with certainty to what fpecies an individual of this genus is to be referred. The prefent attempt may ferve as a {pecimen of the manner in which I conceive that ftill greater genera ought to be treated according to the natural diftinétions ; fixing the natural ge- nera where the fyftem has not already done it, and placing the {pecies in order under appropriate fubdivifions taken from effential differences; defcribing them with accuracy, and particularly adding the fynonyms as completely and correctly as poffible. The idea of feparating from the proper Mantes thofe {pecies feeding on plants, that have no falciform fore-feet, but have all their legs. formed for running, and making anew genus of them, is by no means of my invention. Cafpar Stoll has already propofed it, but has not at all carried it fyftematically into effect. The fplendid work which this zealous entomologift had begun to publifh at Am- fterdam in 1787 with a Dutch and French text, under the title of Natuurlyke, en naar’t leeven nauwheurig gekleurde Afbecldingen, en Be- febryvingen der Spooken, Wandelnde Bladen, Zabelfpringhanen, Krekels, Trekfpringhaanen en Kakkerlakken, in quarto, fold by J.C. Sepp, was in- terrupted by death, which cut off this gentleman (who, with many peculiarities, had yet undeniably great merit) in the middle of his career. Had he lived longer, this work on the Usonata of Fabricius would hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. ig would have been as claffical as that for which we are indebted to him on the Réynchota. He would thus have thrown light on all the Hemiptera of Linné, and have done as much as a fy{tematic writer for this order of infects, as Pallas has for the unguiculated quadrupeds among the mammalia. No one will deny, unlefs from ‘an abfurd prejudice he defpife every thing that is Dutch without further ex- amination, that the late Stoll was a very diligent and fortunate ob- ferver. His penetrating eye, incredibly experienced and ready in diftinguifhing objects at firft fight, comprehended the whole habit fo happily in one fixed point of view, that he difcriminated the natural genera as if by internal feeling. The-colleGtion of Holthuyfen, which he had chiefly arranged, was divided almoft univerfally into the fame genera which Fabricius has adopted in his Entomologia Sy/tematica. Stoll died before this work was publifhed, and Fabricius faw that collection only curforily in Hamburgh, when his book was all com- pleted but the appendix. This agreement, therefore, between two perfons thinking quite independently of each other, fhows clearly that entomology is not fo uncertain and inconftant as many be- lieve; and that both of thefe gentlemen were in fearch of truth, and knew how to find it. Syftematical order, indeed, is not to be ex- - pe€ted in the writings of Stoll-s for, as he had.no learned education, he was totally unprovided with that artificial logic which i is More ufeful to men of letters in general than they often think proper to allow. Although the idea of this monograph was borrowed from Stoll, yet one acquainted with the fubject wall foon difcover that { have not copied from him, but that I have beftowed much labour of my own on this differtation. I thall, in the firft place, fhow that the Speétre of Stoll, or the Phafia, is truly different from the Mantis, and muft be feparated from it asa diftinét genus; in the next place, treat of bothin general, going fyftematically through their fpecies, and afcertaiming, the fynonyms ; . B2 - then 4. Dr. Licurenstetn’s Difertation on two Natural Genera: then deféribeat large the {pecies omitted or newly difcovered;.and, laftlys enumerate briefly thofe which I cannot place under their proper genus, becaufe I am only acquainted with them from imperfect defcriptions. Stoll fhows the effential difference between the two genera very correétly by the following comparifon of the parts and chara¢teriftics. Puasma. “ Laubfchrecke.” 1. Antenna fetaceous with longifh divifions. 2, The head large and oval-round ; the mouth with moveable jaws. and four palpi. 3. Small reticulated eyes on the forehead. 4. Three clear flemmata in a trian- gle between the eyes. 5. The dody linear, almnoft cylin- drical. ~ 6. Six /egs for running: 7. The ¢arfi confift of five joints. 8. The hemelytra [deckfliigel] tkin- ny, very fhort, fo that. they fcarcely.cover a third part of the abdomen. The wings at the external margin membranous, about as long as the abdomen, > Mantis. “ Fang{chrecke.” 1. Antenne filiform. “9. The dead nodding, heart-fhap- ed, with jaws.and palpi. 3. Two large prominent eyes om the fides. 4. In moft fpecies two clear /fem- mata between the roots of the antenne. 5. The thorax narrow, on the back-fomewhat: carinated, at the margin compreffed. 6. Six /egs, the foremoft with fal- ciform hands, and a thumb of five joints at their fide; the reft flender and unarmed. 7. The ¢arfi have five joints. 8. The hemelytra folded crofswife together, of the length of the: wings beneath them, covering. almoft the whole abdomen. Befides: hitherto, confounded under the Name of Mantis. 5 Befides thefe diftinGtions taken from the different parts of the Body, Stoll appeals, with reafon, to the remarkable difference of the mode of life. His Spectres, which I name Pha/mata, live folely on ve- getable food., They lay their eggs, like grafhoppers, in the earth, the females being furnifhed with a {mall ftile or inftrument for depohtting them, of an enfiform figure, and covered by three leaflets, which are found on the laft divifion of the abdomen. TheMantes, on the contrary, confine themfelves entr ely. to food taken from the animal kingdom;. their falciform hands ferying them to.catch and carry to their mouths. flies, and other infeéts, which they devour. As to what concerns their procreation and metamorphofi s—they. neyer lay their eggs in the earth, but fix them, on a twig, ftraw, or blade of grafs, and this in rows and regular mafles, as Roefel: has very correctly. defcribed. . Ju- Seéienbel. pt. 4. p. 89. fg. and t. 12. Compare alfo Merian.. Surin. Inf. p. 66. Geoff. Inf, t.1. p. 399. and De Geer Inf. pt. 3. Pp» 399. It will not be fuperfluous to add fome remarks which Stoll has ‘omitted, and which fet the difference between the two genera ftill more out of doubt. The antennz of the Phafmata are fituated on the fides of the head, far apart, and-are inferted. near the eyes: thofe of the Mantes; on the contrary, are placed on the forehead near to-. _gether, between the eyes. The difference of the organs of feeding I fhall explain more at large in the fyftematic defcription of the genera. The thorax, in the firft fubdivifion or family of Phafiata, is. always. extended, and cylindrical : fometimes fet with little thorns, fometimes without thorns ; ; but in the fecond family, which in ge- neral more refembles the Mantes, it is fomewhat flattened, and almoft. marginated. The Mantes, on the other hand, have all a more or lefs carinated thorax: all thofe-of the firft family and fome {mall {pecies of the fecond family have aroundith thorax; but in moft of.the fecond family" 6 Dr. Licwrenst2in’s Difertation on two Natural Genera family it is marginated, and in the fore part extended more or lefs in breadth, but behind linear. °. The abdomen in the Phafmata differs in different families. Thofe of the firft family have a rounded cylindrical abdomen, of ten nearly equal divifions, which, within its trifoliated extremity, contains a tail in which the parts of generation are concealed. The fecond family has the abdomen preffed flat, often even membranous, without any leaflets at the tail. Inthe Mantes the abdomen is very various, but always agrees with the chara¢ter of the family. ; The hemelytra of the Pha/mata are often entirely wanting; when prefent they are membranous; in the firft family, efpecially in the males, they are very fhort, taper at the bafe, and toward the middle furnifhed with a {mall thorn, which is fometimes blunt, fometimes fharp. In the females they are moftly half as long as the wings, round- ed off towards the tips, ribbed, and without thorns. In the fecond family the males have fhort and very narrow lancet-formed heme- lytra; thofe of the females are broad, veined, and nearly of the length of the abdomen. ‘ The Mantes have tranfparent thin hemelytra, with a broad, mem- branous, often grooved rib at the outer margin; which are feldom fhorter than the wings or abdomen. The wings of the Pha/inata are broad, inwards plaited and tranf- parent, with a broad membranous rib at the outer margin, and fhorter than the abdomen. In fome fpecies of the firft family, and in the female of the Phafma /ficcifolium, which is of the fecond fa- mily, and has very large and broad hemelytra, they are entirely wanting. Z The Mantes have tranfparent, often colourlefs wings, more finely plaited, with only a narrow rib at the outer margin, and nearly of the length hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 7 length of the abdomen. Only one fpecies of this genus is entirely without wings. ; The legs of the Pha/mata are all formed for running, arid like to each other; the fore legs are placed fo near to the head that they are excavated mear the bafe to make room for the head between them. This is a very certain natural diftin@tion, by which one may know whether even an imperfect fpecimen is a Pha/ima or a Maniis. The Phafmata of the firfl family have very long and narrow fore feet, fre~ quently with triangular and thorny legs. Thofe of the fecond family have fhorter fore legs, with broad margins. — _ The Manes have, inftead of fore legs, arms, with: nearly fciffor- formed hands; the upper arms andelbows are, according to the fa- _ milies, either narrowly or widely dentated or fringed. The four hind legs are for running; moftly plain, more rarely adorned with foli- ated margins on the thighs, and {till more rarely on the tibia, This comparifon fhows fufficiently that the Pha/ma and Mantis are two very diftinét genera. Before I begin the fyftematic defcription in the manner of Fabri- cius, I muft: {peak of the families or divifions of the genera, The primary divifions I have'taken from Stoll.. They depend in both genera onthe. rounded or more flattened {tructure of the whole body, with which alfo thelength of the fore legs agrees: The Phafi mata of the firft family, that is the rounded ones, I divide again into winglefs and winged; the flat Regt mata require no further fub- divifion: _ The Mantes of the firft family, that is, (following the fame order as in the Pha/mata, although Stoll takes them laft,) the rounded ones, I divide into winglefs and winged. The laft again according to their eyes, which are either angular or round. The family of the flat Mantes may be feparated into two companies; the gouty ones, _ with leaves on their legs, and the round-legged ones, without them. 4 Thefe 8 ‘Dr. LicuTENSTEIN’s Differtation on two Natural Genera Thefe companies I divide, laftly, according tothe eyes, each into two parties ; of which the firft contains thofe with round eyes, the fecond thofe with angular eyes. This apparently trifling minutenefs or pe- dantry gives fo -ufeful a'thread to guide ‘us to the determination of each {pecies of phafma or mantis that occurs, and makes it fo eafy to ahy one who will pay the leaft attention to inveftigate if and where fuch an. infect has been defcribed, that 1 do not confider the time and trouble as loft which I have {pent on the difcovery of thefe fubtilties. True fyftematical proficients in entomology, who love truth and order, will richly repay this /aforem in tenui by the approbation which they may be pleafed to beftow on it. I will not here attempt a prolix vindication of my having been obliged to alter entirely the defcription of the -genus Mantis, and compofe new ones of. Pha/ma and of Mantis, nor of the great difference frequently to be found between my defcriptions of the {peciés and thofe of Liimné or Fabricius. True judges will themfelves difcover my reafons. Such as regard only authority I can affure,; that Fabricies approves of my innovations. Amateurs and fharp-fighted obfervers, who are not fond of the technical and {eholaftic language, I refer to Stoll, whom I have accurately quoted; to Fueffly’s 4rchives, and to the Figures which I have here given; but efpecially to natural {pecimens. Perhaps many perfons will be reconciled to me on examining a well-ftored collection, who on the bare reading of the following Latin defcriptions will have fhaken their heads, or decretly condemned me as an unauthorized pedantic innovator. In thefe infeéts the colours often deceive partly becaufe they are frequently deftroyed by the fpirits in which the {pecimens had at firft been preferved ; partly, becaufe the hemelytra frequently become {potted from thin drops of pus’ being thrown out and adhering tothem when they are ftuck through with pins. Hence, the puncia /parfa elytrorum, to which one muft never truft, unlefs ithey agree precifely on both hemelytra. - Sapienti fat. 119—20 PHASMa, hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis, 9 1I9—20. PHASMA: Palpi inzequales deprefli ; antici quadriarticulati; po- {tici triarticulati, articulo extremo longiflimo, ovato lanceloato. Labium adfcendens bipartitum, laciniis fiffis, pinnis equalibus. Antenna fetacex, articulis oblongis. * Teretia, pedibus anticis longiflimis tenuibus compreflis. + Aptera. Elytris alifque in utroque fexu nullis. fiiforme. 1. P. pedibus anticis jnermibus longitudine corporis, an- tennis nigris. Tas. I. fig. 1. : Mantis faliformis. Fabric. entom. fyfiem. t. Qn p. 12 N. 1 Mant. inf. 1. p.227. 2.1. Gmel. fifi. nat. p. 2048. nm. Ie Small Brafil Quill Locuft. Petiver Gaxoph. t. 60. f- 2. Browne Hift. of Jamaica, p. 433-1 42 f. 5. Habitat in America auftrali et infulis oppofitis. Mufeum Ohrtmannianum. Sequenti adfine fed multoties minus. Corpus et pedes fafci teftaceo annulati. Tarforum articuli primores See eee eS oa rns Phafmatis corpus ~filiforme fubcylindricum (Farius abdomine deprefio) glabrum, im- marginatum, tardum : capite prominulo magno ovali, latiore quam thorax ; oculis parvis | reticulatis frontalibus; ftemmatibus tribus lucidis, in triangulum intra oculos difpofitis ; antennis diftantibus lateralibus juxta oculos infertis; thorace elongato lineari cylindrico, feutello nullo; elytris ovalibus parvis (in maribus minimis, bafi fepe ariftatis) membrana- ceis; alis, cofta lata membranacea, hyalinis plicatilibus, rarius nullis; pedibus fex, anticis capiti proximis juxta bafin,intus emarginatis, omnibus curloriis, tarfis quinquearticulatis; abdomine fegmentis decem, ano laminis tribus partes fexuales ab{condentibus, Vou. VI. ; G reliquis 10 Dr. Licutewstetn’s Differiation on two Natural Genera reliquis equales. Synonyma qu pretermifi utique excludenda; prefertim Herb/?. arch. inf. 8. t. 51. f. 2. que exhibet larvam alius {peciei hujus generis. Ferula, z. Ph. pedibus aliquanto corpore brevioribus, tarforum articulo primo triangulari erecto, Mantis Ferula. Fabric. entom. fyfiem. t.2. p. 12. ms We Arumatia. Maregraf Bra/il. 25%. Roefel inf. 2. Gryll. t. 19. f. to. Stoll Mant. t. 13. f. 51- Habitat cum precedente. Mufeum Holthuyf. Defcriptio Fabricii accuratiffime quadrat, nifi quod in noftro exemplari etiam anticorum pedum femora et tibia apice fub{pinofz; item color non viridis fed fufcus teftaceo annulatus. Forte quoniam in fpiritu vini olim fervatum. , corautum. 3. Ph. pedibus anticis mediocribus tibiis omnibus mu- ticis, capite oblongiufculo cornuto oculis prominulis. Stoll Mant. t. ¥5. f. 57+ et 57+ te Habitat im America auftrali. Muf. Holthuyf. Corpus leve glabrum cylindricum, dilute fufcum; pedes. elongati femoribus angulatis. Calamus., 4. Ph. corpore virefcente, femoribus ftriatis. Mantis Calamus. Fabric. entom. fy/t. t. 2. p. 13. 0. 3- Habitat in infula St. Croix. Mihi haud vifum. Sceleton. 5. Ph. pedibus anticis elongatis, thorace cylindrico fcabro. poftice attenuato, capite inermi oculis prominulis.. Stoll Mant. t. 14+ fF 55>. Habitat in Sina. Mauf. Holthuyf Corpus magnum, elongatum, obfcure teftaceum. An-- tennz fetacez mediocres. Pedum tarfi articulo. primo. hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. LE primo triangulari erecto. Adfine preter alarum de- fe&tum Ph, necydaloides cujus tamen vix larva. Jat ipes. 6. Ph. pedibus mediocribus foliato compreflis. Stoll Mant. t. 146 fo 54. Habitat in Amboina. Muf. Holthuyf. Corpus magnum, elongatum, lineare, teres, fufcum. Caput fubrotundum; antennz breves, oculi promi- nuli; enfis partumeius (five cauda enfiformis) -re- flexus dentatus. Plocaria. 7. Ph. corpore viridi, femoribus dentatis. Mantis Roflia. Fabric, entom. fyft. t. 2. p. 13. tm 4. “Rofi Faun. Etr. 1. n. 636. t. 8. f. 3. mas. Plocaria domeftica. Scop. delic. Infubr. 1. p. 60. t. 24. fi Ae 1432 Habitat in Italia, Mihi haud vifum. t+ Subaptera, elytris, at alis aullis. . angulatum, 8. Ph. capite thoraceque fpinofis, elytris rotundatis bre- viffimis, femoribus fubtus angulatis. Mantis angulata. Fabric. entom. iff. t.2. p.13. 1. 5. Mantis Gigas. Drury inf. 2. p. 8g. #. 50. Mantis gigantea. Gmelin /jf. nat. edit. xiil. p. 2055. 2.49. Habitat fecundum Seeman uaenre, fecundum - Gmelin in Italia fuperiori. “Mihi haud nota. tt+ Mata. Elytris alifque in utroque fexu. Gigas. 9. Ph. thorace teretiufculo fcabro, elytris planis ovalibus nervofis, pedibus {pinofis. Mantis Gigas. Linn, fy. nat. 2. p. 689. 2.1. Mu. Lud. Ulr. m. 109. Mantis Gigas. Fabric. entom. fyft.n. 6. Stal! Mant. t.2. fis. C2 Habitat 12 = =Dr, LicntenstErn’s Differtation on two Naturat Genera Habitat in Amboina. Muf. Holthuyf. Corpus magnum elongatum, fupra cylindricum fubtus: complanatum. Caput ereétiufculum inerme ovale, paulo Jatius quam thorax. Antenne fetacee me- diocres. Oculi parvi, frontales vix prominuli. Tho- rax antice, ubi pedes primores inferti, fubdepreflus et glabellus; medio teres, granulis elevatis {caber; poftice ad bafin elytrorum et alarum terminatus appendicula triangulari fcutelliformi. Abdomen teres lineare ut in hac tribu femper. Elytra brevia, plana, fpathu- lato ovalia repanda, nervofa (item ut ale maximz,) obfcure teftacea fufco undata. Pedes elongati robufti fpinofi dilutius teftacei, fufco annulati. Omnia exemplaria mihi certe adhuc vifa funt fexus feminini. Utrum Pha/ma heéticum infra defcribendum hujus Pd’. Gigantis mas fit nec ne, dies docebit ; item. utrum color naturalis vel in hac fpecie fit viridis. Empufa. 0. Ph. thorace tereti granulato, elytris brevibus ovatis me- dio gibbis dente elevato obtufo, dilute teftaceis bafi. et apice fufcis, pedibus fpinulofis. Aubent. Mifcell. t. 65. f. 1. mala. Stoll Mant. t. 1. f. 1. bona. Habitat im India orientali. Muf. Holthuyf. Proxime adfine antecedenti at diverfum forma elytro- rum et coloribus. Exemplar Holthuyfianum Stollii archetypon eft corpore fufco, artubus dilute teftaceis fufco undulatis. D’ Aubenton exhibet colorem totius infecti viridefcentem, prater bafes apicefque elytro- rum, ut in noftro, fufcos. Forfan ideo, quod ejus exemplar numquam in fpiritu vini adfervatum fuerat. Quod Naviuin. edule. II. 12. hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 13 Quod vero idem pedes primores_ breviffimos pingit ; inde fequitur, ut vel defucrint in exemplari Lutetiano, vel {purii fuerint adglutinati, vel denique ut chalco- graphus; tabula anguftia fe viderit circumf{criptum. Quidquid id eft, deformat ifthac preternaturalis pe- dum brevitas omnem phafmatis noftri habitum. Ph. thorace cylindrico fcabro, elytris ovatis angulatis, alis oblongis fufcis hyalino feneftratis. a Femina. Mantis necydaloides. Linn. /y/t. nat, 2. p. 6g1. 1.14. Aman. acad. ©. p. 397. - 3- Mantis necydaloides. Fabric. entom. /y/t. t. 2. pe 14. Mw] - Rogfel inf. 2. Gryll. t. 19. f.Q. Stoll Mant. t. 3. f. 8. @ Mas. Mantis cylindrica. Gmelin fyfl. nat. edit. xiii. Pp. 2048. 2. 54... Muf- Lefk. p. 46. 1.12. Stoll Mant. t. 4. fo 11. Habitat in Amboina. Muf. Holthuyf. Differt ab antecedentibus, craffitie corporis bafi clytro- rum multo .anguftiore et alis fufcis hyalino fene- ftratis. Mas in hac et fequenti fpecie (forfan plu- ribus quoqug in hac tribu) multoties minor quam femina, fed antennz robuftiores.. Ph. thorace tereti (maris {cabro, feminz glabro), elytris alarumque cofta late viridibus, pedibus fubmuticis. a Femina, Stoll Mant. 1. 6. f. 20. louttuyn natuurl, bifor. t.79. fr 1. 6 Mas. Mantis phthifica. Linn. /y/t. nat. 2. p. 689. m. 2 Mantis Jamaicenfis. Fabric. entom. /y/?. t. 2. p. 15. . 11. Gmelin /yf. nat. edit. Xili. p. 2054. 2. 41. Drury inf 2. t. 49. f- 1. Stoll Mant. 7,6. 7. 21. Habitat in India orientali. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Corpus 1 =) sO Dr. LicutensTein’s Difértation on two Natural Gencra Corpus magnum, prefertim feminz, que adeo-craflior quam P%. Gigas, et tefte Valentino Malaiis pro cibo infervit, Cf. Houttayn. nat. -hift. p.1. vol. 10. p. 138. heéticum. 13. Ph. thorace tereti fcabriufculo, pedibus angulatis an- ticis latiffimis tibiis dentatis, elytris breviflimis juxta bafin fpinofis, alis oe fulco maculatis. | Tas. I. fig. 2. Habitat in Sina. Mf. Dom. Holthuy fn: A Stollio non depigturn, Ulteriorem deferiptionem vide infra. atrophicum. 14. Ph. thorace quadrifpinofo, elytris breviflimis, bafi arif- tato mucronatis. Mantis atrophica. Pallas fpicil. wool. fafcic.g. p. 12 tI. f. 7. Fabric, entom. fift. t. 2. p. 14. 2. 8. Gmelin Sift. nat. p. 2054+ m% 38. Habitat in Java. Exemplar quod Pallas vidit et defcripfit fuit mas. Fe- mina adhuc ignota probabiliter eft aliquotics major, elytris mediocribus ovali-repandis. ; Umbretta. 15. Ph. thorace tereti fcabro, elytris breviffimis bafi arif- tato fpinofis, alis longitudine abdominis. Stoll Mant, t. 8. f. 27. Habitat in Surinamo. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Exemplar mafculum. Color totius corporis obfcure fuliginofus; ala extus maculis oblongis fufcis. An- tennz concolores fetacez longitudine corporis. Fe- mina adhuc ignota. rofeum. 16. Ph. thoracetereti glabro, elytris lanceolatis, alis rofeis cofta viridi Mantis Linn. Trans. VI. tab. 2. jp 14 7 at / . Mies \ \ aN : | | aga AN v _—__—— ——. Vy) ; 0 y \ Cc Agl Vharma fiporme. ¢ 2 Bo dao facticuinnst ews ow teh echidna hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis, 15 Mantis rofea. Fabric. entom. fift. t. 2 p. 18.0. 15. Stoll Mant. t. 5. f: 17. Habitat in Amboina. Muf, Dam. Holthuyfen. Fabricius eque ac Stoll vidit exemplar mafculum, fed melius ficcatum ideoque viride. Femina adhuc latet. laterale, 17. Ph. thorace teretiufculo glabro, pedibus inermibus, corpore nigro, elytris brevibus alarumque bafi ful- phureis. Mantis lateralis. . Fabric. entom. fyff. 4.2. p.1 5. %. 12s Gmelin fi, nat. p. 2054. m.42. Stoll Mant. t. 10. S: 30 et 37. Habitat in Indiis. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Stoll quidem putat fe exhibere ambos fexus, fed utraque figura videtur mafculina ; alioqui magnitudo et ely- trorum figura in hac fpecie pro fexu parum variaret ; quod certe contra analogiam hujus generis. variegatum. 18. Ph. thorace tereti glabro, elytris breviffimis ovatis, alarum cofta fufca, fafciis quatuor fulphureis, Stoll Mant. t. 8. f. 26. Habitat in Surinamo. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Parvum. Antenne fetacez breviflime: alx juxta bafin hyalinz, cofta latiffima. Abdomen fubdepreffum . dilute fuliginofum. Alter fexus adhuc latet. dimaculatum, 19. Ph. thorace tereti glabro, elytris breviffimis lanceo- latis dilute fufcis, medio macula fulphurea. Stoll Mant..t.8.. f; 29. Habitat in Coromandel.. Muf. Dom.. de Breukeler Warth.. Antenne fetacez longiflima ;.corpus et pedes dilute. fuliginofi, Alz hyalinz, bafi rufefcentes, cofta dilute fufca.. Femina adhuc latet.. 8. cinereus. 16 Dr. LicHTENsTEIN’s Difertation on two Natural Genera cinereum. 20. Ph. thorace tereti glabro, elytris breviffimis lan- ceolatis cinereis fufco reticulatis, alis dilute cine- reis fufco venofis cofta rufefcente. Stoll Mant. t. 14. fo 56. ~ Habitat in Surinamo. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Parvum. Antenne fetacee breves. Corpus cinereum. Femina adhuc latet. valgum. 2%. Ph, thorace tereti glabro, elytris breviflimis ovatis, alis hyalinis, femoribus anticis extrorfum divaricatis, Stoll Mante t. 13. fi 52 Habitat in Sina. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Antennz fetacez longiflime nigra: Corpus parvum. Femina adhuc latet. * x Deprefia. Abdomine lato depreffo ; pedibus anticis brevibus, latis, depreflis ; tho- race brevi. (Hac aliquanto fimiliora mantibus quam antecedentia teretia.) Dracunculus. 22. Ph. thorace brevi depreffiufculo, mutico; elytris viri- dibus, apice rubris. Stoll Mant. t. 18. f. 65. femina declarata. z.5. f. 18. femine pupa e Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen, reétius ad fequentem referenda. Habitat in Indiis. Antenne mediocres fetacez, bafi craffiores, manifelto articulate, articulis oblongis depreffis. Alz cinerex fufco undate; cofta teftacea fufco maculata, apice rubra. Pedum anticorum femora late marginata membranacea. Forfan Fabricii Mantis aurita, n. 13. eft hujus mas, 6 dummodo hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 17 dummodo pedes antici membranacei; id quod ex defcriptione parum elucet. » Ohrtmanni. 23. Ph. thorace brevi, teretiufculo, fub-biarticulato; elytris mediocribus ovato-oblongis; alis rotundatis, abdo- mine brevioribus ; pedibus anticis latiflimis, omni- bus membranaceis, marginato-ciliatis. Tas. Il. fg. 1. Uabitat in Indiis. Muf. Dom. Ohrtmann. Antecedenti adfine fed diverfum. Caput antice gra- nulatum, poftice fpinofum, fpina fefquialtera lon- giore auriformi. Antenne fetacex longitudine cor- poris articulis oblongis depreffis. Thorax granulatus. Abdomen elongatum cylindricum. Elytra juxta bafin integra, neque ut antecedentis emarginata. Alarum cofta concolor grifeo fufca. nanicaium. 24, Ph. elytris breviffimis, bafi denticulo elevato, femoribus anticis membranaceis. Mantis linearis. Fabric. entom. fy/f. 2. p. 16. 2. 14. Habitat in India. | ‘Antecedenti proxime adfine atque ejus forte mas. Mihi ex fola defcriptione Fabricii notum. citrifolium. 25. Ph. thorace brevi, antice depreffo, poftice obcordato denticulato, femoribus ovatis membranaceis, mar- . ginibus denticulatis. Mantis ficcifolia. Linn. fy. nat. 2. p.689. » 3. Muf: Lud. Ulr.n. 11%. Fabric. entom. fyft. 2. p. 18. te 24. _ Roefel inf - Gryll.tA7ef: 4s 5- femina. Edw. aves, t. 258: Houttiyn nat, bifl. p. 1. voli 10. t.°79. ff. 2.' femina. Vor, VI. D Stoll ‘ #8 Dr. Licutenstein’s Differtation on two Natural Genera Stoll Mant. t.7. fi 24 mas. f. 26. femina, f. 25. A. larva junior. f. 25. B. larva adulta. f 25. G. pupa. Omnia ex Mufeo Holthufiano. Habitat in Indiis. Antenne fetacez mediocres, manifefto articulate, ar- ticulis oblongis depreffis. Mas minor, anguttior, alatus: elytris lanceolatis bre- vibus, viridibus, alis hyalinis, cofta marginali lata virefcente. Femina major, lata, aptera: elytris oblongis venofo- reticulatis viridibus fere longitudine abdominis. Alarum rudimentis nullis. Caput, antennz, oculi, pedes in utroque fexu, item elytra et ala in mafculis hanc {peciem procul dubio generi pha/ma vindicant ; licet uterque fexus corpore depreffo, femoribus membranaceis, et-ano fimplici; femininus vero prefertim elytris oblongis abdomen | ~ tegentibus naturalem tranfitum faciat ad Mantes. wa. MANTIS. Palpi quatuor fubequales, patuli, laterales teretes, fili- formes; antic¢ quadriarticulati, articulo extremo breviori acuto ; poffics triarticulati, articulo extremo mediocri acuminato. Labium Antenne frontales, approximate, plerifque filiformes in utroque fexu ; rarius peCtinatz vel barbate. * Teretes. Mantis corpus elongatum, plerumque depreflum, glabrum, immarginatum, tardum: capite exferto, latiore quam thorax, cordato, declivi; oculis magnis, prominuli:, latera- libus; ftemmatibus plerunque duobus lucidis, intra bafin antennarum ; antennis intra oculos Arey! Ae SEAR eS Mikeiege iota RO y MD Gael ERI BS Ay) pin re) 2 Ae etal TS ee ae = . » : ’ i z 5 ‘ ‘ la d ) , : i » : | ast , j ‘ } < + bi 1 7 “ ‘ r i . BN tie oe ete bi Dee? | 4 ¢ tom os HA F Laev re “ Linn. Trans. Vi. tab. 2. jeld. \ aa Om 4 oh, ws eo ecae Chrtinanna. ‘ J. 2 Mearntiz filem. hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis, 1g * Terctes. Thorace fubxquali angufto, abdomine teretiufculo; pedibus anticis longiflty mis fubteretibus, {pinofo-ciliatis. + Aptere, Elytris alifque in utroque fexu nullis. Filum. 1. Mantis corpore filiformi aptero, thorace tereti fub- granulato, abdomine depreffiufculo, brachiis fubcy- lindricis, pedibus curforiis fetaceis fimplicibus. TAs, IL, fig. 2 Habitat in Surinamo. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen, et Dom. Obrtmann. Corpus elongatum lineare, ut phafma filiforme, fed duplo minus: caput fubtriangulare, declive, latius quam thorax: antennz filiformes breviflime’; oculi rotundi laterales prominuli: thoracis pars antica verfus caput attenuata et fubincurva, quafi collum mentitur, poftica longiffima, haud manifefto ab abdomine fecreta: pedes antici per collum a capite remoti forma et ufu brachiorum ut in congeneribus : ulnarum apice fpinulis tribus. Pedes intermedii breviflimi, pofticique mediocres capillares teretes mutici. Cauda triphylla foliolis acuminatis. Co- lor totius corporis ob{cure teftaceus ; oculi foli fufci. oculos infertis: thorace obovato angufto (rarius ftrumofo), dorfo carinato, margine de- preffo, fcutello nullo ; elytris oblongis f{ubmembranaceis, bafi complicatis (dum finiftrum margine interno femper incumbit bafi elytri dextri, ut in locuftis Fabricii) longitudine alarum, rariffime nullis; alis plicatilibus fere totum abdomen tegentibus: pedibus fex ; anticis brachiiformibus, qui conftant humeris, ulnis, manibus denique falcatis, pollice la- terali filiformi quinquearticulato ; reliquis pedibus intermediis nempe et pofticis ple- rumquc teretibus muticis, rarius lobatis; tarfis quinque articulatis : abdomine plerumque ovato, depreflo, fubmarginato, rarius teretiufculo, fegmentis 8—10, ano fimplici. Vitus ¢ preda animali, quam manibus comprchenfam, ut fciuri ori admovent, devorant. D2 +t Adlate. zo 3©-sdrDr. LientTENstern’s Differtation on two Natural Genera ‘ 4+ Alete. Elytris alifque in utroque fexu. t Dieptrice; oculis conico-acuminatis. aculata. 2. M. corpore filiformi, thorace lineari fubcarinato, cly- tris dimidio brevioribus quam abdomen. M. bicornis. Linn. fy/f. nat. 2. p. OQI. m. 11. Muf. Lud. Ulr. 1.116. M. oculata. Fabric. entom. fyft. 2. p19. m 26. Stoll Mant. 7. 10. f. 38. Habitat ad Cap. bon. fpei. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen, Mantis faufta. Fabric. entom. /y/t. n. 47. Thunberg nov. inf. fp. 3- p. 63. Stoll Mant. t. 13. fi §3-. vik ac ne vix quidem ab hac fpecie fecernenda videtur. Hottentottos hanc pro numine tutelari eee per-- negat Sparrmannus.. $4 Boopides. Oculis fimplicibus, rotundis, prominulis. fepielyiras 3. M. thorace lineari elongato, fubdepreffo, marginato ;. | elytris anguftis. longitudine abdominis, hyalinis. cofta viridis alis hyalinis, cofta: fufco. maculata ; apice dilute fufca. Stoll Mant. t. 5. f. 16.. Habitat in Surinamo. Antenne mediocres filiformes, pedes graciles et, prater ulnas ciliatas, mutici. purpurafcens. 4..M. thorace lineari;. elytris alarumque cofta dilute fufcis; alis purpurafcentibus, maculis quatuor coe- ruleis. Stoll Mant. t. 8. fi 28.. . Habitat in Surinamo.. Habitus hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 21 Habitus phafmatis fed certiffime mantis. Sequenti adfinis attamen diverfa, pila, 5. M. thorace lineari, elytris alarumque cofta et apice fufcis ; alis hyalinis, juxta coftam: quinque maculis alternis, tribus- purpureis, duabus dilute flavis. Stoll Mant. t. 3. f- 9. Habitat in Surinamo. ** Depreffe. Thoracis bafi vel medio latiore. Abdomine ovato depreffo; manibus, femoribus tibiifque compreflis; tibiis tarfifque anticis fpinofo-dentatis. ; + g 5 gis p rectis ; femoribus intus late lobatis. 8 Stoll hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 25 iebata. 15. nafuta. 16. cancellata. 7 Stoll Mant. 1.11. f244. Ibid. fc 44, item ejus larva. _ Habitat in Amboina. Antenne filiformes mediocres. Quintuplo major quam fequentes. M. thorace cordato marginato, elytris maculis binis quadratis albis. M. lobata. Fabric. entom, 2, p. 23. 1.45. Thunberg nov. inf. fpec. 3. p. 62% f- 73 Stoll Mant. t. 12. f. 50. Habitat ad Cap. bon. {pei. Sequenti fimillima, at paulo major. Ulnz angufte fubmuticz. M. thorace cordato ciliato, fronte porrecta fpinofo- emarginata. M. nafuta, Fabric. entom. fyft..2. p. 23 Nh. 44. Stoll Mant..t..9. f..33. ¢é t. 12. fe 48. Herbft arch. inf: 8. t 51. f- 4. Mantis tricolor. Pupa. Habitat ad Cap. bon. {pei Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Antecedente paulo minors abdominis margo lobato dentatus, lobis récurvis 5 brachiorum ulnz latiores dentato ciliate. ++ Eucnemides. Femoribus tibiifque fimplicibus. 4 Boopides. Oculis prominulis rotundis. M. thorace dilatato, margine membranaceo plano; elytris ovalibus cancellatis. M. cancellata. Faéric. entom. fy fift. Be ’ 18, 2. 23- Stoll Mant, 1.11. f. 42. Vou. VI. Habitat in Surinamo. et th iA in E- M. Strumaria 26 — Dr. Licutenstern’s Difirtation on two Natural Genera M. Strumaria adfinis, fed differt: antennis breviffimis,. thoracis margine plano, elytris ovalibus ferrugineis. fufco cancellatis, medio macula fubocellari teftacea. frumaria. 18, M. thorace obcordato dilatato, margine fubeucullato, elytris lanceolatis pellucidulis. M. ftrumaria. Linn. fyi. nat. 2. p. OgT. 2. 13. Fabric. entom. fyfiem. 2. p. 18. n. 21. Merian. Surin. t. 27. Seb. Muf: 4. t. 69. Reef: inf. 2. Gryll, t. 3. Stoll Mant. t. t2. f. 45- Habitat in Indiis. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen Antenne filiformes elongate. precaria.. 16. M. thorace elongato fubciliato, elytris ovatis acumi- natis virefcentibus, ocello ferrugineo. M. precaria. Linn, /yft. nat. 2. p. 691. m 8. Fabric. entom. fy ft. 2. pP. 20. te. 32. Merian, Surin. t. 66. Seb. Mu/f: 4.. t. 67. ' Houituyn nat, bit. p. I vol. 10. 1.79. fe 3s De Geer inf: 3. p. 407. m 3. t. 30. fr 4 Herbft arch. inf. 8. t. 50. fo 1. Stoll Mant. t.17. f. 62. Habitat in America. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen.. Antenne filiformes mediocres; elytra ovata, acumi- nata; nunc ocello ferrugineo fimplici, nunc dimidi- : » ato albo, nunc macula fubocellari alba.. hodegetica, 20, M. thorace elorigato fubciliato;: elytris ovatis acutis,, viridibus immaculatis; alis hyalinis fufco undatis. 9, | M..carolina.. wrorata. 21. cingulata, 22. urbana. 23. { hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. Oy M. carolina. Linn. fit. nat. 2. p. Ogts 1. 9. Amen. acad. ©. p. 396. 2. 28. Habitat in Surinamo. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Antennz filiformes breves, Ulne intus macula magna atra. M. thorace levi fubcarinato, elytris viridibus, punctis ferrugineis {parfis. MQirrorata. Linn. fy/t. nat. 2. p. 690. 7. Aman. acad. 6. p. 397. %» 29+ Fabric. entom. fifi. 2. p. 19. 2. 29. Habitat in America auftrali. | Antecedenti proxime adfinis, neque ab illa forfan tam- quam peculiaris {pecies diverfa. Punta {parfa ely- trorum fortaffis a fanie, dum infeétum acu occide- retur, emicante orta, ut in noftra M. con/purcata. M. thorace elongato fubciliato, elytris lanceolatis viri- dibus, nigro maculatis; alis nigricantibus nigro li- neatis, cofta ex fufco flavefcente. M. cingulata.. Gmelin fy/t. nat. ed.13. p. 2055. 1. 48. Drury inf. 2. p. 89. t 49. fr 2 . . Stoll Mant. t.9. f. 32. Habitat in America auttrali, Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Antenne filiformes mediocres. Abdomen nigro cin- gulatum. M. thorace elongato fubciliato, elytris ovalibus viri- dibus, fafcia punétifque ferrugineis. Fabric: entom. piftem. 2. p23. 42. Mas: _ Stoll Mant. t. 9. fi 31. femina, E.3 Habitat 28 = Dr. Licutenstern’s Diflrtation on two Natural Genera Habitat in Indiis. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Mas multo minor quam femina differt thorace in- tegro. Simulacrum, 24. M. thorace fubelongato, ciliato; elytris oblongis viri- obfecraria. 25. dibus macula media alba. M. Simulacrum. Fabric. entom fyfem. 2. pr 21. 1. 340 Stoll Mant. t. 12 f. 49. Habitat in Indiis. Muf. Dom. de Breukelerwerth. Antennz filiformes longe; thorax paulo brevior et antice Jatior, quam in tribulibus. M. thorace elongato levi; elytris fpathulatis hyalinis, cofta viridis ocello rubro, dimidiato albo; alis hy- alinis. Stoll Mant. t. 18. f. 66. Habitat ad Cap. bon. fpei. Muf. D. de Breukelerwerth. Antennz filiformes mediocres. Ulnz intus macula nigra. M. oratorie adfinis, attamen diverfa. oratoria, 26, M. thorace elongato levi, elytris viridibus immacu- latis. M. oratoria. Fabric. entom. fyfi. 2. p. 20. 1. 31. «mas. Mantis religiofa: Linn. /yft, nat. 2. p. 690. m. 5. Roef. inf. 2. Gryll. te 1. fo 1, % Schaef. elem, t. 81. Seb, Muf. 4. t. 67. f. 7, 8. Stoll Mant. t. 5. f. 19. B femina. M. oratoria. Linn, /yft. nat. 2. p. 690. n. 6, Roef. inf. 2. Gryll. t.2. f.5. tem inf. 4 t. 12. Sulz. bift. inf. t. 8. fi 4s De Geer hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis 29 De Geer inf. 3. p. 410. m. 5. t. 37. fo 2. hic delenda, nam eft M. fanéia, quod vel magnitudo docet. Seb. Muf. 4. t. 67. f. 9, 10. Stoll Mant. t. 17. f. 64. y ftriata. M. ftriata. Fabric. entom. fyfiem. 2. p. 20. 0. 30. ~ Reef. inf. 2. Gryll, t.2. f: 6. Habitat ubique in Zona torrida et temperata. Mas antennis longioribus; thorace breviore. Femina alis apice viridibus. confpurcata, 27. M. thorace carinato ciliato, elytris fpathulatis hya- linis, cofta fubrepanda viridi, (punétis ferrugineis fparfis.) Stoll Mant. t. 16. f. 60. ib. t. 4. f- 12. pupa. Habitat in Coromandel. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Adfinis M. oratorie, at paulo major; antennz filifor- mes mediocres. Thorax manifefto ciliatus. Puncta {parfa videntur-a fanie, dum occideretur, orta. . M. thorace latiufculo; oculis prominentibus ; elytris alifque grifeo hyalinis, fufco maculatis. M. grifea. . Fabric. entom. fyi. 2. p. 22. N. 40. Stoll Mant. t. 6. f. 23. Habitat in Coromandel. -Statura mediocris. Caput quale Agrii virginis, at ma- jus. Antennz filiformes mediocres. Corpus artuf- que grifei, fufco punétati. Elytra oblonga, cofta fubrepanda. : ochroptera, 29. M. thorace levi, elytris oblongis teftaceis, macula la- terali fufca. De Geer inf. 3. t. 36. ft 8? Stoll 30 Dr. Licutenstetn’s Differtation on two Natural Genera adjperfa. hyalina. monacha. Sanéla. faftiata. 30. 31; 32. Stoll Mant, t.6. f. 22. pupa? t. 4. f. 13. larva? Habitat in Coromandel. Adhuc dubia {pecies. M. thorace ciliato; elytris alifque longis grifeis fufco maculatis. Stoll Mant. t. 11. fi 41- Habitat in Africa equinoétiali. Similis M. precarie, fed minor. Elytra alaque ob- longa integerrima. M. thorace ciliato, elytris hyalinis ‘margine viridi, fronte bidentata. M. hyalina. Fabric. entom. fyft. 2. p. 21. m 37. De Geer inf. 3. p- 410. % 4. te 37. fa Ie Habitat in America. Nimis adfinis videtur M. oratoria. M. thorace levi, elytris alifque viridi hyalinis. M. monacha. Fabric. entom. fyft. 2. p. 21. n. 35. Stoll Mant, t. 1. f. 2. mas. Habitat ad Cap. bon. fpei. Similis M. precarie, fed duplo minor. 33. M. thorace ferrulato, elytris viridibus immaculatis, alis 34: hyalinis. 2 M. fanéta. Fabric. entom. fyflem. 2. p. 21. n. 33. De Geer inf. 3. ¢. 37. f. 2 Mantis oratoria. - Habitat in Europa auftrali. Similis M. precaria, at triplo minor. Elytra oblonga integerrima.. Alz apice virefcentes. M. thorace fubcarinato levi ; elytris oblongis integer- rimis hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 31 rimis dilute fufcis; alis cinereis fufco undatis, fafcia lata purpurea juxta bafin hyalinam. Stoll Mant. t. 18. f. 68. Habitat in Surinamo. Similis M. purpurafcenti; fed hujus tribus. Antenne filiformes mediocres.. Thorax elongatus vix margi- natus, fed fubcarinatus nec linearis, Elytra alaque longitudine abdominis.. truncata. 35. M-thorace levi; elytris integerrimis; alarum apice exalbido ;. abdomine depreffo, margine lobato. M. truncata. Fabric. entom. fifi, 2. 2B 17.. 1. 20. Stoll Mant. 1, 3. f. 10. Habitat in America auftrali. Parva fed. robufta. Abdomen: fafciis fufcis cingula- tum, Elytra-puncto-difci fufco.. neuroptera. 36. M. thorace lavi, antice: tereti ; cee alifque:hyalinis,, fufco venofis. Stoll Mant. t. 12..f. 46s Habitat in Ceylon. Elytra et alz fere, ut neuropteris v..c. Hemerobiis,. longiores quam abdomen. Attamen certiflime hu-- jus generis et tribus. Confer. M.. perfpicua Fabric. entom. hh yt. n. 48. cui: fimillima preter maculas : item M. parva Gmelin p. O55 m.47. Drury inf 2. p..755. te 39. f--5. caffrana. 37: M. thorace lzvi, antice tereti, poftice marginato;. ely-- __ tris viridibus, fulphureo marginatis.. Stoll Mant. t. 11. fi 43>. Habitat: 32 Dr. LicuTENsTeIN’s Difértation on two Natural Genera prafinana. 38. minutd. pe. Sande Sor 40. Habitat ad Cap. bon. fpet. Proxime adfinis M. fancte. M. thorace depreffo, fubcarinato, levi; elytris brevi- bus acutis; alis abdomine longioribus nigris apice flavefcentibus. Stoll Mant. t. 1. fo 4. Habitat in Surinamo. Corpus parvum viride. Elytra brevia, medio linea ele- vata fufca, fere ut Phafmatis; fed caput, thorax et brachia Mantin arguunt. Pedes poftici teretes te- nuiffimi. “M. thorace elongato teretiufculo, elytris hyalinis cofta virefcente. Fabric. entom. fyflem. 2. p. 24. 1. 50. Stoll Mant. t..2. f.7- Habitat in America auftrali. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Parva. Caput cordatum oculis lateralibus. Antenne filiformes breves. Pedes antici a reliquis diftantes capiti approximati. Elytra et al viridi hyaline. M. thorace teretiufculo, elytris alifque reticulatis albis, priorum cofta macula laterali ferruginea. Fabric. entom. fyfiem. 2. p. 24+ Ms 49. Raphidia Mantifpa. Linn, fifi. nat. 2. p. 916. 2. 2. Raphidia ftiriaca. Pod. Muf: Grec. 101. 4.1. fi rs. Mantis Perla. Pallas /picil. zool. fafc. 9. p. 14. t. 1. f. 8. Stoll Mant. t.2. f. 6. Habitat in Gallia, Germania. Parva. Caput cordatum oculis lateralibus. Brachia ca piti approximata. Thorax brevior quam antece- dentis ; vix carinatus, integerrimus. pufilla. hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 33 pujilla. 4X. nana. 42. angulata. 43. Vor. VI. - M. thorace teretiufculo levi, elytris alifque oblongis integerrimis hyalinis, priorum cofta flavefcente. Fabric. entom. fiflem. 2. pu 25. 0. 5¥. Pallas fpicil. xool. fafe. 9. ~. 35. tt. f. 9. Stoll Mant. t. 1. f. 3. Habitat ad Cap. bon. fpei. Parva, vix major quam Raphidia Ophiopfis. M. thorace teretiy{culo elongato, elytris alifque hyali- nis fufco venofis, abdomine longioribus. Stoll Mant, t. 4. f: 15; Habitat in Coromandel. Antecedenti adfinis, attamen diverfa. Abdomen vix depreffum; brachia capiti approximata. Corpus rvefum; elytrorum cofta angufta rufefcens. tt Dioptrice ; oculis conico-acuminatis. M. thorace mediocri, elytris finuato-repandis, abdo- mine lobato. 8h Stoll Mant. t. 4. fo 14. Habitat in Surinamo. Muf, Dom. Holthuyfen. Corpus mediocre at robuftum ferrugineum. Caput cor- nutum vertice bifido. Antenne filiformes medio- cres. Thorax cinereus fubcarinatus elongatus levis. Abdomen rufo-fafciatum, marginatum lobis ciliato- dentatis. Brachia ut in congeneribus. Pedes curforii fimpliciffimi, lobis nullis; quum reliquz Mantes de- preffze dioptricae omnes quoque fimul arthritice re- periantur, vel hoc nomine, ut alioque fpecies max- ime fingularis. F This 34 De. LicuTENSTEIN’s Differtation on two Natural Genera- This may be fufficient for the nomenclature of the two genera: which I have taken the liberty to name in German Blati/chrecke, or Laubfehrecke, and Fang/chrecke. \t is unneceffary to repeat here all that I have faid in Latin; I will only make a few general remarks,. efpecially on the fpecies omitted by Fabricius. In the Entomologia Syftematica we find in all 51 Mantes; There defcribe 25 Pha/mata and 43 Mantes, together 68 fpecies; hence it might be concluded,, that I had 17 new fpecies;. but this mode of reckoning is not per- fectly fure: it may be, and is, indeed, the fact, that I have added: more than 17 fpecies. The defcriptions of Fabricius are very good. and correét, but they are frequently infufficient to determine to which family a Mantis belongs, and, therefore, I cannot always be certain whether this or that {pecies delincated by Stoll, where I do not cite: Fabricius, may not yet be found in the Entomologia Syftematica: But this will be very rarely the cafe, and nearly all the {pecies of. Fabricius, which I pafs over in the monograph, are certainly want-- ing in Stoll. Every one acquainted with the fubjeét will obferve, that the firft 15 Mantes of Fabricius are one-and all Pha/mata. A certain proof that the difference of the habit ftruck alfo the attention of this. fharp-fighted entomologift. The Phafma citrifolium alone has gone aftray among the Mantes, under the name of M. fccifolia, n. 24. This has been occafioned partly by its belonging to.a peculiar fa- mily, which has rather more refemblance to the Mantes than the- other Pha/mata, and partly from:this circumftance, that Fabricius was. acquainted only with the female, and not with the male, which bears. much ftronger marks of a Pha/ma than the female. Three f{pecies of Phafma occur in Fabricius: which Stoll has. not, and which I have hefitated to number in the order of {pecies. Not that I doubt their exiftence; but becaufe they are males, and I cannot be cer~ tain that the female is not already reckoned among the fpecies.. They are hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 35 are the following, M. /pinofa, x. 9. M. bifpinofa, n. 10. and M. aurita, m 13+ This laft is, in all probability, the male of the Pha/ma Dracunculus, provided it has broad forelegs, and in general fkinny margins on all its legs, which may eafily be determined by infpec- tion of the Lundian collection in Copenhagen. The next in order, P&. lineare, is certainly at leaft of the fecond family, and, pro- bably, the male of my Pé. Obrtmannz, ‘The Pb. /pinofum and bifpino- Jum belong certainly to the firft family, and are very nearly related to the PA. atrophicum and heéticum. The laft mentioned are alfo males, of which the females are, perhaps, already known. In the genus Pha/ma, the males in general are very clearly diftinguifhable from the females. The fexual diftin¢tions may be taken with the greateft advantage from thofe fpecies of which the males and fe- males are known with perfect certainty as belonging to each other. Thefe are particularly my Ph. nevium and Pb. edule. There are, indeed, fome genera in which it feems that the difference of the fexes in refpeét to magnitude is only obfervable in fome fpecies, and notin the genus at large. I need not go fo far as to mention that in the genus Cervus, the ftag, Cervus Elaphus, is greater than the hind; and, on the contrary, the roebuck, Cervus Capreoius, is confi- derably fmaller than the doe; fuch confiderations would carry me too far from my purpofe, I will confine myfelf to infeéts. Here we -have the Bombyx difpar, in which an inequality exifts between the two fexes that may be called unexampled in this genus. It were ufelefs to affert that there is a natural genus among the Ghffata of which the fexes are unequal in fize, and which ought to be fepa- rated from the genus Bombyx, in the fame manner-as the Lucani, where the fexes are of unequal magnitudes, are feparated from the more proportionate Pafali. Yet, fetting afide all thefe minutix, we “may affame it as a probable hypothefis, until the contrary be clearly proved, that the differences of moft, if not of all, the other fpecies of F 2 Phafina, 36 Dr. Licurenstrin’s Difertation on two Natural Genera Phafma, with refpect to fex, are analogous to thofe of the xevium and edule, This being granted, we may obferve that, 1. The males are always much lefs than the females. 2. Their antennz are pro- portionably longer and thicker. 3. Their hemelytra are {maller, round-oval, {harper at the tip, thorned at the bafe; thofe of the females larger, oval, rounded off at the tip, without thorns, but more {trongly ribbed. 4. The females of fome {pecies are, perhaps, with- out wings, although they have hemelytra, and the males have really wings. The Phofma citrifolium of the fecond family, and the Ph. angulatum of the firft, afford examples of this. It is not im- pofible that fome females may be found to want both wings and hemelytra, whofe males may have both. At the fame time, there are certainly fome males without wings in the perfect ftate. The PA. fliforme in the Ohrtmannian collection is, without doubt, a male, full grown, and yet without any wings. Time will fhow whether or not this Pd. filiforme be the male of the Pb. Ramulus. 5. The head and thorax of the male Phafma are more thorny than thofe of the female. 6, The female Péa/mata have, between the three leaves at the end of the abdomen, a proper {pine for laying eggs; the male organs, concealed ina fimilar pofition, are in dried fpecimens not to be clearly diftinguifhed. 7. The forefeet of the males are in proportion longer, thinner, and dentated with fewer but ftronger thorns. Thefe obfervations may be of ufe in bringing together the fexes of the fame fpecies, and may ferve to guide and affift a reader, who | has an opportunity of obferving thefe infects alive, to throw more light on their economy and procreation. But, on the other hand, they render difficult the determination of the fpecies. The fpecific charaéters ought properly never to be taken from the particulars juft mentioned, as they hardly ever agree perfeétly in both fexes. I have fought as much as poffible to avoid this error in the defcfiption of the hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 37 the fpecies, of which I knew both the male and the.female. Where I could afcertain but one fex, whether in a natural {pecimen, or in a drawing or defcription of good authority, I have been obliged, againft my own principles, to form the {pecific characters from thofe variable diftin&tions which are fubject to change with the difference of fex. In this refpect, therefore, whoever {hall hereafter think proper to write a more complete and accurate monograph on the Pha/mata, will find ftill much room left for corre&tions and improvements. I confider myfelf as excufed in the eyes.of enlightened judges, as having been able to miake ufe only of dried fpecimens and books; and, be- fides, as fairly confeffing and pointing out the defeéts of my {pecific characters, and recommending them to the improvements of thofe who have opportunity of examining the living fubjects. . In the genus of the proper Mantes, the difference between the two fexes is far from being fo ftriking as inthe Pha/mata. IWbelieve that I have obferved in fome fpecies the following fexual charaéters, which I do not Jay down dogmatically, but propofe, as a critical reafoner, to be brought to the teft by thofe who have opportunity and {kill to make ufe of them. 1. The male Mantes are only a lit- tle fmaller than the females. 2. Their antenne are confiderably longer, and fomewhat thicker, fometimes, although rarely, even pec- tinated. Thus, perhaps, the M. flabellicornis may be the male of M. gongyades; on the other hand, both fexes of the M. pectinicornis feem to have pectinated antenne. 3. The males have proportionably larger eyes than the females; in refpect to form and fituation, the eyes of each fex agree of courfe very exactly. 4. The thorax of the males is narrower, and, efpecially at the margin, fmoother. 5. Their abdomen is narrower and thinner. 6. Their hemelytra are narrower, and often longer. 7. Their wings are longer, and every way larger. 8. Their arms are fomewhat longer ; the upper and lower arm nar- rower, and lefs flattened ; the {ciflar-like, or falciform hand, narrower 4 mye and 38 Dr. Licurenstern’s Differtation on two Natural Genera and longer; the thumb rounder and longer. The females are pro- portionately the reverfe in all thefe refpects, that is, the whole form is heavier, broader, flatter, and firmer. The proper organs of gene- ration of the Mantes do not, in dried fpecimens, admit of exami- nation. From this digreffion on the fexual differences in both genera, I return to the account which I propofed to give. In Gmelin’s thirteenth edition of the Syfema Nature the Pha/mata ftand as in Linné, intermixed with the Mantes. But we find fome enumerated amongft them that Fabricius has not. The M. cylindrica, 2. 54. is doubtlefs the male-of M. necydaloides. I have united both under Ph. nevium, M. phthifica is probably the male of my PA. edule. M, labiata is alfo a Pha/ma, but I can fay nothing further of it. M. gigantea is‘our Ph. angulatum, as 1 rather choofe to call it after Fabricius; it Js this fpecies.defcribed from a female. I now come to the proper Mantes. I muft here enumerate the . following from Fabricius, which I have been obliged to omit, not being able to afcertain to which family they belong. 1. M. /wper- Jitiofa of that author, 2, 27. appears to belong to the Mantes with a flattened ‘body, rounded feet, and round eyes, and in my feries to come in between M. firumaria and precaria. 2. M. feneftrata, n. 38. appears to claim a place in the fame family and party. 3. M. bidens, n. 39. belongs to my arthritic divifion with round eyes, between lobipes and mendica. 4. M..ruflica, n, 43. mutt, according to analogy, -be alfo arthritical; and in that cafe it follows J. peclinicornis, 5. M. faufia, Fabr. n. 47. 1s {carcely a fpecies effentially different from the JZ. cculata. 6. M. perfprcua mutt be placed direétly after my neuroptera. The following Mantes of Gmelin I am quite at a lofs to arrange, as I have no fufficient accounts to enable me to afcertain their fa- mily and relationihip with any certainty. 1. M. maculata, n. 45. 6 2. M, capen- hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 39. 2. M. capenfis, n. 46. 3. M. angufta, n. 50. 4. M. fibirica, n. 51. and 5. M. brachyptera, n. §2. The new {pecies, which I here defcribe for the firft time, with the addition of coloured plates, are the following: 1. Phafma bhecticum, 'T as. 1. fig. 2. 2. Phafma Obrtmanni, Tas. I. fig. 1. 3- Mantis Filum, Tas. Il. fig. 2. The Phafina beéticum, which is an inhabitant of China, I de- fcribe from a.f{pecimen in the collection of Mr. Holthuyfen; it is of the male fex, and refembles the Pha/ma Gigas; but does not feem to be the male of that fpecies, although its female muft be of the fize of the PA. Gigas. The head is oblongo-ovate, highly vaulted, and covered with-a: fhagreen-like fkin. The forehead is elongated into-a- {harp pore rected horn, which isexcavated in the middle-with a-deep furrow ; the margins: are bent round and ferrato-dentated. It confifts of two leaflets, compreficd from the fides, which the infect, when alive, can probably feparate at pleafure from each: other, and move either of them,apart. |The organs of feeding are of the fame nature with the others of this genus and family. The eyes are fituated under the forehead, and are {mall,. round, and. black.. The antennz are feta- ceous, originate: between the eyes, and have, at the bafe, two thick divifions ; the reft are longifh, and become, by degrees, narrower. and: narrower.; i. TBe- ( 40 ) Il. The Botanical Hifory of the Genus Ebrharta. By Olof Swartz, M.D. F.M.L.S. Read Fanuary 7, 1800. AMONG the numerous botanical acquifitions made upwards of twenty years ago by Profeffor Thunberg during his extenfive pere- gtinations in the fouthern part of Africa, was a kind of grafs, whofe difference from all before known, occafioned him to confider it as a peculiarly diftinét genus. It was afterwards defcribed and deline- ated by him in the Memoirs of the Swedifh Royal Academy for 1779, p. 216. ¢.8. under the nate of Ebrharta, in honour of F. Ehbrhart, native of Berne in Switzerland, once a pupil of the elder Linnzus, and His Britannic Majefty’s botanift at Hanover; a man of great merit in the fcience of botany, and who is well known by his labours, particularly in the hiftory of graffes and the cryptogamous tribe. . The fame year this genus was adopted amongft the Nova Graminum Genera, arranged in a differtation under the prefidency of the younger Linnzus at Upfala, In the mean time, the Abbé Rozier publifhed in his Journal de Phyfique, 1779,-p. 225. a botanical defcription made by L. Richard, ofa kind of grafs called by him Lrochera frriata, of which, notwith- ftanding the indifferent figure he has given, it is not difficult to per- ceive the near affinity with the former, Several years afterwards the Prefident of the Linnzan Society defcribed in the firft fafciculus of his Plantarum Icones haétenus inedite, 4.9. Dr. Swarrz’s Botanical Hiftory of the Genus Ehrharta. At t..9..a new fpecies, under the name of Ebrharta panicea, dete€led in the year 1776 by Sonnerat, at the Cape of Good Hope. In the fecond fafciculus of the fame valuable work, the author enriches the genus Ebrharta with two other fpecies, the E. longiflora and E. calycina, the latter of which had, fome time before, appeared in the Linnéan rah Plantarum, p. 108. where it is called Ara ca- penfis. But the reat nian fimilarity of this genus with that of Me/ica, has made me anxious to examine, with the leave of my higbly ef- teemed friend Prof, Thunberg, into feveral of thofe {pecies preferved in his mufeum, which we find not only inlifted in the Swpp/. Plant. under the generic names of Melica and dira, but even thofe inferted in the firft part of his own Prodr. Flore Copenfis; and to my very great fatisfaction, I have had the good fortune to dete& fome poffeft- ing all the charaéteriftic marks of the genus in queflion. Iam happy to acknowledge my high obligations to Prof. Thunberg, by whofe generous communications I Hive thus been able to attain a tolerably complete knowledge of feveral beautiful kinds, which will ftill more help to fettle the limits of this moft diftiné& genus, and become fo many cyprefles round the urn of a man ‘untimely loft for {cience, whofe name will be preferved by them in the annals of botany. Having now had the opportunity of ftudying and comparing fo many fpecies, I venture to offer more accurate charafters to form the natural and genuine difference of the Ebrharta from other ge- nera of the fame natural order, the character hitherto given in the Suppl. Plant. and in the above-mentioned differtation, being rather a {pecific defcription of the inca f saytei on eH this new genus was firft founded. Habitus generis naluralis. Radix fibrofa |, rarius bulbofa. - Culmi conferti, fimplices 1. fubdivifi, fubinde fatto, articulati, bee Vor. VI. G . niculati, 42 Dr, SwaRrt2’s Botanical Hiftory niculati, ereéti, 1. verfus radicem decumbentes, ftoloniferi; in qui- bufdam fuffrutefcentes. Folia ut in gramineis bafi vaginantia, difco plana, apice interdum _ convoluta; margine cartilaginea {cabra |, crenulato-undulata. Vagina aréte, fauce contractx, ligulifere. Panicula terminalis, fimpliciufcula, contracta |: patens. Flores mutici |. ariftati. Glume calycine fepius colorate. . Charaéter genericus. CAL. Glatt uniflora, bivalvis. ‘alvule corolla fepius breviores, ovate, acute, concavor canaliculatz, mutice, patentiufculz, inaquales. exterior plerumque minor, anageences| Atay interiorem bafé amplectens.. ; ‘interior parum major,. lato-ovata, acuta. + Cor. Glima duplex, calyce longior, fubclaufa, Exterior bivalvis. - Valvule complicate, compreffz, amplexantes inequales, feepe bafi uno alterove fafciculo villorum predita.. . interior anguttior, bafi utroque latere excifa. exterior latior, ante florefcentiam maximam partem interioris obvolvens, infima bafi interiorem fubtus (articulatione quah) excipiens. Interior anceps, bivalvis. Valvule complicate, membranacee, carinatz inaequales, exterior \atior, bafi ad Jatera excifa glumz oppofite corollz exterioris illam amplectens.. ; interior fabulato-falcata. Ad bafin interioris, verfus rele’ interiorem glumz corollinz: exterioris: ~ of the Genus Ebrharta. — - 43 exterioris, infidet svderculum feffile, fubrotundum, inzequale; forfan rudimentum flofculi. ) Neéarium. Petalas. membranule 2. minima, bafi craffiufculas apice tenuiffima ; genitalia obvolventia. _ Sram. Filamenta 6. breviflima, circa germen inferta, * Mutica. “x EHRHARTA mnematea. E. glumis corollinis exterioribus rugofis obtufis (muticis) ; A re fimplici laxa, culmo indivifo; foliorum cae cartilagineo crifpo. E. mnemateia, foliis yaad crifpis, corolia rugofa obtufa. Thunb. prodr. fl. Cap. p. 66. E. capenfis, Aét. Holm. 1779, p. 216. t. 8. Nova plant. gen. Up. 1779» Linn. fuppl. 209. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. 1. p. 54.9 E. cartilaginea, culmo indivifo, panicula fimplici, corolla exteriore retufa fubmutica, foliorum margine cartilagineo-crifpo. Smith icon. plant. ined. II. ¢. 32. E. nutans, Lamarck encycl. fp. to ped Descr. of the Genus Ebrharta. 4S. Duscr. Radices filiformes, long, fimplices, rigide, erumpentes fub bulbo fapra radicali glabro lutefcente, vaginis foliorum ra- dicalium fubimbricatis ftriatis emarcidis tecto. Culmus ere&tus, fimplex, fubbipedalis, remote articulatus (ar- ticulis circiter quinque) foliofus, craffitie culmi Triciti re- . pentis. : Folia inferiora s. radicalia longiora, palmaria, fuperiora bre- viora, fubenfiformia, ereGta, marginata, margine cartila~ ginea, crifpa, |, crenulata, difco leviufcula, fubtus nervofo- ftriata, bafi in vaginis contractis definentia, fauce reflexo nigro. Ligula minuta albida membranacea ciliata intra faucem inferta culmumque cingens. ; Panicula ereéta, fimplex, fubflexuola; pedunculi bini ternique, laxiufculi, capillares, inferiores 2—3 flori, fub floribus incraffati, faepeque colorati. Flores magni, cernui, flavo-purpurafcentes. “Calyx bivalvis. Valvule fubequales, fubovate, acute, concave, leviter carinatz, patentes, membranacez, vix nervof, tote glabrx, dorfo et bafi fufco purpurafcentes. Interior paulo major latiorve, exteriore bafi amplexa. Gluma corollina duplex, mutica, calyce longior. _ Exterior acinaciformis, bivalvis. Valvule complicate, comprefliufculz, oblongo-lanceolate obtufe, bafi paullulum excife. exterior elongato-obovata, latior, carinata, dorfo. leviffime ~~ recurvata, lateribus inferne coftatis et rugofis, margini- - bus fuperne fubconvolutis; apice carinaque (oculo armato) fcabriufcula fubhifpidas fafciculis duobus villo- rum albiffimorum extus bafin, unus fupra alterum A infertis, {zpe pallide violacea. 46 Dr. SwArt2’s Botanical Hifory interior anguftior, linearis, acumine breviffimo vix incurva, obtufe carinata, tota rugis tranf{verfis elevatis notata, mar- gine fubciliata, pallefcens; ad utrumque latus bafeos ca~ rine hifpidule fafciculo villorum predita. Interior bivalvis. Valoule inequales, complicate, glaberrima, membra- nacez, pallide virefcentes. exterior ovato-lanceolata obtufa, emarginata, dorfo impri- mis carinata; nervofa. interior multo anguftior, lanceolato-falcata, dorfo bicari-_ nata, margine tenuiflima, albida. Inter bafin hujus et interiorem corollz exterioris, zuberculuim fcffile, minutum, inzquale. Neéfarium. Petala bina, minuta, obovata, erecta, bafi flavef- centia, fuperne tenuiflima albida, margine.lacero-ciliata, genitalia amplectentia. Filamenta fex breviffima s. longitudine ne@arii, circa bake germinis inferta, alba. dathere erecte, lineares, longitu- dine glumz interioris corollz, bafi emarginatz, apice bifido extrorfum pollen emittentes ; lutex. Germen ovato-compreffiufculum, glabrum. Sty/# duo, fila- mentis breviores latiufculi comprefli, conniventes. Stig- mata \ongitudine antherarum erecta, vix divergentia, compreffo-bijubata s. pilis diftichis longiufculis albido- fplendidis ornata. Semen ovatum, glabrum, ‘glumis caieillinis inclufum. This beautiful grafs is diftinguifhed by its acinaciform or {cymitar- fhaped flowers, and its leaves being more cartilaginous and undulated at their edges than in any other known fpecies. “Though the culm is not fo long as in many other fpecies, the flowers furpafs moft of them jn fize. That the root, though provided with fibres, is at the fame 9 j time. of the Genus Ebrbarta. 47 time bulbous, is a circumftance, I believe, hitherto not attended to. Truth obliges me alfo to declare that the Ebrbarta mnematea, or Ca- _ penfis, is not monogynous, but really digynous. . The miftake, how- ever, was eafily made, becaufe the ftyles are very fhort, and the long {tigmas in the compreffed valves ftick clofe to one another, and ap- pear as one, like a plume with four margins, and is called by Linnzus quadrijubatum, fourmaned; but on a nearer {crutiny, by the help of a pin, it may be divided down to the top of the germen. Thunberg found this plant in the grafly regions about Swellendam,, and in other places at the Gape.. eri iad 2. EHRHARTA panicea E, glumis corollinis exterioribus glabris fubrugofis obtufis; panicula fubramofo fecunda ; culmo fubdivifo. E. panicea, culmo divifo, panicula fubramofa, floribus ere¢tis digynis. “Smith pl. ined. 1. t. Qe . . E. ereéta. Lamarck encycl. fp. 2. Descr. Radices longiffime, fimpliciufculz, filiformes, fibrillis latera~ libus brevibus, ex albido-fufcz. ete ' Culmi cefpitofi, 1—2—3 pedales, geniculati, inferne decum- bentes, fubadfcendentes, ad genicula (prefextim inferiora) - fabdivifi, quafi ramofi, tereti-compreffiufculi, glaberrimi, ftriatuli, foliof. ‘ Stolones tereti-fubulati albidi vaginati e radicibus ad bafin ~ culmorum emiffi, Genicula majufcula, glabra F Folia 2—6 pollicaria et ultra, lineari-lanceolata, acuta, ereta,. longitudinaliter ftriata glabra; margine integra leviter undulata {cabriufcula, oculo armato cartilagineo-ferru- lates; juniora pubefcentia, lete virentia. ; Vagina: 48 Dr. Swanvz's Botanical Hiflory Vagine foliorum compreffe culmum aréte cingentes, ore membranacez ciliata; digu/a albo-membranacea, femitu- bulofa, laciniato-ciliata, intra faucem inferta, Panicule terminales, erectiufcule, laxe, fubramofe. Pedun- culi capillares, fuperiores fimplices, erecti, alterni; inferiores terni fecundi, quorum duo elongati, horizontaliter patulo- deflexi, pedicellis 1—2 linearibus, fub flofculis incraffatis, pubefcentibus, unifloris. Flores ere&ti, virides, polygami. oer bivalvic.. Valvule ovate, concave, fubcarinate, ob- ’ tufe, glabra, virides, apice Een purpurafcentes, exteriore majore. Gluma corollina exterior mutica, calyce parum longior. Va/- vule complicate, oblong®, concave, obtufa, compreffiuf- cule, margine membranacex, dorfo (oculo armato) car- tilagineo-ferrate bafi nud; fubequales. Exterior levis, bafi triquetra; interior leviter coftata, bafi pubefcens nec villofa, valde excifa; lateribus inter coftas tranf{verfaliter rugofis. ——interioris valvule complicate, carinate ; exterior parum latior, glaberrima, 5-nervia, viridis, inerjorem minorem, teneriorem, bicarinatam, albidam, amplectens. Tuberculum minutum ovatum ad bafin inter valvulas corolli- nas interjores. . Neéarii petala duo minutiffima, obovata retufa ereéta, plana integerrima, genitalia includentia. Stam. 6. longitudine valvularum. Filamenta_ breviffima. Anthere \ineares, bafi apiceque emarginatez, biloculares, lutez, apice extrorfum hiantes, pollinifera. ' Germen ovatum, glabrum, bafi attenuatum: Sty/ duo, fta- minibus of the Genus Ehrharia. 49 : minibus breviores, divaricati. Stigmata albida, bijubata : pilis longis. Semen oblongum, compreffiufculum, bafi oblique attenuatum, glabrum, femidiaphanam; valvulis cor. inclufum. Alii flofculi monoici, hermaphroditis in eadem panicula mixti. - Mafe. Piftillum abortiens. Fem. Fidamenta \ongiffima, capillaria abfque antheris, circa piftillum fertile. Dr. Smith defcribed this {pecies after a dried fpecimen in the col- lection of his friend Thouin at Paris. Having myfelf cultivated the fame for fome years, it has been in my power to add a little to the fpecific defcription. From the manner of growing of this kind, as well as of others examined in the herbarium of Thunberg, it feems that, producing many fhoots or runners from the roots, they form graffy turfs. What has appeared to me moft fingular in the E. panicea is, that the lowermoft peduncles of the panicle lean hori- zontally towards one fide, or downwards. The flowers are, perhaps, the fmalleft of the genus. The lateral wrinkles (ruga)’of the ex- terior corolline valves alfo indicate an affinity to the foregoing, whofe flowers they refemble in-form. Their likenefs, how. rever, to fome of the panicum genus certainly juftifies Ne {pecific name given by Dr. Smith. « is EHRHARTA ramofa. E. glumis coroll. exterioribus fcabris retufis; panicula coarétata; culmo ramofiffimo fuffrutefcente. Melica ramofa, corollis glabris muticis, panicula coarétata, culmo ramofo, Thunb. prodr. p. 21. Sp. pl. ed. Wild. p. 383. Mav. VI. Hr Ebrharia 50 Dr. SWARTZ2’S Botanical Hiffory Ebrharta digyna, foliis planis, corollis levibus piviltie coftatis.. Ibid. pp. 66. Descr. Culmus 3—4-pedalis, erectus, -glaber ; inferne craffitie pennze anferinz, fubfolidus, rigidus, ramofiffimus, feu ad articulos nodofus, ubique dichotome fubdivifus, ramis teretibus. fubgeniculatis ftriatis glabris vaginatis. Folia inferiora vaginantia concava lanceolata, s. potius vaginz - inferiores bipollicares, culmum ramofque bafi cingentes, ufque ad articulum aperte, ftriate, glabrz, virides. Superiora, &. ramorum terminalium, linearia, apice erecto con- voluta, bafi longiffime et arcte vaginantia, Panicule terminales,. erectx, coarctatx, vis sasians rarius ra~ _ mofz, bi- tri-pollicares. Pedunculi 2—4 lin. long 2—3, cpiatite inzquales, uniflori. Flores oblongo-lanceolati, ebtufi, ere@ti, albefcentes, glabri- ufcull. Calycis. valvule fubxquales, ovato-lanceolatex, acute, con- . cavo-carinatz, mutic, glaberrime, nitidz. Gluma coroll. vix longior calycis, intra calycem pedicellata. Exterioris valuula fubequales, carinate, lanceolate fubretufe,. lineis elevatis notate (coftate Fhunb.) oculo armato fca- bris, carinaque ciliata; albida, apice extimo plerumque fufcze ; exterior fafciculo pilorum ad bafin dorfo inferto ; Interior bafi utroque latere ‘valde excifa, fafciculi$ pilorum duobus, fquamulifque femilunaribus minutiffimis albidis lateralibus adpreflis. (Forte rudimenta flofculorum.) .. interioris valvule inequales, glaberrime, carinate ; exterior glume exterior fimillima, fed tota carinaque glabra; in- terior ‘ » 3 of the Genus Ehrharia. 51 ferior minor, tenerrima, acutiufcula, diaphana, aye fub- ciliata. Tuberculum inter valv. inter. in hac fpecie deeft. Neétarium: _Petala cuneiformia, retufa, integra, causa ampleétentia, albida. Filamenta 6, breviffima. | Anthere \ineares, minute, flave, apice pollen emittentes. Germen ovatum. Styli duo, divergentes, glumis breviores. Stigmata congenerum, albida. ‘ This kind is not lefs diftin& in its flowers than in the rigidity of its branching culm, which, about the articulations, is almoft ligneous.. The panicles at the top of all the branches, being ge- nerally undivided, have more the appearance of racemi, The flowers fomewhat refemble thofe of the Fe/tuca decumbens, and are quite bare, with ‘a calyx as long as the corolline valves, and frequently (not always) diftinguifhed by dark tips. Thunberg, probably induced by the outward refemblance of the flowers, made this fpecies a Mez- lica; but being in poffeffion of another, though lefs perfect, fpecimen, (which he did not fuppofe to be the fame with his Melica ramofa,) ‘and having in that found the flowers correfponding with the cha- racter of Ehbrharta, he again inferted it in the Prodr. f. Cap. under the appellation of Ebrharta digyna. Thunberg met with this grafs in a valley be from the Cape, called by the Dutch Zoetemelks-valle ey. Lads EHRHARTA melicoides. E. glumis corollinis exterioribus glaberrimis obtufis, panicula paten- tiffima. Melica Capenfis, corollis glabris muticis, panicula patentiffima, folits fubfiliformibus. Thunb. prodr. Cap. p.21. Spec. plant. ed. Wild. p- 383. H 2 ° DEscr. ~ $2 Dr. Swarrz's Botanical Hijlory. Descr, Culmus erectus, inferne geniculatus, teres, ftriatus, glaber, Articuli pubetcentes, albidi. Folia \inearia, acuta, longiufcula, erecta, flriata, glabra, mar- gine cartilagineo fcabra. Vagine ar&te. Ligula fubnulla, Panicula erecta, pedalis, ramofa. . : Pedunculi patentiflimi, fubdivifi, 3—4nis, capillares, purpu- rafcentes 3 pedicellis tenuifiimis longiufculis laxis flexuofis, {ub floribus incraffatis, coloratis. ~ Flores ovati, E. panicee vix majores. Calycis valvule wquales, dorfo obtufe carinate, oblong, leviter acute, fubnervof, glaberrimz, bafin verfus rubro s. violaceo-coloratz. Gluma corollina mutica, tota glabra, nitens, pallide Virens.. Lxterioris valvula oblonge, obtufe, vix compreffx, dorfo convex, inaquales: exterior 3plo minor; mmterior magni- tudine calycis, bafi excifa, cum fquamulis lateralibus albidis. Jnterioris valvula exterior magnitudine glumz exterioris ma- joris, oblonga, obtufa, glaberrimay ; interior minuta, lances olata, tenerrima, albida. Neéarii petala fubrotunda, retufa, albida ad. latera germinis. Filamenta 6, breviflima. Anthera lineares, longitud. coroll. interioris, flava, apice bifido polliniferz.. Germen ovatum. Styli duo, breves. Stigmata priorum, albida. This fpecies has ftill more refemblance to:a Mel/ica, but the defcrip- tion above fhows its true genus. None of the former has fuch bare and rounded corolline glumes. It diftinguifhes itfelf at firft fight by the very diffufe panicles, more evidently fubdivided than in the other kinds. There can fcarcely be a doubt that this has been con- founded with the following: g- EHR- of the Genus Ebrbarta. re soe 5. EHRHARTA calycina. - E. giumis corollinis exterioribus fubpilofis obtufis cum acumine brevi; panicula coar¢tata fimpliciufcula; culmo ramofo, E. calycina, culmo ramofo, panicula fubfimplici, calyce colorato co- rollam zquante. Smith ined. fafe. 11. t. 33- ‘Aira capenjis, calmo ramofo, floribus racemofis, corollis pilofis. Linn. Suppl. p. 108. Descr. Radices capillares, filiformes, fimplices, longiffime. Culmicaefpitofi, 2—3-pedales, fubdivili ve fubramofi, inferne geniculati, teretes, glabri. Folia \inearia acuta, bi- fex- pollicaria, erecta, ftriata, margine fcabra (oculo armato-fubciliata). Vagine ftriatze, fauce coar&tate, fubinde ciliate; Ligu/a mi- nuta, ereéta, membranacea, albida, multifido-ciliata. Panicula ere&a, fimpliciufcula,: coarctata, femipedalis ; pedun- culis binis, ternis s. quaternis, capillaribus, rectis,, fubfecun- -dis, inferioribus 2—3—4-floris ; F pedicellis apice incraffatis. ae erectiufculi, plerumque purpurafcentes, E. panicee , .duplo majores, plerique spice area pauci rey {ta- ‘minibus carent. | Faluule calycine fabequales, ion giraaiue fere corolle, exteri- ‘ore parum anguttiore, lanceolate, obtufe’carinate, oblique retufe, ftriate, fcabriufcule vel glabra, fepe violaceo s.'pallide purpureo-colorata vel albide. Valvule coroll. exterioris inequales, carinate, extus pilofe, obtufe fubretufe cum brevi acumine. Ex/erior anguftior, linearis, vix brevior ; ixterior duplo latior, apice compreffa, bafi parum excifa, abfque villis, fed {quamulis minutiffimis lateralibus, 8 ~~ | Vakoule 54 Dr. Swart 2’s Botanical Eiifiory a Valvule interioris fubeequales, carinatz ; exterior rarius pilofa ; interior tenerrima. Neéiarii petala integra, rotundata, albida. Filamenta 6. Anthere erect, faves utrinque bifide, apice polliniferz, . Germen ovale, glabrum. Seyli duo, breves. Stigmata pallida, bijubata, patula. Semen oblongum, valv. coroll. inclufum. Feminei in eadem panicula, quorum Germen {etis 4—6 longis'rigidis albidis intra nectarium cin- gitur (forfan ftam. fterilia). Varietas hujus {peciei occurrit : Culmis filiformibus, foliis anguftioribus. Floribas albidis, minoribus. Calycibus non coloratis, glabris. | Glum. cor. exter. valvula exteriore minuta, interiore obtufa, inter pilos oie tea ‘The defcription i Is fcetcely. more than a copy of the very good one already given by Doétor Smith, and proves this plant undoubtedly different from the genus of Aira. By comparing feveral fpecimens of the fame, I have;added fomething to the illuftration of the {pecies. The exterior corolline glumes, though obtufe, are ufually termi- nated towards the back in a very fhort point, often fcarce vifible to the naked eye.. The colour of the calycine and corolline glumes is fometimes alike in both, particularly in the variety above mentioned. The calyces are befides more or lefs coloured in moft of the fpecies. The hairinefs of the corolline valves is alfo various, but always to be feen, at leaft by the affiftance of the microfcope. The pointed exterior corolline glume, the whole compretied flo/cu/us, as well as 9 the © - of the Genus Ebrbarta. 55 the appearance of the panicle, make this tint very dittin& from the E. melicoides jutt defcribed, Sterile male filaments are likewife foxnic bail as.in the E. panicea; in feparate fowers-from the hermaphrodite. Dr. Smith has alfo ob- ferved the fame. There may, perhaps, be fomething analogous in all the fpecies of the genus, which for a of fufficient {pecimens- could not at prefent be explored. ** Ariftate. 6 EHR HARTA -geniculata, . E. glumis coroll. exterioribus. hirtis, | altera mucronata ;. panicula coarétata; culmo decumbente geniculato. Melica geniculata,. corollis hirtis,. panicula coarétata, culmo decum- bente. Thunb. prodr. p.2%. Spec. pl. ed. Wild. p. 382. “DeEscr.: -Radices longiffime, filiformes, fimplices. - Culmi 3—4-pedales, teretiufculi, glabri, geniculan, inferne. ~ decumbentes, laxi. ie _ Genicula tumida, fafcas, 4, .:; Folia linearia; achiminiabiy: ies Gein colli matgine ob=: tufo cartilagineo leviter undulata, quafi_ tenuiffime crenu- lata, longitudinaliter ftriata, glabra, {upra glaucefcentia. “Wariee longitudine articulorum, tereti-compreffiufculz, ftri- ate, glabre, arétz, fauce nigricante ciliate; /gula albido~- membranacea,, lacero-ciliata.) || Panicula erectiu{cula, coarétata, i naxlacibe femipedalis, pe- -dunculis fubfecundis, pedicellis fub floribus incraffatis. Flores oblongi, acuminati, ereéti, exalbido purpurafcentes. - Kalvule calycine ovato-lanceolate, fabacute, concave, mu- ‘tice, glaberrime, pallide sip mete: aequales. ‘Faloules. 56 Dr. Swart2’s Botanical Hiftory Valvule corolling exteriores calyce parum longiores, inzquales, carinatz, albefcentes, hirfutie ereéta tecta. Exterior li- nearis, acuminata}. inferior dimidio major, bafi excifa, ca- rina (oculo armato) ferrato-ciliata, mucrone (arifta brevi) fubulato fufco terminata, Ad latera bafeos valv. inter. infident ein JSquamule fabro- tundz oppofite minutiflime albidz. Valvule coroll. intertores mutice, glabra, carinatx. Exterior lato-lanceolata, apice obtufa, carina ciliata, flavefcens, margine tenui diaphana. Inéerior dimidio'minor lanceolata acuta tenera alba. Neéiarii petala oblonga, erecta. Filamenta 6, breviflima. Anthere. lineares, flava, pollen ex apice fundentes. sy Germen ovatum, minutum. Siy/i 2. Stigmata alba, prece= dentium. This moft refembles the E£. calycina; but, except a more genicu- lated difpofition of the culm, and the crifped edge of the leaves, as in the E. mneniatea, the flowers appear to be longer. The calycine glumes equal in length with the cor olla, which is more hairy than in the E. calycina. The exterior corolline glumes are alfo pointed, and one of them has a true, though thort, arifia. 7: E HR H AR TA longiflora, E. glumis coroll. Sains Tugofis hifpidis ariftatis; panicula Tee ufcularamofa, —- E. longiflora, culmo fimplici, . panicula ramofa multiflora, corolla ex- - teriori. mucronata tuberculato-hifpida, floribus triandris. Smith ined. t. 32. E. arifiata, of the Genus Ebrharta. 57 E. arifiata, foliis planis, corolla rugofa ariftata. Thunb. prodr, p. 60. E. Bankfi, floribus digynis, corollz gluma exteriori exterius hifpida. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. 11. p. 549. - Descr. Radices fimplices, filiformes. —_). ie da Cu/mus fimplex, bi-tripedalis, erectus, bafi fubgeniculatus, teres, glaber. Articuli fafci. Folia lanceolata, latiufcula, erecta, pedalia, glabra, ftriata, margine plana, cartilagineo-fcabra. Vagine carinate, laxiufculz, ftriate, fauce contractx, imber- * bes, fufce. Zigu/a intra faucem, margine laciniato-ciliata, _ fufca. Panicula palmaris, fubramofa, multiflora. Pedunculi inzequales, capillares, conferti, fubverticillati, pedicellis {ub floribus incraffatis, hifpidulis. Flores majores, lanceolati, ariftati, pallide 1. viridi-purpuraf{- centes, nitidi, Valvule calycine inequales, 5-nerves, muticz, pallide purpu- rafcentes. , Exterior minor, ovata, acuminata, fubcarinata, margine anteriore ferrulata; ierior duplo major, ovata, ~ concava, apice ferrulata, acumine brevi terminali. Valvula corolline exteriores calyce longiores, ariftate, pallide - virides, fere pollicares, fubzquales, lanceolate, compreffo- prifmatice, complicatz, carinate, apice convolute in arifiam fabulatam, rectam, longitudine valvulz, hifpido- fcabram; inter angulos verfus bafin tranfverfe rugofe, fubinde laves, dorfo 1. prefertim verfus apicem hifpidz, | oculo armato tuberculate. Exterior fafciculo pilorum ad bafin unico; inferior bafi excifa, cum duabus fquamulis lateralibus albidis. _ Vou. VI. I Valoule 58 Dr. Swarvz’s Botanical Hifory Valvule corolline interiores minores, ovato-lanceolatz, acutz, carinate, mutice, nervofe, glaberrime ; interiore parum minore anguftiore*teneriore; dorfo fubbicarinata. Neétarii petala minutiffima, ovata, fuperne latiora, lacero- ciliata, -albida. . Filamenta {ex, brevia. Anther@ oblongo-lineares, utrinque fiffe, apice extrorfum pollen fundentes. Germen oblongum. Styli duo. Stigmata congenerum, parva, This is one of the larger kinds, with a geniculated culm, broad leaves, and a much branched panicle. The flowers are remarkable for their pointed exterior corolline glumes, and their long arife. The glumes are often tranfverfally wrinkled, but not fo much as in the E. mnematea. One of the calycine glumes is uncommonly fmall. ‘The number of the ftamina I have, in all the flowers I examined, found to be really fix, although Dr. Smith has feen only three. Ac- cordingly, I have been doubtful whether or not the plants of Smith and Thunberg fhould be confidered as different ; but having good rea- fon to believe that the unnamed f{pecimen of E. /ongifora in the Lin- nean herbarium was communicated originally by Thunberg, and alfo finding his E. ariffata coinciding with the defcription of Dr. Smith’s E. longiffora, it is moft likely they are not different fpecies. The particular diftin@ion appears to confift in the length of the arife and of the glumes, in the faid defcription ftyled only mucronate *, 8. EHRHARTA gigantea. E. glumis corollinis exterioribus hirfutis ariftatis ; panicula coarétata fubverticillata; cu/mo arundinaceo, foliis involutis, * They appear to be one and the fame fpecies. Nothing is more variable than: the length of arifie in grafles. 7, E. Smith. Melica of the Genus Ehrharta. 59 Melica gigantea, corollis hirfutis ariftatis, panicula verticillata ; culmo erecto, Thunb. prodr. p.21. Sp. pl.ed. Wild. p. 382. Aira villofa, foliis fubulatis, panicula elongata anguftata; flofculis fefquialteris hirtis ariftatis; arifta recta brevi. Linn. /uppl. p. 109. ‘Descr. Radices longe, fimplices, rigide, nude. Culmus 6-pedalis, erectus, bafi fublignofus nodofus, ad ra- dices ftolonifer, remote articulatus, teres. Stolones cylindric radicantes craffe, vaginis imbricatis ftriatis - fericeis tectzx. Folia {emipedalia, remota, linearia, apice fubulato-involuta, integra, erecta, ftriata, glabra, rigida, arundinacea. Vaging arttx, hirte s. pubefcentes, fauce s. ad bafin foli- orum margine reflexo nigre. Panicula bipedalis, erecta, coartata, fubramofa, rachi apice fubflexuofa, Peduncul: capillares, conferti, {ubverticillati |, fecundi, nigri- cantes, glabri; plerique fimplices. breves, 3—z lin. longi, erectiufculi uniflori, uno alterove elongato I—2-polli- cari fubdivifo 3—4-floro laxo; fedicellis fub flore incraffatis. Flores fubnutantes, rubro-flavefcentes. 5 Valvule calycinz lanceolate, acute, concavzx, dorfo fubcari- _natz, marginibus membranaceis oculo armato minute ciliatis, glaberrimz, bafi purpurafcentes; exteriore vix ma- jore fed latiore, apice minus acuto. Corolla calyce duplo major, ariftata. Valvula exteriores lanceolate, concave, carinate, flavefcentes, pilis longis albidis undique veftite, bafeofque fafciculatis ; apice ariffa fubulata, erecta, nigra, oculo armato ferrata, valvulis dimidio breviore auétez, margine membranaceo I 2 involute ; 60 Dr. Swartz’s Botanical Hiftory involutz; fubequales |, interiore paullo majore, infima bafi excifa, Valvule interiores glabre, muticz. Exterior lato-lanceolata, retufa, carinata, carina fubciliata, breviffime acuminata; interior minor, acuta, apice emarginata, tenera, alba, nitens. Tubercz/um minutifimum ad bafin inter valvulas interiores corollz, feffile. Neéiarii petala oblonga, bafi carnofa lutea, fuperne latiora, retufa, margine crenulata, albida, radiato-venofa. Filamenta 6, filiformia, brevia. Anthera lineares, flave, utrinque bifidz, bafi obtufe, apice extrorfum pollinifere. Germen ovatum. Styli duo, lati, erecti, contigui. Stigmata longa, albida, cet. conformia. If the preceding deferved the appellation of /ougifora, this alfo merits the name of gigantea, being the largeft known of its genus, and having the appearance of areed. _ The flowers are in like man- ner proportionally large, and have, on minute inquiry, a ftrié agreement with the generic character. They can by no means be united with the Melice, though the plant, as to the ramification and fhape of the panicle, has fome refemblance to the M. ciliata. It cannot at all be compared with the Aire, becaufe it has neither a calyx biflorus nor the habit of them. The interior corolline valves have probably been miftaken for the fuperfluous floret. The diffe- rent colour and figure of the ariffa fuggefts the idea of fuch a floret more than in the other fpecies, notwithftanding its fhortnefs. The calycine glumes are ftained with purple or brown, and are two- thirds the length of the corolla, which abounds with fhining hairs. » EHRHARTA bulbofa. E. glumis coroll. exterioribus obovatis emarginatis rugofis ariftatis ; panicula fimplici laxa. _ E, bulbofa, of the Genus Ebrharta. 61 E. bulbofa, culmo indivifo, panicula ramofa multiflora, corolla exte- riori retufa ariftata. Smith ined. fafc. 11. Trochera friata, culmo enodi, foliis glabris, pedicellis panicule ple- rumque unifloris, valvulis exterioris corolle tranfverfim ftriatis, bafi pappofis ariftatis.. L, Richard in Rozier Fourn. de Phyf. v. 13. px 225. t. 3 Descr. Radix... ..+-+... +. bulbofa, Cu/mus erectus, pedalis & ultra, Folia \anceolata, linearia, glabra. Panicula erecta, laxiufcula, fimplex, 2—3-pollicaris. Pedun- cult 3—5-ni, capillares, patentes, inferiores 2-flori longi- ores, fuperiores fenfim breviores, uniflori. Flores pallide lutefcentes. Valuule calycine ovate, acuminate, patentes, gig lin. Ion- gitudine, membranacez ; inferiore parum majore. Valvule corolline exteriores {abzquales, s. interiore vix minore, calycis multo, majores, complicate, carinate, obovate, bafi anguftiores excifx, fafciculis albis villorum predite, apice latiores, obtufz, emarginate, ariffam fefquilinearem ereétam in emarginatura inferentes, rugis tranfverfis ele- vatis notatz, pubefcentes. Valvule interiores inzquales, compreffe, acuminate ; interisre minore. Neélarium ut in ceteris. Filamenta tria?? -Anthere oblongo-lineares, apice bifid. Germen oblongum. Stylz, capillares. Stigmata villofa. This bears the fame trivial name that Dr. Smith, probably on account of the root, has given it; I have, however, already proved that the root is not bulbous in this {fpecies only. The E, mnematea and 62 Dr. Swartz's Botanical Hiftory and dulbofa are neareft related; they have both their exterior corol- line glumes much wrinkled, but the latter is very diftinét becaufe of its arifie. The defcription is a copy of Monf. Richard’s, made from a living fpecimen out of a garden in France. He attributes to it only three ftamina, which I will not difpute, but fhould wifh for a further inquiry when the plant comes under future confider- ation. The figure given by the author, though not good, gives an idea of the real fpecific difference. ; ee ——————— HAVING thus endeavoured to illuftrate all the known EArharte, it may not be improper to add concife defcriptions of the remaining two Cape Melice mentioned by Profeffor Thunberg in his Prodromus, in order to fhow that they are true fpecies of Melica, and not to be referred to the above genus, left it fhould be fuppofed there were no real Melice in that part of the world. MELIC A decumbens. M. corollis hirfutis, floribus racemofis nutantibus, culmo decum- bente. Thunb. prodr. 21. Sp. plant. ed. Wild. p. 382--4. Descr. Culmus decumbens, teres, fubfiliformis, glaber. Genicula glabra. Folia conferta, bafi fubimbricantia, erecta, lanceolato-li- nearia, apice involuto-fubulata, glabra. Vagina {triate. Flores racemofi, fecundi, pedicellati, femipollicares, nutantes in racemo terminali, erecto, bipollicari, indivifo. Calyx bivalvis. Valuule ovate acuminate carinate, ftriate, nervofe, gla- bra, membranacez, flavefcentes, bafi purpurafcentes ; ‘exterior triplo minor. 4 Gluma of two Cape Melice. 63 Glume corolline bivalves, fubequales, extus, bafi imprimis, fericeo-albidoque villofe. — - Flofculus unus feffilis, alter breviter pedicellatus. Filamenta tria. Rudimentum tertii floris, s. flofculus minutus, neuter. MELICA -xacemofa. | M. corollis hirtis, racemo fubpaniculato floribus ‘cernuis. Thunb. prodr.21. Sp. pl ed. Wild. p. 3825. aad Descr. Culmus bipedalis. erectus, teres, glaber, eraflitie Melice —— Articuli glabri. Folia Vineatia, erecta, apice involuta, ‘glabra, Rtriata, Vagina ftriate. é ES Racemus {ubpaniculatus, ereétus, fpithameus, ramis paucis brevibus. Flores pedicellati, fubfecundi, cernui, magnitudine M. ciliate, cui fimillimi glumis calycinis & corollinis & numero ftaminum. EX PLA- ( 64 ) EXPLANATION or trHe FIGURES, Tas. III. and IV. reprefent the flowers of all the foregoing fpecies Ro wa é of Ebrharta. A flower of the natural fize. A flower magnified. The calycine valves magnified. Both the corolline glumes, without the calycine valves, magnified, with the genitals within. The interior corolline valves, except in E. mnematea, where the exteriors alfo are reprefented. f% The male and female parts, or the female alone, together & with the membranous neétary, all magnified. A filament with the anthera opening at the top, magnified. 46 The feed in E. panicea magnified, i The fame of its natural fize, WI. Accouns 1 Lhrharla wervepratea Linn. trans V1, Lab Tl, pp.64. C.@uaroz Scud Linn, trans. Vi labsK fp.€7. 5 £. calye TRA “ B c es Eg F G 6 EZ geniculata 9 EE. bulbosa onli, dalla 4 G. Queires seudp. ( 65 ) nn Ill. Account of a Microfcopical Inveftigation of feveral Species of Pollen, with Remarks and Queftions on the Struéture and Ufe of that Part of Vegetables, By Luke Howard, Ef. of Plaiftow in Effex. Read March 4, 1800. In the Spring of 1795, having much leifure, I devoted a portion of it to the examination of various minute productions of Nature in a good conipound microfcope. Thefe refearches would probably have terminated in prefent information and amufement only, but that they were accidentally turned to the pollen of flowers, re- t {peCting which, as a botanift, I found an inclination to inform my- felf, by comparing the feveral fpecies together. I began my obfervations with the: Hazel-tree, Corylus Avel/ana. On a calm dry day I fhook off fome of the pollen from the expanded catkins upon a clean piece of writing-paper. I alfo gathered fome of the catkins and female buds. Thefe I viewed feparately on a clear plate of glafs, ufually tranfmitting the light through them from a fpeculum below, and with different magnifying powers, prefer- ring thofe which, without enormovufly enlarging the objects, gave a clear view of the ftructure and pofition of feveral at once. As I purfued this method with’ the reft I examined, I mention this to fave repetition, and fhall give the appearances from notes made at the fime. 1, Corylus Avellana, Anthers furnifhed with tranfparent horn- like appendages. Pollen crumbles from the furface, and is fome- times fo abundant as to fall in a vifible cloud on the flighteft motion Vor, VI. K of 66 Mr. Howarn’s Account of a Microfeopical Invefigation of abranch. To the naked eye it is a fine yellow powder. A few grains laid on the glafs plate and viewed with the lens No. 4, fome appear of an irregular angular fhape, opake, except in one or two parts, where light paffing prefents the appearance of a perforation; others nearly fpherical, the furface divided by depreffed lines into a number of convex facets. The tranfparency of thefe is fuch, that they refleé&t the image of a fmall object held under them, as well as a drop of liquid. On repeating the examination, the former are found to come from the moft mature anthers, and to differ from the latter only as a raifin does from a grape. A clear drop of diftilled water being put onthe glafs, both kinds. imbibe it with the avidity of a fponge; at the fame time diftending and f{preading abroad in the water, but without any motion further than that which this expanfion caufes. When faturated with water they remain at the bottom, clear as the liquid itfelf, and all alike diftended to a bulk many times greater than their original one in the dry ftate. They are now feen to be multilocular Syiaice hav- ing fepta in various direétions within them, the union of which with the external membrane appears at the angles in the dry ftate, and at the depreffed lines in the wet. Thefe capfules may be kept in the water for feveral days without any further perceptible change.. When that is dried up they return to the opake ftate, and the fame operation may be feveral times re- peated on them. In exhibiting this fpe€tacle to Sone friends, pure water not being juft at hand, a drop. of brandy was fubftituted-for it. This gave rife to a phenomenon equally curious and unexpected. The grains expand, as in water; but in the mean time they are put’ into rapid: motion, each grain darting frem fide to fide with the vivacity of. a {warm of gnats in the air. As they approach to complete expanfion the motion dies away, and one after another finks to the bottom. By of feveral Species of Pollem 67 By a {mall addition of freth brandy fome few are excited a fecond time, but with fainter movements. Prefently the liquid begins to -be obfcured, and in a few minutes the grains are moftly difperfed and decompofed, and the fpirit, exhaling, leaves a fort of extrac on the glafs mixed with very minute undiffolved particles; among which Pilueibs appear a few unbroken grains, much as rake and now refembling an empty bladder lying flat. 2. Erica carnea. Anthers capfular, bearing the pollen on their anner furface, and difcharging it by a brifk explofion from an- aper- ‘tire on the fide next the piftil. Ifthe gma be touched with a pin at a certain period of the inflorefcence, it happens commonly that all the anthers projeét their pollen at once; and it may thus be colleéted ‘on paper. The proper time for this is when the /igma is elevated alittle from-between the anthers. In fize and ftructure this pol- jen nearly refembles the preceding, and is, in like manner, capable of imbibing water and difperfing with a rapid motion in {pirit. 3. Refeda odorata. Mignonette. Unripe pollen, fmooth, egg-oblong, tranfparent, without fepta? In water it expands to a fphere, and is aéted upon by fpirit as the preceding. 4. Cactus flagelliformis, ‘Creeping Cereus. Anthers oblong, crumbling. Pollen of a large fize, compared with any others I have feen; in fhape refembling a plump grain of wheat, white and diaphanous. It expands in water to a thape nearly iphe- rical. The contact of {pirit brings on a pearly opacity. The grains imbibe it flowly, and during expanfion revolve on their axes with a pretty regular motion, exhibiting a {pcétacle no lefs novel than de- lightful. In the mean time, fome minute particles are feen to be ejected, and, the motion ceafing, the tranfparency returns, proceeding from the furface to the centre. K 2 Tf 68 Mr. Howarn’s Account of a Microfeopical Inveftigation If a piftil be feparated from the expanded flower with grains of ‘pollen adhering to it, the latter will be found already expanded to a f{pheroid. Cover the whole with a drop of f{pirit on the glafs, the piftil is not affe&ted in any way, but fome of the grains quit it and revolve on their axes. When thefe are exhaufted, the addition of more fpirit excites others: after a few minutes, fome of thofe firft excited begin to put out a fmall thread, which gradually elongating, the grain diminifhes in proportion, until it is entirely drawn out into a vermicular fibre, which again is prefently diflipated into par- ~ ticles too minute to be feen in the now opake medium. The liquor from the tube of the piftil, and a folution of fugar in water, were alfo found to produce this evolution in very mature grains from the anther. It alfo fometimes takes place in the twinkling of an eye, fo as to be fcarcely traced in fome few grains out of a number put into fpirit at once. Thofe which have been fome time in conta& with the piftil are always moft fluggith in their evo- lution. 5. Carex acuta. . Anthers oblong, crumbling. Pollen angular, opake, with apparent perforations. It dilates in fpirit and remains ftationary, but ejects numerous minute particles in rapid fucceflion from its furface. When it has become tranfparent it appears as if filled with feeds. The preceding may ferve for examples of thefe phenomena; but there was not one among the various {pecies I examined, which did not exhibit them in a greater or lefs degree. Yet various other parts of the flower, immerfed in fpirit under the microfcope, did not be- tray the {malleft veftige of them. The proper {pirit for this purpofe feems to be a mixture of one part pure fpirit of wine with two of water. A ftronger fpirit, or even fpirit of wine alone, may fometimes be required when we ope- rate upon a pollen which has, by any means, become previoufly faturated of feveral Species of Pollen. 69 faturated with moifture, (or has loft, by keeping, a part of its irri- tability ?) but it does not enter the dry grains fo readily as water alone. I have fince fubjeéted pollen to examination in feveral of the moft ftimulant oily and faline liquids, but have not been able to perceive that any of them had a fimilar effect on it. It is proper here to remark that the utmoft care is requifite to prevent accidental mixtures of the fubjeéts or menftrua in thefe ex+ periments, which might greatly embarrafs and miflead the obferver. Separate pieces of clear glafs for the feveral kinds, and feparate pointed elafs tubes to convey the liquids, will therefore be requifite. It will be proper attentively to examine the pollen dry, as well as the liquids, before they are ufed, in order to be fatisfied of the abfence of animalcules and other extraneous matters which might be fuf- pected to influence the appearances. I do not pretend to fay that the above-related experiments were abfolutely free from optical deception; but I may venture to affirm, from frequent repetition of them, that, when tried with due pre- caution, they will fcarcely ever be found to fail of producing the appearances related. ; Engagements of fuperior importance at prefent prevent, and may long continue to prevent, my pufhing thefe inquiries much further. It is for this reafon, and becaufe I fhould take a pleafure in feeing it done by fome perfon more capable of executing them with due ex- a€tnefs, and drawing proper inferences from them, that I am willing to make them known in their prefent imperfect ftate. For the affiftance of thofe who may incline to profecute the fubjeét, I fhall now ftate the amount of the prefent difcovery, and the hints for further inveftigation which have occurred to me. Should it be found, on’ repeating and extending thefe obferva- . tions, 70 Mr. Howarn’s Account of a Microfcopical Inveftigaticn tions, that the pollen of vegetables is in all cafes fimilarly aGed upon by water and by fpirit of wine, it will follow,— I. That each grain of pollen in the anther is an organic body, varioufly conftruéted in various {pecies, and containing 2 Veflels or pores capable of imbibing water, of diftending thereby and contra@ing again when it quits them ; in which particulars they refemble {ponge, &c. b A parenchyma, confifting of fome fubftance (of greater fpecific gravity than water, and infoluble therein), which is emitted with a greater or lefs degree of force when the ftimulus of alcohol is applied to the abforbent veflels. This fubftance is either in part foluble in alcohol, or the grains contain c Aneffential oil or refin, to which they owe their colour and odour. 2. That there exifts in the grains of pollen, in a very eminent degree, that. property of vegetables called irritability, which they are capable of retaining for a certain time after {eparation from the anther. 3. That alcohol is the proper ftimulus by which this irritability may be excited, and the texture of the pollen in fome manner deve- Joped in confequence thereof. I prefer this method of accounting for the appearances that take place when the pollen is immerfed in fpirit to another that might be fuppofed on chemical principles, being affured, that any one who has once infpected the procefs will be fatisfied that fomething more than mere folution or chemical decompofition takes place therein, and that the vital principle of .the pollen is the chief agent. The liquor from the tube of the piftil and the folution of fugar were, indeed, found to bring on the evolution of the pollen of Cactus fagel.in a flower manner than fpirit; but when we confider how {peedily \ of feveral Species of Pollen. 71 fpeedily fuch matters pafs into the vinous ftate, it feems poffible that both of thefe might contain alcohol. Yet, it is alfo poffible that fomething common to this latter fubftance, with the faecha- rine matter it is producible from, may be the real exciting caufe. The exiftence of abforbent veffels in the pollen is proved by the change of form, increafed tranfparency, and great diftention pro- duced by the water. It is remarkable, that complete faturation’ ufually brings the grains near to a {pherical fhape, however remote from it their original one. It feems neceffary to fuppofe the parenchyma for the following reafons. Something is evidently given out to the {pirit before the difperfion of the grain commences. In fome cafes this is vifible in minute particles, moving about in the drop; in others it is difcover- able by the tinge on the dried fpace, and by the ftria which appear when more fpirit is added. Now, if the grains confifted merely of the vegetable fibre formed into veficles or cells, their texture would no more be deftroyed by {pirit than by water, and the penetration of the water would produce the fame motions as that of the fpirit. But if we fuppofe that, in proportion as the {pirit penctrates the feveral parts of thefe curious capfules, fome tranfparent fubftance ~ is forcibly expelled from them; the various motions into which they are thrown will be eafily explained by the recoil of the grain in the oppofite direétion. It will hence appear why the pollen of 1. which feems to confift of many feparate cells, is driven alternately in all directions by their fucceffive difcharge, and why that of 4. which is a long tube rolled up, and probably with but one orifice, is thrown into a rotatory motion. The opacity of this fpecies during . the difcharge may be attributed to the evacuation of this.canal, and the returning tran{parency to the entrance of the {pirit into, it from the abforbent veffels, or at the orifice. I do not remember to have 72 Mr. Howarn’s Account of a Microfcopical Inveftigation have. feen a fingle bubble of air efcape from the grains of pollen in the whole courfe of my obfervations, As their texture was in many cafes quite deftroyed, if it had been porous, as that of dry wood, &c. air muft have appeared. I therefore conclude them perfectly folid in the dry ftate. I think it poffible that the profecution of thefe inquiries by means of the microfcope, may throw fome light on the obfcure fubje& of vegetable reprodu@ion ; may teach us why the anther is almoft always expofed to the air for fome time previous to the dif- charge of the pollen, and this even in aquatic plants; as alfo what is the office of that faccharine liquor with which the ftigma is fur- nifhed, and of which fuch a ftore is fometimes provided in the neétary. “The very manner in which the impregnation takes place may poffibly be learned by attentive obfervation. The fimilarity of the unfolded pollen of No. 4. to the form of the plant it comes from, might furnifh matter for fpeculation; but I decline this, believing that experiment and careful obfervation muft always precede found theory. Reflecting on fome of the properties of safes in which it bears a refemblance to ftarch, I was led to examine that alfo in a fimilar manner, and was not difappointed to find its ftruéture the fame. Starch confifts of homogeneous grains or capfules fhaped like No. 3. capable of imbibing water with increafe of bulk and tran{parency, and of returning to their original {tate on parting with it. They are alfo difperfed, with more or lefs of motion, in fpirit; but in this particular different fpecimens were found to vary, which may be attributed to difference in age or foundnefs. If a little wheat flour be mixed with water and fpread on the glafs, thefe grains ap- pear in great abundance, mixed with fibrous matter. Other kinds of grain afforded the fame refult, with a difference in the form of the of feveral Species of Pollen. 73 the capfules. . As the vegetable feaculum, which confifts entirely of this kind of matter feparated from the foluble and fibrous part, has been long confidered as the fame fubftance, though obtainable from different parts of vegetables, 1 extended the inquiry to tuberous roots, and obtained a further confirmation of the identity of pollen and feculum. A potatoe feems to be almoft nothing elfe but an affemblage of grains of faculum, with their interftices occupied by the juice. If this root be boiled or baked until it becomes mealy, the juice will no longer be found; and we might be at a lofs to know what was become of it, if the microfcope did not fhow that it has entered into the grains of feculum, which are thereby greatly diftended, as is, indeed, evident to the nakedeye. The vital principle * 4s thus deftroyed ; for thefe bloated grains will not move in fpirits, but give out a tincture to it like other dead matter. By this means, and the lofs of folidity, they are prepared for more eafy decompofition in the ftomach. : Starch is abfolutely infoluble in water. If water containing it be made to boil, it becomes a jelly. I do not apprehend that a true {olution takes place even in this cafe. It appears that the fame effect is produced on the graius by the heat as by fpirit of wine. They are difperfed into very minute particles; and the furface being thus multiplied, a greater degree of attraction takes place between the ftarch and the water, and the former remains fufpended. —. It appears to me to be worthy of future inquiry, 1. In what parts of vegetables in general the pollen or feculum is to be found. 2. In what refpeéts that which is fecreted on the anther differs from that which is contained in the root, feed, or fap. In the leaf, petal, bulb, fibre of the root, or other parts already brought to per- fection, I am inclined, from fome obfervation, to think it will not be -met with. Vor. VI. L 3- Whether 74 Mr. Howarn’s Account of a Microfcopical Invefligation, &e, 3. Whether the germ or embryo of the feed, previous to the im- pregnation, contains it. 4. In what manner the pollen of plants in general will be acted. upon by the liquor from the nectary, when expofed to it in circum- ftances fimilar to thofe of Exp. 4. 5. And laftly, to inveftigate the varieties in form and ftructure: of the different fpecies of pollen; and to examine how far they. agree or differ in the feveral {pecies of each genus, and genera of each. natural order, . lV, Obfrva~ h: IV. Odfervations on Aphides, chiefly intended to foow that they are the _ principal Caufe of Blights in Plants, and the file Caufe of the Honey~ Dew. By the late Mr. William Curtis, F. LS. ney Read May 6, 1800. Tue Aphis, or Blighter, as. we now for the firft time venture to call it, from its being the moft general caufe of what are termed blights in! plants, forms a highly interefting tribe of infeéts, In point of number, the individuals of the feveral: {pecies comping. is it furpafs thofe of any other genus in this country *. Thefe infects live entirely on vegetables. The loftieft tree is no lefs liable to their attacks than the moft humble plant. They prefer the young fhoots on account of their tendernefs, and on this prin- ciple often infinuate themfelves into the very heart of the plant, and do irreparable mifchief-before they are difcovered. But for the moft part they befet the foliage, and are always found on the under fide _ of the leaf, which they prefer, not only on account of its being the moft tender, but as it affords them prote¢tion from the weather, and various injuries to which they would otherwife be expofed. Some-. times the root is the object of their choice, which, from the nature. of thefe infeéts, one would not @ priori expect ; yet have I feen the roots of lettuces thickly befet by them, and the whole crop rendered fickly and of little value: but fuch inftances are rare. They rarely. i ED ; * Reaumur, confidering each Aphis as bringing forth ninety young, calculates that in five generations the produce from a fingle one would be five thoufand nine hundred and four million nine hundred thoufand. L 3 alfe 76 Mr, Curtis's Obfirvations on Aphides. alfo attach themfelves to the bark of trees, like the Aphis falicis, which being one of our very largeft fpecies, and hence poffefling fuperior ftrength, is enabled to penetrate a fubftance harder than the leaves themfelves. As among caterpillars we find fome that are conftantly and un= alterably attached to one or more particular fpecies of plants, and others that feed indifcriminately on moft forts of herbage; fo it is precifely with the 4phides: fome of them are particular, others more general feeders. As they refemble other infects in the Sore refpect, fo do they. alfo.in being infinitely more abundant fome years than others; and though, with regard to certain infeéts, this variation (fometimes. wonderful in the extreme, as in the brown-tail moth which ravaged: the quickfet hedges in ¥782) is not eafily accounted for, it is folved without much. difficulty as to the Aphis, as will be fhown in the fequel. In the year 1793 they were the chief, and in 4798 the fole, caufe of the failure of the crop of hops. In 1794, a feafon almoft unparalleled for drought, the hop was perfectly free from them, while peas. and beans, efpecially the former, fuffered* very much. from: their depredations. Beans were in 7798 almoft wholly cut off by: them: indeed. they fuffer more or lefs every year by a black fpecies.of Aphis, particularly the latter crops. To:potatoes, and even to. corn, we have known them fome years prove highly detri-- mental, and. no lefs. fo to melons. To plants. in ftoves, green houfes and. frames, where,. from the warmth and fhelter afforded: them, a preternatural multiplication takes place, they prove ex- tremely. injurious, and many a rare and valuable plant alfo in. the open ground of our botanic gardens falls a victim to thefe- general depredators. Seeing, therefore, that our neceffaries.as well as. _ luxuries of life are fo materially affeéted by the infects. of this. genus,. an attempt to afcertain. fome of the curious. and important’ facts. 9. relative _— Mr. Curtis's Obfervations on Apbides. 77 relative to their hiftory, and to make them more generally known, will not, we truft, be unacceptable to the public. Such inquiries may poflibly lead to the means of obviating the injuries they occa- fion;,and if they fail in this, they may tend at leaft to correé the: erroneous notions entertained of blights, not by the valgar and illi-~ terate merely, but even by perfons of education, who may frequently. be heard to maintain that thefe infeéts are brought by the eaft winds; that they attack none but fickly plants; with other notions, all as falfe in faét as unphilofophical in principle. Locufts and’ caterpillars, famed for their devaftations, are fur- nifhed with {trong jaws, by means of which they crop and wholly: devour the foliage of plants. The Aphis deftroys them in a different way. Inftead of jaws.and teeth it is provided. with a-hollow-pointed: probofcis or trunk, which, when the animal is. not’ feeding, folds under its breaft. With this inftrument it piercesthe plant;, and: imbibes its juices. to-fupport itfelfi; but thefe juices-being effential to, the life of the plant, it follows that, when they are drawn. off,. the plant,.exhaufted,. flags and. perifhes, being in fact literally bled to death by thefe leech-like animalcules.. Yet, fo tenacious-of life are plants-in a healthy: ftate, that they in. general only fall victims: to the continued attacks of thefe infects when in immenfe numbers.. But it moft commonly happens that if they do not wholly. deftroy- a plant they: deface it, and. a.fmall number of 4phides are fufficient: to produce this effect. The leaves of fuch trees and plants as have afirm texture and ftrong fibres, though infefted with thefe infects,. preferve. their. form; but the more tender foliage of others, andi flowers-in general, cannot bear their punctures without curling up and becoming diftorted; in confequence of which they: lofe their beauty entirely and irretrievably. The cultivators of plants, efpeci-- ally. in ftovesand green-houfes, cannot be too: much on their guard againft the whole tribe. of dphides; for. with what. pleafure can ai large: 78 Mr. Curtis's Ob/ervations on Aphides. large or choice colle@tion be viewed} when there is fearcely a plant but what exhibits fymptoms of difeafe occafioned by vermin? As the fpecies of this genus are very numerous, and afford but few marks of diftinétion, Linnzus has contented himfelf with giv- ing moft of them trivial names, according to the particular platit on which they are found: a clofe attention to them will, however, difclofe more diftin@tive characters than maturalifts are aware of. Apbhides are defcribed by the beft informed authors as being gene- rally oviparous and viviparous at different periods of the fame year. Monf. Bonnet, who had the honour of making this difcovery in 1740*, fays that in the fummer the females are viviparous, but toward the middle of autumn they lay real eggs. De Geer obferves,' that the females of all the Apbides he had feen, conftantly laid eggs, intended to preferve the fpecies during winter, and that he" is: therefore inclined to believe that the fame takes place in all Aphides whatever. From the 24th of September to the 6th of December following, during which time Fahrenheit’s thermometer had been as low as 29, I found the Aphis faiicis to be conftantly viviparous, though from the inclemency of the weather very few of thefe in- fects at the period laft mentioned remained on the trees, and thofé few were foon after entirely cut off by the unufual cold that took place, the thermometer falling to 4 degrees below o.—Other Apkides are oviparous or viviparous according to the temperature of the air to which they are expofed. In very cold weather they are’ oviparous, for this obvious reafon: the eggs are capable of refitting cold more powerfully than the young. On the 22d of November. fame year as above, I found a confiderable number of eggs which “had been depofited in fome auricula plants by a fmall green 4pdis, * Or rather Monf. Trembley. See his Letter to. M. Bonnet from the Hague: Oeuvres de Bonnet. which | Mr. Curtis's Odfervatices on Aphides, “Oo which infefts plants very generally *, while the fame Species, on a geranium that I kept within doors, produced young. In mild winters I have obferved, in the month of January, the fame {pecies of Aphis in great numbers on various {pécies of primula without doors, and all the females viviparous. Thefe are fasts which prove. that all Apdides are not oviparous and viviparous at the fame feafon, but that fome may be wholly viviparous; that all fuch as are both oviparous and viviparous do not lay eggs tuward the middle of autumn, nor at all during the winter, unlefs a certain. degree of cold. takes place. Moft people will think it a matter of very little moment to man kind whether an 4h7s comes into the world with its head or its. heels foremoft :—it may be fo; yet, as nature’s. hiftorian, it is per-. haps incumbent on us to notice this circumftance. The young Jphis: then-is ufhered into the world with its feet foremoft, fee Taz. V.. fig. I., and this aét of parturition, unimportant as it may appear, ferves to difplay the wifdom of the all-provident Author of Nature. The female -4pdis, is ufually delivered of its offspring as it fits clofe to the bark of the tree, but not fuddenly and all at once. Two- thirds of the body of the young one is quickly protruded. When it gets fo far, the power of expulfion ceafes, and the delivery proceeds. flowly. - Time is thus given to the young one to learn the ufe of its. legs, which it foon kicks about brifkly, and the firtt fervice it em-. ploys them in is to clean away a white fubftance, the remains, perhaps, of the membrane in which it was enveloped in. the womb.. * Thefe eggs. were laid in fmall, irregular groups, on the upper as well as on the- " under fide of the leaves; they were of a perfe@tly black colour, and very vifible to the, naked eye. I found afterwards that the eggs when recently excluded were green, from. which colour they gradually changed to that which rendered them fo confpicuous. They were flightly attached to.the leaf... But So Mr. Curtts’s Ob/fervations on Aphides. But what is of greater confequence is, that it is enabled by their ufe to cling faft to the bark of the tree as foon as it is brought forth, and thus to obtain its neceffary nutriment. Of fome of the circumftances attendant on the propagation of thefe minute animals accounts are related, deviating fo wonderfully from the common courfe of nature, that they could not be credited, were not the authors of them known to be men of the niceft and moft accurate obfervation and of the ftricteft veracity. On this part of the fubject I have little to fay from my own obfervation ; but, as fome account of fo extraordinary a part of their hiftory may be expeéted in a paper of this fort, I fhall ftate the facts, briefly ob- ferving that neither in the rendered, more: eile fmoke-tighthcii oi yiatt is tiLs To prevent! ithe calamities ai ‘ok would infallibly sefolt. ioe the accumulated multiplication of the more'prolific animais, ‘it has been ordained by the Author of Naturey:that fuch fhould be diminifhed by ferving as. food for others. On this principle, we find that moft animals in this. predicament, have one or more natural enemies, The helplefs) Apis, the {courge -of the: vegetable kingdom, has to contend with many. The’ principalyare tlie Coccinellay the Ichneumon Apbidum, and the Mufca aphidivoras)' Such as are unacquainted with the hiflory of infeéts will lcarn with fome furprife that the Coc: -nella*, a common infeé&t wellknown even to children by the name of the Lady-bird, is ‘one of “the greateft deftroyers of the Aphides, which jndeed are its only food, its fole fupport, as well in its perfeét asin its /arva or grub ftate. During the feverity of winter this infe& fecures itfelf under the bark of trees,’ or elfewhere+. ) When the ‘warmth of {pring has expanded the foliage of plants, the fe- male depofits its eggs on them in great numbers, from: whence im a fhort time proceeds the Jarva, a fmall grub’ of a dark Jead colour fpotted with- orange: thefe may be obferved in the fummer feafon’runnihg pretty brifkly over‘all ‘kinds of plarits} and if narrowly watched, cen will be’ found to “devour the .4phides whérever they find them. The fame may be obferved of the Lady- bird in’ its perfect sissy As thefe infects in both their ftates are * All the diferent fpecies of pina feed on n Aphides the bipunéata, by far the moft common, does the moft execution. + Many are found in houfes; for, early in May 1799, I counted on the: ‘tao of my common fitting-room, expofed to the fun, nineteen of the Coccinella bipunflata. very Mr. Curris’s Obfervations on Aphides. 87 ‘very numerous, they contribute wonderfully to diminifh the number of Aphides. There is a faying which humanity has put into the mouths of children in favour of this infeét*, now rendered more facred by its great utility, which has happily rendered it a fort of ‘favourite with them; and contributes ufually to its efcape from their dangerous clutches. Another moft-formidable enemy to the 4phis is a very minute, black and flender Ichneumon fly, the chueumon Aphidum, of Linnzus., The manner in which this infe@& proves fo deftructive to the 4pdis isidifferent from that of the Lady-bird.. The female Ichneumon, of which numbers'may be found where phides are.in plenty, fettles on’a ftalk, or leaf, more or lefs covered with ~ them) marches. flowly: over Heir bodies, feeling with its antenne as it. proceeds for one) of a fuitable fize and age; which having difco- vered; it pufhes forward. its body, or abdomen, in an incurved flate, and with a fine! inftroment at its extremity, invifible fo the naked eye, punctures, and depofits.an ‘egg in, the body of the Aphis; which having done; it. proceeds, and Jays an egg in a fimilar way in the bodies of many. others. » The egg thus)depofited quickly hatches, ~ and becomes.a fmall /arva, or maggot, which feeds on the fubftance y ofthe Aphis, and, having eaten, the whole of.it, the fkin excepted, it changes \to a pupay or chryfalis; in. which, ftate when it has tes. - mained’a fufficient time, it becomes an Ichneumon fly, which eats its way out of the Aphis, leaving the dry inflated fkin of the infect adhering.to, the! leaf, dike a,{mall pearl. Such may always be found where Aphides are,in, plenty, | We have obferyed different {pecies of Aphides to be infefted wit th different. Ichneumons, In general the torpid, Aphis, fubmits quietly to this fatal operation ; ~ but we have: lec of, t them, sienrially< one, that feeds on the dri. 96 * a“ Iad “bird; lad Bi rd, ‘fy pi ye t Your MK is on be our chitaten at nore e Y d} y y y is ts fycamore, 88 Mr Curvis’s Objfervations on Aphides. fycamore, which is much more agile than manyjof this race, en- deavour to avoid the Ichneumon with great addrefs. » Thére is, perhaps, ‘no genus of infects which im their /arva or maggot ftate feed on fuch a variety of food as the Mu/ca, or Fly. There is fcarcely a part of nature, either animate or inanimate, in which they are not:to be met with. Onedivifion of them, called by Linneus Mufee aphidivore, feeds entirely on Aphides. Of the different {pecies of aphid:vorous flies, which are numerous, having moftly bodies variegated with tranfverfe ftripes, their females may be feen hovering over plants infefted with Aphides, among which they depofit their eggs, on the furface of the leaf. The /arva, or maggot, produced from fuch eggs feeds, as foon as: hatched, on the younger kinds of Aphis; and, as it increafes in fize, attacks and de- _ vours thofe which are‘ larger. Thefe /arve aré ufually of a pale colour, adhere clofely to the leaf, along which they’ flowly glide, and are formed very tapering towards the head, » When, fully crown, they change to a pupa, or chryfalis, attached to the leaf, from whence iffues the fly. The /arve of thefe flies contribute their full fhare to diminifh the defpoilers of Flora, To thefe three kinds of infeéts, which are the chief agents’ in the hands of Nature 'for keeping the Aphides within their proper limits, we may add a few others which aét a fubordinate Aig, in ‘this nately bufinefs of deftruétion. The /arva of the Hemierobius feeds ‘on’ thet 3 in the fame manner as that of the Mu/ca aphidivora, and depofits' its eggs alfo on the leaves of fuch plants as are ‘befet with Aphides. The eggs of this Hemerobius ftand on long filaments, which are attached by a bafe to the leaf, and have more the appearance of the filaments of flowers _ with their anthere than the eggs of an animal. The number of eye thefe «f' = Mr. Cortts’s Obfervations on Aphides, 89 __ thefe infects being comparatively very fmall, they may be confidered rather as the. cafual invaders - 5 seo cept than the main hoft of © their deftroyers. > orate The Earwig, which is. in infelf no contemptible enemy to plants, makes fome atonement for its depredations by deftroying the Aphides; efpecially fuch as refide in the curled-up leaves of fruit-trees, and the purfes formed by certain 4phides on the poplars and other trees. - Laftly, we may add as the enemies of thefe creatures, fome of the fmaller foft-billed birds, which feed generally on infeéts, and which may frequently be feen bufily employed in picking them from the plants. Their utility did not efcape the obfervation of the pleafing author of the Seafons. ‘We fhall quote the whole of what he writes on this fubje@, prefuming that none of our readers will think it too long; remarking, however, that he has fallen into the error of moft others in regard to the manner in which thefe infeas are faid, to be brought by the eafterly winds, and that he arc the: amifchiefs of Caterpillars: with thofe of the Aphis. a For oft engender’d by the hazy north,” oj pehaiy at Nbrsinde om Darcy infed siavianiiee ; ’d breeze, and, waftefu {jai ig deff i ht bd ad be ae the ached Sade ee “it LF ap ( Their eager'way. A feeble race! y yet oft = gist me - The facred’fons of vengeance, on whofe courfe _ Corrofive famine waits, and kills the year. . To check this plague, the fkilful farmer chaf¥ Mr ‘es slazin from, before his. orchard burns, a Ree : pike; 'd in fmo the latent. foe ry cranny fuffocated falls 5 “og Or featters.o! the blooms the pungent dut ‘Veo eid _ OF peppery fatal to the frofty, tribes. ert fol Tit aaa. 2 1 ers the envepom’d leaf begins to curl, Hs ith fprinkled y water, drowns them in their neft, Bik te ; Nor, while. they pick them up with bufy bill, Tighe The'little coping birds unwifely feares. Vor. VI. N When go Mr. Curtis’s Obfervations on Aphides. When plants affume a fickly appearance, or are disfigured by difeafe, from whatever caufe'the difeafe may arife, they are faid to be blighted. Blights originate from a variety of cautes, the chief of Ete are unfavourable weather and infects. © Two opinions prevail very generally in regard to blights: the one, that the infe&ts which are the caufe of them are brought from a diftance by eafterly winds; the other, that they attach themfelves to none but plants already fickly. Neither of thefe opinions, as far as I have obferved, is founded in fact. Iam induced, from the nu- merous obfervations I have made on infects for a:feries of years, (in purfuing the cultivation, of plants) to confider the. Aphis as by far the moft general caufe of the’ difeafes diftinguifhed. by the name of blights. Other infects, it is true, more efpecially the /arve of fome of the Lepidoptera, as thofe of the Phalene tortrices, disfigure and do infinite mifchief to plants, by rolling and curling up the leaves. But thefe. for the moft part confine themfelves to certain trees and plants. Their ravages alfo are’ of fhorter duration, being confined . to the growth of one brood, and they are alfo lefs fatal, It would be no difficult matter for me to fill a volume with obfervations, to which I have been an eye’ witnefs, of the injuries which plants fuftain from infects; but that would be foreign to my .prefent pur- pofe, which is to fhow that the Aphis i is the grand caufe of thefe difeafes, and to place the wiodlis’ operandi, or the manner in which they effect this bufinefs, in its' ‘true light. Set 3 2 We are fully aware that certain ‘gregarious infeéts may at parti- cular times rife up in the air, ‘and, if {mall and light, be impelled by any wind that may chance to blow at the time; and on this prin- ciple we account for that thower of phides defcribed by Mr. White to have fallen at Selborn.” But’ certaitily ’ this is not the mode in which thofe infects are ufually difperfed over a country. The phe- nomenon is too unufual, the diftribution, would be \too partial ; for Aphides, Mr. Curtis's Obfervations on Aphides. gt Aphides, while at their higheft point of multiplication, do not {warm like bees or ants, and fly off or emigrate in large bodies; but each “male or female 4pbis, at fuch periods as they atrive at maturity, marches or flies off without.waiting for any other. | Yet it may happen that, from a tree or plant thickly befet with them, numbers may fly off or emigrate together, being arrived at a a at the fame moment of time. Detaching itfelf from the plant, each purfues a different route, intent on the’ great bufinefs of multiplying its {pecies ; and fettles on fuch plants i in the vicinity as are calculated to aaa nourifhment to its young. The common green Aphis, which i is fo dete deftructive, lives during the winter feafon on fuch herbaceous plants as it remained on ‘during the autumn, either in its egg or perfect ftate. If the weather be mild, it multiplies greatly on fuch herbage; as the {pring advances, in May the males and females of thefe infeéts acquire wings: and thus the bufinefs of increafe, hitherto confined, is widely. ‘and rapidly extended, as the winged Aphides, by hop-planters called the Fly, may be feen from this period very gvaarally fitting on plan ts, bis ie in the air in all direGtions, . ul Minutes ff Heparonss obferved i in the Aphis falicis from the End of ‘ September to December 6th. ‘The Aphis falicis is among the largett Englith fpecies, and is found on the bark ‘both of the trunk and branches of the Salix triandra, fragilis, and ‘viminalis, but moft abundantly on the laf. The bodies of thefe infeéts contain. a red liquid, and hence perfous. em=, ployed in {tripping ofiers have their, hands rendered, apparently — ~ bloody by unavoidably bruifing them, , - Near the end of September multitudes of the full grown infects of this fpecies, both winged and others, are obferved to defert the N2 willows & 92 Mr. Curtis’s Obfervations on Aphides. willows: on which they feed, and to ramble folitarily over every neighbouring object, in fuch numbers that we can handle nothing in their vicinity without crufhing fome of them. Are they retreat- ing to frefh trees, on which to depofit their young, or feeking fome warmer fituation for the winter feafon? Waft numbers of them, moftly in a younger ftate, {till remain in large maffes on the trees. Though numberlefs infects, Wafps in particular, were devouring the fweets they depofited, the Lady-bird (Coccinella) was the only one which preyed on the Aphides themfelves; and thefe towards the end of the month began to relax their depredations, and to retreat to their winter quarters. As the feafon advances, the Aphides are found higher on the trees, proceeding ‘gradually upwards in queft of new food. When the young 4phis is brought forth, and is completely difengaged, it infi- nuates itfelf under the body of its mother, and places itfelf clofe to its elder brother or fifter, thus early manifefting an attachment to that congregated ftate of fociety in which it afterwards exifts. If by ftriking it you jar the branch of the tree ott which Aphides are placed, or thould a wafp of otlier large infect approach them fuddenly, or rudely, the whole’of them as it were in a mafs elevate their bodies and hind legs and put them in motion; and herein appear to confift their whole powers of defence; in this ftate their very fine white legs, thus elevated, give ‘them a curious filamentous appearance. We have frequently obferved white incruftations ad- hering to different parts of their legs, wings, and bodies. Oé. 12. Still obfervable in great maffes on the lar ge branches of ‘ the trees. Li Many winged males now among them, yet no appearance of co- pulation. Many pregnant femaves-emigrating from the mafs. . Nev. 8. A fine warm day, after many of violent and long con- — tinned rain, the 4phides were obferved to be very much diminifhed in Mr. Curris’s Obfervations on Apbides. 93 in number. On fome of the branches they had quite difappeared, but on others great numbers {till remained in maffes. Difeafe was now making havock among them ; the bodies of many were fwollen and difcoloured. Moft of them were fufpended by the probo/tis, ftill inferted into the bark of the tree ; their juices were of a deep purple or blackith hue. Not a Wafp to be feen, but few Flies, and.fewer Coccinelle, the only natural enemy to which we have obferved this fpecies to be fubject. Nov. 10. On opening the abdomen of one of the largeft females, I counted fixty-one young, large and {mall Put by in three feparate pill-boxes, placed in a warm clofet to the fouth-weft, many large pregnant apterous Apbhides, and. many males with their wings perfectly expanded, and others with their wings not expanded. The large apterous 4pbides depofited young in the boxes, but all of them died in lefs than a fortnight. Thefe feveral Aphides were placed in this fituation to fee if they would live through the winter, as they would be out of the reach of froft. Nov. 21. Opened the body of a female phis, and found it to contain forty-fix young; three parts of thefe at leaft were fuch, and: the fmalleft of them had more the appearance of embryos than eggs.. At the clofe of the month of May 1799, after a very long and. hard winter, plants were more free from Aphides than ufual ; yet, in fheltered gardens particularly, I found them on the top fhoots of tyees, (none on herbaceous plants) as the currant,. goofeberry,.apple,. cherry, and common fpindle tree. As yet, few of them had wings. It would appear from this circumftance,.that the female muft lay her eggs in hard winters on the extremities of the branches. Obferved the excrement of a black 4phis clear and tranfparent,. ~ but the liquor from the tubular Cornicu/a was of a purple colour. 4 Te ® O4 Mr. Curris’s Obfervations on Aphides. It appears that the excrementitious fubftance both of this black Aphis and the common green one cryftallizes foon after it is evacu- ated at this feafon of the year; for we obferve a white fubftance on the leaves where the mika 7 are, and {carcely any of the gloffy honey-dew. At twenty minutes paft fix in the evening of May 31ft, I immerfed fome black Aphidesin water, with the leaves of the Evonymus europeus on which they were feeding, in two feparate glafles of water, and took them out at ten. All furvived the experiment. At twelve at noon I immerfed fome common green Aphides on goofe- berry fhoots, and a black fort on Evonymus, in water; when taken out at twelve at noon next day they were found every one dead. Tas. V. fig. 1. reprefents part of a branch of the Sah viminalis with a number of fpecimens of the Aphis falicis. fig. 2. is a female of the fame fpecies magnified, in the act of excluding its young. ——— V. Remarks — ~~ Linn. Trans. VE, tab.5. 1.94 ~ atte ar Ais tad vs as i bite P UAW, Ata . mea nil f Ti mr 7: a Satay old 3 Lita ATR ge ‘ete ., ( 95 ) V. Remarks on the Genera of Peederota, Wulfenia, and Hemimeris. By Sfames Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S, P.L.S, Read Oétober 7, 1800. Tue genus of Pederota was firft conftituted by Linneus in his Academical Differtation entitled Plante rariores Africane, publifhed at Upfal in 1760, and reprinted in the 6th volume of the Amenitates Academica in 1763. In the former edition the genus was called He- imimeris, in the latter Pederota, and the only fpecies there mentioned bears the trivial name of bone /pei. This plant has never been well known to botanifts in general. The original fpecimen probably remained in Profeffor Burmann’s hands, along with the other plants” defcribed in the above-mentioned differtation; but Linnzus, I know not at what period, obtained another, which is preferved in his herbarium with the name of 4. /pei in his own hand, and which he afterwards defcribed in the Supplementum as Hemimeris diffufa. Un- fortunately he neglected to quote Pederota bone fpei'as a fynonym in that work, and his fon, with all the materials before him, totally overlooked it; fo that Profeffor Murray, and other compilers, give us the fame plant under both. names. Even 'M. De Juffieu feenis not to have known this original fpecies of Pederota. His ideas of the genus are taken from the Buonarolia of Micheli, and the Pederota lutea of Scopoli, the former of which is referred to Pederota by Linnzus in the 2d edition of Sp. Plant. by the name of P. Buonarota, and the latter is called in his 2d Mantifa, P. Ageria. Thefe plants appear again in the Supplementum, with new and improved {fpecific */. characters, under the names of P. cerulea and P. lutea, and their oké g6 Dr. Smitu’s Remarks on the Genera old denominations not being there quoted, each of them occurs twice in Murray’s and Gmelin’s editions of the Syfema; but fuch repe- _titions are too frequent. in both thofe writers to excite our wonder at prefent. M. De Juffieu obferves, very juftly in my opinion, that the Vulfenia of Jacquin agrees in genus with thefe laft-mentioned plants. This being the cafe, and as they by no means agree with the original Pederota, it would be beft to range them under that of Wulfenia, a name which has every poffible claim to be retained. Pederota may very well be fpared, The plant which firft bore that now fo denenainat ej in the Supplementum, along eich, two Lovaas aoe accord with it in genus. Ifthe name WVulfenia fhould be refufed to the plants to which I would apply it, they mutt be called Buonarotta, merely on account of priority ; for I know of no other claim to fuch an honour in the Florentine fenator after whom Micheli named them, The generic charaéters of Hulfeais and Hemimeris may be expreffed . as follows: WULFENIA. Diandria Monogynia, next to Veronica. Corolla tubulofa, ringens. Calyx quinquepartitus, Cap/ula bilocu- laris, quadrivalvis. The fpecies are, 1. W. Buonarotia, caule foliofo, corollz labio fuperiore indivifo. 2, W. Ageria, caule foliofo, corolla labio fuperiore emarginato. 3. W. carinthiaca, caule nudo, foliis crenatis. HEMIMERIS. Didynamia Angiofpermia, next to Antirrhinum. Calyx quinquepartitus. Coro//a rotata, refupinata, bafi gibbofa, hinc fila, Filamenta glabra. Gap/ula bilocularis. The ———— SO of Pederota, Wulfenia, and Hemimeris, a The only {pecies I have hitherto afcertained are the following ; 1. Hi. fabuldfa diandra, foliis oppofitis pinnatifidis, caule proftrato. a. H, diffufa, didynama, foliis alternis oppofitifque pinnatifidis, caule patulo, 3. H. montana, diandra, foliis oyatis ferratis obtufiufculis, caule erecto. 4, H, urticifolia, didynama, foliis ovatis ferratis acutis, caule fuffru- ticofo, capfulis retufis. Celfia urticifolia. Curt. Mag, 4.417. 5. H. linearis, didynama, foliis Hacsoencapbicls iGrmutias caule fuffruticofo, capfulis acutis. Celfia linearis. ‘faeq. Ic. rar. v.3. t.497- Curt. Mag. t. 210. The three firft I know only from fpecimens in the Linnzan herbarium. The difw/a is fufpeéted by the younger Linnzus to be a variety of the /abulofa, to which I can fcarcely affent. It is not eafy to fay which of the two may be the original Pedercta bone /pei. The fpecimen of Linneus fo marked is the difi/a; but he had not that before him when he wrote the differtation upon rare African plants, and it has certainly four ftamina. If the number of ftamina be conftant, the /abulofa (which has but two) muft have been the real Pederota. The montana is fufficiently diftin&t in habit and cha- raéter from both. The two remaining fpecies are natives of Peru, and have for fome time been commonly known in our gardens as fpecies of Ce/fa, but certainly without foundation. The error originated with Profeffor Ortega, and he has been followed by Jacquin and Curtis againft their own judgment, for neither of thefe plants has the habit or character of any Ce/fa. It is to be lamented that fuch erroneous names fhould be ignorantly given and heedlefsly retained, as it is difficult to eradicate them when once applied.to any very popular and ornamental plant. Thus a moft beautiful Chelone has been Vor. VI. O lately 98 Dr. Smitu’s Remarks on Paderota, &c. lately brought from Spain by the fpecific name of rwelloides, and it is fo called amongft us: but a more prepofterous blunder was hardly ever made in botany, as thofe who know the plant, and can read Linnzus’s Supplementum, p. 279, will readily perceive. With refpect to the two {fpecies of Hemimeris in queftion, they perfectly accord with the generic character given above, with which alfo the Lin- nean fabulofa and diffufa, (which I have carefully macerated and diffe€ted), and to all appearance the montana alfo, perfectly agree. In their general habit and ftruéture they alfo manifeftly form alto- gether one natural genus. VI. & ( 99 ) VI. dn Mofraton of the Genus Solandra. By Richard Anthony Salifbury, Efq. F.R.S. and LS. Read November 4, 1800. Cum in variis amabilis Botanices Scientiz partibus, id mihi con- ftanter propofitum fuit, ut rariores ftirpes in horto, fi quando fruc- tum miaturaverint, eas demum accurate intelligerem, forfan non dedignetur Societas Linnzana obfervationibus quibufdam quz Solan- dram illuftrent: genus longe pulcherrimum zque ac diftin@tiffimum. ““Attamen Angli hanc recepere tefte horto, Kew,” in Linn. Pral. p- 392- obfervat Gifeke. Lamarck, in Yourn. Hift. Nat. v. 1. p. 369. afferit, “‘ que ce pretendu genre eft une veritable efpece de Datura.” Utinam fane more parco auctoris Horti Kewenfis nova genera reci- perent alii Botanici, quippe qui ingenii acumine venerando fuo prz- ceptori Linné parum cedens, ne unicum genus, fecundum noftrum tantillum judicium, in eo libro inferuit, quod non fummo jure di- ftingui debet. Fatendum eft autem neque charaéterem hujufce generis in Vetenfk. Acad. Handl. ann. 1787. p. 301. primo propofitum, neque alterum ab eodem auétore in fua Fi. Oce. Ind. v. 1. p. 386. nuperrime publici juris fatum, omnino attigiffle felicitatem, qua noftris temporibus plures nove flirpes dignofcuntur. _ Fructu certe .gaudet Datura. Folia vero conftanter alterna, nec per paria in ramis florentibus approximata, inflorefcentia, corolla irregularis cum eftivatione limbi, hac omnia a veris So/ancis adeo late recedunt, ut multo potius in proprio Ordine, cum confimilibus ftirpibus Brunf- felfia, et Crefcentia, locarem. Affinitatem cum Befleria video nullam. O2 SOLAN- 100 Mr. SArisBury’s Iiluftration of the Genus Solanara. SOLANDRA. Torus medioliformis. Ca/yx margine tori infertus, tubulofus, per fiftens. Corolla margine tori inferta: limbo ventricofo, irregulari, fubeftivatione imbricato; decidua. Fi/amenta 5, ore tubi inferta, verfus latus inferius fecunda. Pericarpium fuperum, pene totum 4-loculare, fucculentum, deciduum. Sema receptaculo longe ftipitato, centrali, profunde 2-lobo, undique feffilia. Solandra grandiflora. Swartz Fl. Ind. Occ. v. 1. p. 386. t. 9. Solan- dra grandiflora. Men. Exot. Bot. t. 6. Solandra grandiflora. Swartz in Vetenfk. Acad. Handl. ann. 1787. p. 300. t. It. Stramonium fcandens, flore luteo. Plum. Jc ined. Peach-coloured trumpet flower, ‘famaicenfibus. Sponte nafcentem in Inf. Samaica, in truncos arborum fepe para- fiticam fiffurifque rupium, legit O. Swartz. Floret Yanuario, Februario, fruétum maturans Augufto. Frutex 9—20 pedes altus. Radix fufca, longe excurrens, ramofiffima, fpongiofe lignofa. Caulis cinereus, fcandens, teres: Rami multi, varie flexi, alii longiffimi: plus minus radicans, rimofus; fuperne pallide viridis, vifcido-pubefcens; fpongiofe lignofus. Folia denfa, alterna, frondofa: Petioli viridi-purpurafcentes, recurvuli, femi- teretes, vifcido-pubefcentes, fupra concavi linea medio eminente : Laminz fupra virides, fubtus pallidiores, petiolis multo longiores, recurvo-patentiflima, obovato-lanceolatz, integerrimz,acuminate, utrinque vifcido-pubefcentes, paululum lucida, planiufcula, car- nofz: Nervi plures, medius craffior petioloque confluens: quo- tannis prodeuntia et decidua. Fores fragrantes, nutantes, folitarii, rarius 2 vel 3 fafciculati. Pedunculi pallide virides, ramulis ter- minales, craffi, 4-5 lineas longi, obconici, infertione articulati, mi- nutiffime vifcido-pubefcentes. Torus pallide viridis, pedunculo confluens quo brevior et craffior, medioliformis, obfolete angulatus, 8 minutiffime Mr, Sarissury’s Silufiration of the Genus Solandra, LOL minutiflime vifcido-pubefcens. | Calyx pallide viridi-purpurafcens, margine tori infertus, 3 pollices longus vel plus, erectus, tubu- lofus, 5-angulus lateribus concaviufculis, fub florefcentia per angulos duos vel tres breviter & inzequaliter fiffus, poftea fruétu intumefcente {pe profundius ufque ad bafin: lacinie erecta, femilanceolate, integerrimz, acuminulate: minute vifcidulo-pu- befcens potiffimum intus, extus nonnihil lucidus, perfiftens. Corolla margine tori inferta, 7-8-pollices longa: Tubus pallide ' viridi-flavus, calyce parum brevior, verfus latus ejus inferius de- clinatus, inferne vix 3 lineas diametro, fuperne fenfim dilatatus, 5-gonus, ad infertionem filamentorum extus depreffiufculus : Lim- bus maxima parte albidus, tubo multo longior; inferne infundi- buliformis ; mox admodum ventricofus fauce circiter 2 pollices diametro; dein recurvus ore fummo 4% pollices diametro, breviter 5-fidus ; per indivifam partem obfolete 1o-angulus, angulis 5 ab inferioribus tubi continuatis intufque Vitta ob{cure purpurea colo- ratis, 5 ab infertione filamentorum enatis multo tenuioribus in- tufque Vittd obfoletiffima vel’nulla; Laciniz extus lete purpu- rafcentulz interftitiis bafi minute fuborbicularibus, exquifitiffime ciliate; 1 extima, femiorbicularis, repandula, plana; 3 interiores majores latere aitero quod zftivatione includitur dilatato incifo- crenato cri{fpoque; 1 intima, maxima, femiorbicularis, tota ele- gantiffime criipo-crenulata; inferne extus glabra, cxterum lzvis,. coriacea, decidua. Filamenta 5, pallidiffime viridi-flava bafibus. obfcure purpureis, ore tubi inferta, decurrentia, limbo circiter dimidio breviora, deorfum fecunda, incurva, approximata, fubu- lata, glabra. Anthere pallidiffime viridi-flave lateribus. purpureis, bafi inferte ibidemque breviter 2-fidz, filamentis longe breviores,. ereCtz, nonnihil lunulate, 4-angule, mucronulate, 2-loculares :: Valve 4, 2 anteriores paulo anguftiores et reétiores: lateraliter dehifcentes; poft anthefin obfcure purpurez, paulo minores, inz- quilateraliter 102 Mr. Satisnury’s Iiluftration of the Genus Solandra. quilateraliter ovata, valde compreffe. Pollen pallidiffime flavum. Pericarpium: caftum pallidiffime viridi-flavum, difco tori fuperum, pyramidale, leve: gravidum 14-2 pollices longum, ovatum, fere ufque ad apicem 4-loculare, dein feptis 2 parietalibus fenfim de- ficientibus 2-loculare; receptacula 2, centralia, longe ftipitata, profunde 2-loba, varie repando-finuofa: parturiens fucculentum, deciduum, putrefcens. Sty/us apice purpurafcentulus, directione filamentorum quibus tenuior et altior, teres, glaber. Stigma pal- lide viride, compreffum, minutiffime pubefcens, tenuiter canalicu- latum. Semina plurima, ferruginea, receptaculo undique feffilia, reniformia, 2-cotyledonea. Confiftentiam fructus in uno eodemque genere, admodum variare tot docent exempla, ut vix unquam ifta fola nota plantam ablu- dentem ab affinibus fepararem: f{truéturam ejus contra, in diverfiffi- mis generibus fimillimam effe, multe aliz ftirpes Claffis 8-ve Fu/s. Gen. preter hanc de qua fupra agitur, probant. EXPLICA TIO. TAB.) VI. Fig, 1. Corollz tubus cum infertione genitalium. 2. Pericarpium fubmaturum. 3. Idem juxta medium tran{verfe fetum, ubi 4-loculare. 4. Idem juxta apicem ubi 2-loculare. 5- Semen maturum. VII. Obferva- ‘ 7 ee ¢ IS< OL Aiea.” Tew cP pf (ior . ray oa | iA =" 7 riod : Prat 3 rae ; ¥ ha’. "y 4 i ‘ 7 i ' be’ i wv . ‘ Linn: Trans; VolV1 tab-6 JelO2 R.A. Solishury Esg? del a ( 103) VII. Od/ervations on fome remarkable Strata of Flint in a Chalk-pit in the Tle of Wight, in a Letter from Sir Henry Charles Englefield, Bart. F.R.S. to Fohn Latham, M.D. F.R.S. and L.S. Read April 1, 1800. DEAR SIR, As you confidered the fpecimens of flint which I fhowed you worthy of the notice of the Linnean Society, I tranfmit them to you, together with fuch an account of the fituation in which I found them, as may perhaps lead to a guefs of the caufes of their prefent very extraordinary condition, and will at leaft ferve as a guide to thofe who may wifh at a future time to infpeét the curious pit where I found them. Before I enter on the particular defcription of that {pot I cannot help faying a few words on the lithology of the ifland in general, which has not, that I know of, been defcribed, as it highly deferves, by any naturalift. Had I been equal to fuch a tafk opportunities of obfervation were wanting, and the phenomenon which I am about to defcribe was difcovered by me fo fhort a time before I quit- ted the ifland that I had not time to infpect more than one pit be- fides that in which I firft obferved it. The Ifle of Wight, which is nearly of a rhomboidal form, lies with refpeét to its four angles, almoft abfolutely in the four points of the compafs. It is divided into two very nearly equal parts by a range of chalk hills, whofe general direction is due eaft and weft. Thefe hills do not, however, lie in a ftraight line, nor are they at all 6 of 104 Sir H. C. ENGLEFIELD’s Od/ervations of equal breadth or height throughout their extent. At Bem- bridge, where they form the eaftern point of the ifland, they rife abruptly from the fea to a height of about 400 feet ; and, bending a little to the northward, they continue of nearly the fame elevation and a very narrow breadth, till they terminate at the valley through ty which the Medina runs. To the weft of the Medina the range grows confiderably wider, and is fubdivided into feveral fubordinate vallies. This additional breadth gives the fouthern limit a great curvature to the fouth, while the northern line remains nearly ftraight. Their elevation increafes much, and at Mottifton is 700 feet. The acute and perpendicular promontory in which they terminate to the weft, well known by the name of the needles, is nearly as high as Mottifton, Befides the valley of the Medina this range is fingularly interrupted by two vallies exactly fimilar to each other at the two ends of the ifland. Brading Haven renders Yaverland at the eaft almoft an ile, and the Yarmouth inlet cuts off the weftern end fo nearly that at high tides it is fometimes quite infu- lated-at Frefhwater Gate. To the north of this range of chalk hills the foil is chiefly clay, with a fuperftratum, in many parts, of gravel. The clay is inter- {perfed with many beds of ftone of different qualities, and which appear to lic im great confufion. Of thefe fome are grit with a flight admixture of calcareous matter; others have nearly equal . parts of {and and lime, and others are purely calcareous. In the firft, which are of great hardnefs, very few extraneous bodies appear. In the fecond are many fine impreffions of fhells, while the laft are almoft entirely compofed of moulds of turbinated fhells fo as to appear quite honeycombed by them. This ftone is, however, of great durability, for the walls of Cowes Caftle, which was built by Hen- ty VIII. and is expofed tothe fea,air from the welt and north, are as perfe&t as.on the day in which they were built. Below all thefe ftrata on fome remarkable Strata of Flint. 105 ftrata of ftone, at Eaft Cowes, and juft above a bed of black and folid clay, is a ftratum of fhells about two feet thick, of which a {pecimen accompanies this, and which is totally compofed of thefe fhells without any admixture or earth whatever. As the fea makes great inroads here, vaft heaps of thefe fhells lie onthe beach, and feem juft wafhed up by the waves, inftead of being torn from their bed in the cliff. They appear nearly in the fame fate as thofe on the Hampthire coaft, which have long been famous among naturalifts. In the bed at Eaft Cowes there appears however no variety; for I could fee no fpecies but what are here exhibited. Whatever confufion in the ftrata appears to the north of the chalk range, or in that range itfelf, difappears to the fouth of it, where the ftrata are nearly in a horizontal pofition, and fingu- larly regular and undifturbed. .The fea coaft from Bembridge fouth to the Needles, except in the fmall extent of Sandown Marth, is every where higher than the immediately contiguous land of the ifland, and to the fouth-eaft rifes into a vaft range of hills running from Dunnofe weft to St. Catherine’s. The fubftratum of thefe hills feems every where to be clay lying in ftrata of different colour and purity. The loweft is black and very hard; approaching to fhale. Above this fome ftrata have a great mixture of fand, and take the appearance of a foft ftone breaking into very regular cubical forms. Thefe ftrata extend over the whole fouthern part of the ifland, and terminate again{t the chalk range very fuddenly. Above the clay ftrata is a bed of ftone in thin layers, and of very mingled materials, butin general very hard. Great quantities of chert or flint nodules appear in this ftone. The general thicknefs of the ftratum is from 150 to 200 feet. Above this the higheft hills of the range have a ftratum of chalk, not pure or white as that of the chalk range properly fo called, nor producing flint fo black. Vor. VI. Pp é “The 106 Sir 1. C. Enonrrrero’s Od/ervations The height of Dunnofe is 800 feet above low water mark. St. Catherine’s hill is at leaft 850. Of the former I had no oppor- tunity of examining accurately the thicknefs of the ftrata; but at S:. Catherine’s the ftrata are as follow : Chalk - 250 feet Stone - 200 feet or perhaps not quite fo much. Clay and fand 400 feet 850 This arrangement aecounts entirely for the formation of that fingular coaft called the Undercliff, which extends from Dunnofe to St. Catherine’s, and is compofed of the confufed fragments of the upper ftratum of rock which have given way and rolled down as the fubftratum of clay has been wathed away by the fea. In moft parts the procefs feems nearly at a ftand’; the coaft being now protected by the fallen rocks; but at St. Catherine’s great devaftation is ftill taking place. The earth-fall mentioned laft year was a very fmall operation of this kind when compared with the relicks of former convulfions. ; From this fhort fketch of the general pofition of the ftrata in the ifland, I return to the particular fubje& of the prefent paper. The chalk pit, which I am about to defcribe, is fituated on the northern edge of the chalk range juft out of the village of Carit- brook, and about an, hundred yards beyond the divifion of the roads to Yarmouth and Shorwell. The pit is open to the eaft. The ftrata of chalk are very regular, from two'to five feet in thickneis, and divided by feams of flint from fix inches to nine inches in depth. . The flints are, as ufual, in nodules of different fizes, from the fize of the fift to twice the fize of. @ man’s head. The whole dip north- ward with an inclination of at leaft 67 degrees. Perpendicular fiffures run through the whole from north to touth, the fides of which rae - Pete Thales We) s"a tug — eee iy Pa t My” My 2 ‘ . ™ £ e . Nye a4 P : we, LP ce ‘ ‘ =" ree ae rid ‘= die’ ay “wip th! NCH PI HH Hele : , ad be veo nee ape aes aeahoeee bee ‘shee ¥ pi dnd Sane wee hee: nee MP ape ah HG RIS” ae mba tes hates Toned eng , aT sii ee i sei PE: lg os wf gti ‘ PRON cy ear Se RAR rw. eam ws an es spat Pinca apn Ves, Be fs lal ee i . : ‘ is ; y Fey. Weer AT TS sale RY ea Tein, rans. Vieab. 7107. on fome remarkable Strata of Flint. {%o7 which are nearly as flat and fmooth as a wall. As thefe fiffures are followed with convenience in working the pit, an extenfive face was laid open when I faw it, and the appearance was as in the annex- ed fketch. See Tas. VII. On examining the beds of flint nearly, I was aftonifhed to find that every flint, though lying in its place, and- retaining perfeétly its original fhape, was more of lefs burft and thattered; fome few were only fplit into large pieces, but the greater part were broken into {mall fragments, and {ame abfolutely reduced to impalpable powder. From one which had fuffered the moft the annexed fpecimen was taken. The powdet was fo very fine that I had conceived it muft have been mixed with chalk; but, on wafhing it with diluted marine acid, I found that it was purely filiceous. Indeed the chalk which furrounds thefe flints is uncommonly folid, and does not exhibit cracks or marks of any violence except the great fiffures beforementioned. A fpecimen of the flint powder after wafhing in the acid is feat with the other. I muft obferve that I had but imperfect opportunity of infpeéting the flints which lay at a diftance from the fiffure ; fuch however as I could fee in the bed then working appeared to have been lefs fhattered in proportion as they were more remote from the fiffure; but all had fuffered more or lefs, About 200 yards below this pit, and nearer to Carifbrook village, the road is in part cut through the chalk, and the beds of flint ex- pofed by that means exhibit the fame appearances as thofe in the pit above. The chalk pit above Shide Bridge, which is the only one I had an opportunity of examining after my difcovery of the phaznomenon above defcribed, prefents in fome degree the fame appearances, but does not afford fo good an opportunity of viewing the ftrata as that at Carifbrook. The {trata did not appear to me to lic fo regularly P'2 nor 108 Sir H. C. ENGLEFIELD’s Obfervations nor the flints to be difpofed fo much in beds as at Carifbrook. They were however extremely broken and fhattered, and apparently the moft fo where they lay moft in ftrata,’ The ftrata had alfo a great inclination or dip to the north: : Although it would :be rafh to attempt to account for this very fingular ftate-of-deftruétion of the flints in the Carifbrook pit, yet it is impoffible not to offer fome conjectures on the fubje&. There can be very little doubt’ that the’ ftrata, though now fo inclined, were originally-formed in a horizontal pofition. _ When the tre- mendous convulfion' took place which funk them to the fituation in which they now appear (at which time the channel which fepa- rates the Ifle of Wight from the main land wasperhaps formed), the ftrata of chalk, in the act of fubfidence, had a tendency to flide on each other, and this would be exerted moft fenfibly where from the admixture of the flints the cohefion of the parts of the chalk was the weakeft. This motion, or rather ftrain, of fo enor- mous a weight, might in an inftant fhiver the flints, though their refiftance {topped the incipient motion; for the flints,though crufhed to powder, are not difplaced, which muft have been the cafe had the beds flid fenfibly. This conjecture is perhaps ftrengthened by what Tobferved in a few detached nodules of flint in the chalk ftrata which did not appear to have fuffered as thofe in the beds of flint have done. ' I may here add that it feemed as if in fome places the fine powder of the flints had run down, and invefted the nearer parts of the fiffure with a thin coating of the agglutinated duft; but this. may poflibly have taken place fince the face of the fiffure Has been expofed to the weather. . Perhaps it may not be totally foreign from the srehete fubjeé, to mention that in a very great chalk pit at the village of Prefton, a mile north of Brighthelmftone, in which the flints lie in very regular and nearly horizontal ftrata, but which has alfo vaft perpendicular 3 fiffures on fome remarkable, Strata of Flint. Iog fiffures in the chalk, the fiffures are in many places filled to a con- fiderable extent with a very thin vein of pure flint exa@tly as if the flint, not being quite hard when the fiffures took place, had been fqueezed out of the beds and run into the fiffures as foft pitch would do... I do,not mean at all to fay that this was the cafe, but merely todefcribe the appearances. In, the chalk pit juft below the church at Brighthelmftome another fingular appearance may be feen. The upper part of the chalk is in feparate maffes, not pro- perly rubble, but with all their tender angles fharp exactly as if juft broken to pieces to put into the lime kiln, and quite clean, nearly of. a fize, and almoft without any chalk powder mixed with them.. I remain, &c. Southampton, Jan. 22, 1800. VIII. { 4110 ) VIII. Remarks on fome Britifh Species of Salix. By James Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S, P.L.S. Read May 5, 18or. It has for a long time been my intention fo offer to the confidera- tion of the Linnean Society fome elucidation of the Britith Willows ; but there are many reafons why any thing like a complete hiory of of the genus of Sa/ix cannot at prefent be made ou‘, even fo far as regards our native fpecies, and I have therefore withheld the partial information I had acquired, in hopes of learning more, and being able to communicate fomething better worth the Society’s accept- ance. At length however it becomes neceflary that this obfcure genus fhould affume as regular a form as poflible in the Flora Britannica; where, as in every other inftance, my object is to publifh nothing that I have not afcertained myfelf, at leaftas far asthe imperfe@tion © of all human knowledge and judgment will permit. The enumera- tion therefore of the fpecies of Salix in that book, though more comprehenfive than any yet publifhed in Britain, will be but an effay, to be perfected hereafter; and what I have to offer in this paper are various matters colleéted in the courfe of my inquiries, which require a more diffufe explanation than the fy{tematic form of the work juft mentioned will admit. I fhall at prefent confine my obfervations to the arborefcent {pecies of the firft fection of the genus Salix, which comprehends fuch as have leaves more or lefs f-rrated, and nearly {mooth, at Jeaft when fully formed. This is the 6 moft Remarks on fome-Britifo Species of Salix. 11k moft dificult feétion, and 1 flatter myfelf I ghall be able to furnith fome new information refpecting it. : Som: difficulties which attend the inveftigation of this genus are almoft peculiar to it. Willows to be well underftood require to be ftudied at three different periods of their growth; firft when in flower, at which time the leaves in general {carcely appear at all 5 next when the capfules are fully formed and nearly ripe, and the leaves juft expanded, with their ftipule ; laftly when the leaves have attained their full fize, and all remains of the fructification have dif- appeared. In this lait ftate the true form, and pubeicence or {mooth- nefs, of the leaves is to be known; in the fecond the nature of the flipule, which frequently are very deciduous, and the figure and furs face of the capfules ; whereas in the firft {tate the very difcriminative and carious parts of the flower, the ftamina, ne‘taria, and, abeve all, the proportion and ftructure of the germen, ftyie and ftigmatdy are only to be learnt. I have found the laft-mentioned parts fo con+ {tant and important, fo ftrongly indicative of natural {u'divifions of the genus, that if we could at all times command them, they would certainly afford better characters for that purpofe than the margin of pubefcence of the leaves. But the dioecious nature of thefe plants is another inconvenience, and peculiarly militates againft a general ar- rangement of them according to parts, which it is an even chance whether we meet with or not, and which are moreover {fo very tranfient. If I fhould prove more fuccefsful in treating the fubjec& under confideration than my predeceffors Mr. Hudfon and Mr. Lightfoot, it will be greatly owing to three caufes. Firft the publication of Profeflor Hu ffman’s Hifforia Salicum, {o. full, 1o accurate, I might almoft fay fo perfect, as far as it goes. This work the authors of the Flra A ghca and Flora Seotica never knew. In the next place the opportunity 1 have had of fludying the Linnzan original {pecimens, in 112 Dr. Smirnu’s Remarks on ‘in this ‘genus peculiarly ample and inftruétive, and of comparing them, through Her Majefty’s gracious permiffion, with Mr. Light- foot’s Herbarium, by which moft of the doubtful fpecimens men- tioned in his Flora, p. 611, have been referred to fome fpecies or other, and all his difficulties with regard to others removed. Laftly the affiftance I have received from my accurate and indefatigable friend Mr. Crowe, who for many years has with unwearied diligence collected Willows, both indigenous and exotic, from all quarters; carefully noting their peculiar ufes and properties; diftinguifhing the truly wild from the naturalized, or merely cultivated kinds; and watching them with a moft difcriminating eye through all their ftages of growth in his garden, which is fortunately fituated fo as to be peculiarly favourable for the purpofe. Linnzus begins his arrangement of the Salices with thofe {pecies which have fome peculiarity in their ftamina, and our Britifh writers follow him in this diftribution. It is not my defign to difturb it. All fuch as, inftead of the 2 diftiné&t ftamina of Willows in general, have their filaments united into one, or have more than 2 ftamina, have {mooth ferrated leaves, and therefore ftand commodioufly enough at the head of this firft fe&tion. : The Salix hermaphroditica 1 believe has no right toa place among Britifh plants. Hudfon introduces it only with a mark of doubt. The Salix latifolia folio /plendente of Ray feems, by Dillenius’s remark, to be a variety of the Sallow. The real hermaphreditica of the Lin- nzan herbarium is clofely allied to S. pentandra, except in the fruéti- fication, and has never been deteéted in Britain.’ All that I have found in the gardens under that name is merely a broad-leaved va- riety of S. pentandra, the flowers of which are pentandrous and dioecious. The true hermapbroditica has but 2 {tamina, and thofe in‘ the fame flower with the piftillum. I have never feen it alive, nor do IJ believe it to be known out of Sweden. The Some Britifo Species of Salix. 1X3 The firft {pecies on our lift of Britifh Willows is the I. SALIX purpurea. Bitter Purple Willow. S. monandra, foliis obovato-lanceolatis ferratis glabris, ftigmatibus breviffimis ovatis fubfeffilibus. Salix purpurea, Linn. Sp. P/. 1444. Hud. 427. S. monandra. With. 45. Curt. Lond. fafc. 6. t.71. Hoffm. Sal. A Ay Ce Bb os Gy Ale OA Re SA (Rs eae BA 2 S. humilior, foliis anguftis fubceruleis, ex adverfo binis. Ravi Syn. 448. Cant. 144. m 5. In paluftribus, et ad fluvios.. Fl. Martio: This is a bufhy thrub, three or four feet high, with long, flender, tough, purple, fhining branches. The leaves are either oppofite or alternate, nearly linear, but broadeft upwards, ferrated chiefly towards the fummit, very {mooth, glaucous beneath, deftitute of {tipule. The male catkins are very flender, fearcely an inch long, nearly feflile, confifting of many thick-fet flowers, the uppermoft of which expand firft. Scales black at the tip, hairy. Nectary a foli- tary gland oppofite to each fcale. Stamen one folitary fimple fila- ment, never dividing, bearing am orange-coloured double, or four- lobed, anthera. Female catkins exaétly like the male in fize and form. Germen feffile, fmall, of an ovate or rather elliptic form, filky. Style very fhort, or fcarcely any. Stigmas fmall, feffile, fomewhat ovate, undivided, marked with a longitudinal furrow on the upper fide. Capfule ovate, fmall, filky. . The leaves and twigs of this fpecies are extremely bitter, and therefore authorize the Englifh name given by Mr, Curtis, who has Vo. VI. Q. well 114 Dr. Smrtu’s Remarks on well figured and defcribed the fpecies, though he erredin confound- ing it with the following. _ 2. Carve Helix. Rofe Willow. S. monandra? foliis lanceolatis acuminatis ferrulatis glabris, ftylo elongato filiformi, ftigmatibus linearibus. Salix Helix. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1444. Hudf 427. Dalech. Hift. 277. f. 2. S.n. 1640. Hall. Hif. v. 2. 306. ‘Salicis racemi feu nucamenta, rofe et capitula fquamata. Baub, Hift. vit. pr 2. 213. In falicetis et paluftribus. Fl. Martio, Aprili. Haller and Ehrhart feem to have led Prof. Hoffmann into the error of confounding this with the preceding, from which it is moft unqueftionably very diftinét. Mr. Curtis, and fome of our more recent writers, have followed Hoffmann, perhaps without having ever feen the true S. He/ix. I am obliged to Mr. Crowe for firft pointing out to me the different heights of the two plants, and dif- ferent fizes of their catkins, and on a critical examination of the female flowers, I was fo fortunate as to find further marks of diftinction. ‘ S. Helix rifes to the height of 9 or 10 feet, and is-a {mall flender tree. Even in the form of its leaves it differs from the purpurea, thote of the He/x being more truly lanceolate and taper-pointed, by no means obovate. From the fize which Haller afcribes to: his Salix n. 1640, I venture to prefume he intended this plant, and not the purpurea, and therefore borrow from him the character monandra, for | have never feen the male of this fpecies. It is extremely probable moreover, from the clofe affinity of the two in other 3 ref{pects, fomé Britifh Species of Salix. 115 refpeéts, that they fthould agree in this. The female catkins are fomewhat longer, and twice as thick, as in the laft, and ftand on longer ftalks. The germen is feffile, ovate and filky, but the ftyle is confiderably lengthened out, quite {mooth and naked. The ftigmas alfo, inftead of being fhort and ovate, are linear and confiderably elongated. To thefe fatisfa€tory marks may be added that the leaves are lefs glaucous beneath, and not fo bitter as thofe of the S. purpurea. 3. Sarix fifa. Bafket Ofier. S. monadelpha, foliis lanceolatis acutis fubdenticulatis glabris: fubtus glaucis. Salix fifa. Hoffm. Sal. v. 1. OF. t. 13, 14. In falicetis. Fl. Aprili, Maio. In feveral ofier-grounds near Lynn, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. At Prickwillow near Ely. Rev. Mr. Hemfed. At Fincham, Nor- folk. Rev. Fofeph Forby. This is a fhrub 4 or 5 feet high, with upright, flexible and very tough branches, of a yellowifh afh-colour, often purplifh. Leaves alternate, on footftalks, lanceolate, pointed, 2 or 3 inches long, mi- nutely toothed, or fomewhat ferrated, principally towards the top; {mooth on both fides except when very young; glaucous beneath ; dark-green above. Stipulz none. Catkins on fhort ftalks, cylin- drical, blunt, firft red, then yellow, flowering firft at the top. Stamina 2, united from the bafe about half way to the top. An- there of 2 lobes, yellow. Germen ovate, acute, hairy. Style fhort. Stigmas oblong, blunt, undivided. . Q2 This 116 Dr. Smrru’s Remarks on This is cultivated in the fens, and preferred above all other Wil- lows or Offers for the fineft kinds of bafket work. Female plants only have hitherto come under my infpection, but, by a peculiar inftance of good fortune, I laft fpring met with one or two male flowers at the bafe of a few female catkins in Mr. Crowe’s garden. Thefe enabled me to complete my defcription, and at the fame time removed every poffible doubt of our plant being the S. ff of Hoff- mann, with every part of whofe excellent defcription it accords, 4. Sawix rubra. Green Ofer. §. monadelpha? foliis lineari-lanceolatis elongatis acutis denticulatis elabris: fubtus concoloribus. Salix rubra. Hudf 428. With. 49. S. virefcens. Villar’s Dauph. v. 3. 785. t. 51.f- 30. S, minimé fragilis, foliis longiffimis utrinque viridibus non ferratis, Raii Syn. 449. S. nerii folio utrinque virente. Vall. Par. 175- In falicetis rarius. Fl. Aprili, Maio. Between Maidenhead and Windfor, and near Salifbury. F. She- rard. Yan ofier-holt near Ely. Rev. Dr. Goodenough. At Prick- willow near Ely. Rev. Mr. Hemfted. Near Bedford. Rev. Mr, Abbot. The branches of this fhrub are very long, flender, tough, fmooth, gray or purplifh, Leaves about 4 inches long when full-grown, linear-lanceolate, narrow, acute, flightly toothed or ferrated, by no means entire, of a bright green on both fides, not at all glaucous, fmooth in general, fometimes fprinkled with a few flender hairs beneath. Stipule, if prefent, linear-lanceolate, a little toothed ; but —_ t+ Some Britify Species of Salix. 1IZ but generally wanting. The male catkins I have not feen. I pre- fume them from analogy to have monadelphous ftamina. The females differ but little from the preceding, except in having rather thicker, almoft ovate, fligmas. This {pecies appears to be but little known, though among the moft valuable as an Ofier. The habit of the plant, figure and length of its leaves, agree with the Common Ofer S. viminalis ; but their bright green colour on both fides, and want of all pubefcence, except when very young, render them eafily diftinguifhable from that fpecies, while their great length, linear form, and narrownefs, and their colour being not atall glaucous, prevent their being con- founded with S. fz. Specimens obligingly communicated by my friend Mr. Lambert, V.P.L.S. from Mr. Hudfon’s own herbarium, have removed all uncertainty as to its being his §. ruéra. The name is lefs appofite than might have been wifhed: wrens or concolor would better have expreffed the peculiar character of the {pecies. Of the fynonym of Ray there can be no doubt. That of Vaillant I learned from the Sherardian herbarium. 5. SaLix Croweana. Bread-teaved Monadelphous Willow. S. monadelpha, foliis ellipticis fubferratis glaberrimis: fubtis gilaucis. In paluftribus. Fl. Aprili, Maio. At Cranberry Fen in the parifh of Eaft Winch, and in other parts of Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. This fcarcely rifes to the height of a tree. The branches are fhort and fpreading, rather brittle, clothed with a fhining yellowith 8 or 118 Dr. Smitu’s* Remarks on or purplith bark. Leaves on footftalks, elliptical, or inclining to obovate, fomewhat pointed, fcarcely an inch and half long, flightly ferrated or rather crenate, fmooth on both fides; bright-green and fhining above; glaucous and veiny beneath. Catkins nearly feffile, ef a fhort fomewhat ovate form. Scales obovate, black, very hairy. Stamina pale lemon-coloured, longifh, their filaments united from the bafe to a greater or leffer diftance, fometimes almoft to the top, Anthere reddifh. The female flowers are as yet unknown. This fpecies of Salix feems to have efcaped the notice of every -botanift hitherto, and I have given it the name of its difcoverer. It is moft certainly very diftiné& from all others, and eafily known by its united ftamina, and fhort broad leaves. It is deftitute of the valuable properties of an Ofier, having fhort and rather ‘brittle, not long and flexible, twigs. It has therefore to all appearance never been cultivated, but is truly wild in Norfolk. 6. Saurx triandra. Long-leaved Triandrous Willow. S. triandra, foliis lineari-oblongis ferratis glabris, germinibus pedi- cellatis. Salix triandra. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1442. Hudf. 425. With. 45. Curt. — Lond. fafe. ©. t. 72. Hiffm. Sal. v. 1. 45. t 9. 10. t. 23. f. 2. S. folio amygdalino utrinque aurito, corticem abjiciens. Raji Syn. 448. In falicetis et ad ripas fluviorum frequens. Fl. Maio, etiam Augutto. ~ This is naturally a tree 30 feet or more in height, but being one of the beft Ofiers for the ufe of bafket-makers, is generally cut and kept low. The bark of the ftem and branches peels off fponta- neoufly, almoft like that of the plane-tree, The branches are up- j right, —=_ —_= Some “Britifp Species of Salix. 119 right, long, flender, pliable and tough, though fomewhat brittle at their infertion; their bark is brownith and fiooth.. Leaves about 3 or 4 inches long, of a linear oblong figure, tapering away towards the bafe, and their breadth on each fide the nerve is as nearly equal as poffible ; they terminate in a point; ‘their margin is thickly fer- rated, the ferratures incurved and rounded, a little glandular ; both fides {mooth, the under rather glaucous.» Stipule ovate, oblique, crenate, veiny, {mooth, often wanting. Catkins at the ends of {mall leafy young branches, ereét, flender, yellowith, with blunt downy {cales. Stamina generally 3 to each fcale, very rarely (in the fame catkin) only 2. Germen flalked, ovate, pointed, warty. Stigmas fhort, {preading, notched. Capfule very fmooth, green. 7. SaLix amygdalina. Broad-leaved Triandrous Willow. S. triandra, foliis asa obliquis ferratis glabris, germinibus pedi- cellatis, flipulis maximis. Salix amygdalina. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1443. Hudf. 426. Lightf. 596. » S. folio auriculato {plendente fexilis. Rati Syn. 448. Cant. 14s In falicetis et paluftribus.. FI. April, Maio. On Badley moor by Dereham, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. Moft botanifts confound this with the preceding, and I fhould fcarcely have efcaped the fame error ‘but for the obfervations of Mr. Crowe, who was led to inveftigate their botanical diftin@tions by the different qualities of the two plants for economical purpofes. This is but rarely preferved in ofier grounds, being a bad Offer, greatly inferior to the true S. triandra, It never rifes into atree. The bark mdeed is deciduous, as in the preceding, which. added to the tri- androus flowers, perhaps led Mr. Curtis. and others to. fufpect there exifted 120 Dr. Smitnu’s Remarks on exifted no fpecific difference between the two. The leaves however will fufficiently ferve to difcriminate them. Thofe of S. amygdasina are fhorter, fcarcely 2 inches long, of a broadith ovate figure rounded at the bafe, by no means linear; they are moreover oblique, the width of the two fides being unequal. The ftipule are remarkably large, varying from a roundifh to an half-heartfhaped form, crenate, deciduous. Female flowers and capfules much like thofe of the laft {pecies. 8.. Sarix pentandra. Bay-leaved Willow. S. pentandra, foliis elliptico-lanceolatis crenulatis glabris, germinibus glabris fubfeffilibus. : Salix pentandra. Linn Sp. Pl 1442. Hudf. 426. With, 46. Lighif. 595. S. folio laureo, feu lato glabro odorato. Raii Syn. 449. Ad rivos Angliz feptentrionalis et Scotiz auftralis. Fl. Maio, Junio. The {weet or bay-leaved Willow is fufficiently well known by its broad odoriferous leaves, whofe ferratures exude a copious yellow refin, and its numerous ftamina, which are commonly about 5 to each flower. We have only to remark that the variety @ of F/ Suevica feems to be a diftinét {pecies, not yet found in England. Q- SALIX nigricans. Dark broad-leaved Willow. S. foliis elliptico-lanceolatis crenatis glabris fubtis glaucis, ger- minibus: pedicellatis lanceolatis acuminatis fericeis. . Salix _ fome’ Britifo Species of Salix. 121 Salix phylicifolia @. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1442. Fl. Lapp. ed. 2. 291. t. 8. Fi Cit, 350, In falicetis Fl. Aprili. At Wrongay fen, Norfolk, and in ofier grounds i in otlies places not uncommon. Mr. Crowe. No writer except Linnzus appear to have known Willow, this but he furely has erred in making it a variety of his phylicifolia, from which it differs in the much greater fize of all its parts, as well as in the totally different form of its ferratures, a part fo peculiarly cha- racteriftic in the phylicifolia. - This fpecies I have named nigricans from the dark colour of its branches, as well as its black hue when dried, which laft indeed is not abfolutely peculiar to it. The trunk fcarcely rifes to the height er formofatree, The branches-are upright, round, rather brittle, {mooth. Leaves 2 or 3 inches long, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, a little rounded at the bafe, crenate in almoft every part, but more flightly in the female plant; dark-green and very fmooth above; glaucous, veiny, rarely a little hairy beneath. Foot-ftalks very broad at their bafe. Stipule (if prefent) rather large, obliquely heart-fhaped, ferrated, fmooth. Catkins from an inch to an inch and half long, thickifh, with obovate, brown, hairy fcales. Stamina 2, diftin&, more or lefs hairy about their bafe.. Style fhort, {mooth: Stigmas thick, ovate, united at their bafe, permanent, undivided. Capfules on footftalks, long and tapering, clothed with white filky down, as are the general and partial ftalks, The leaves in the female plant are fhorter, and lefs crenate, as well as more tapering towards the bafe. Such differences between the two fexes of Willows are rare, but. 1 can hardly conceive thefe to be different {pecics, as they agree in every part befides. Vou. VI. R 10 SALIX 122 Dr. Smiru's Remarks o& to. SAxix Jaurina. Shining dark-green Willow. S. foliis ellipticis acutis denticulato-ferratis glabriufculis fubtgs e P . « id . 8 . . 8 glaucis, germinibus pedicellatis lanceolatis fericeis. In falicetis et paluftribus. D. Dick/on. Fl. Aprili, Maio. Very nearly related to the laft, but certainly a diftin {pecies. It effentially differs in the male catkins, which are but half the fize of thofe laft defcribed, and their ftamina are fhorter, perfectly {mooth, not hairy at their bafe. The leaves alfo are of a brighter green, their margin inclined to be revolute, and rather toothed than cre- nate. The germen alfo is fhorter, blunter, and lefs tapering. Neither of thefe Willows is known to be of any particular ufe. Their branches are not endued with much flexibility or toughnefs. 11. SALIX fetiolaris. Dark long-leaved Willow. S. foliis lanceolatis ferratis glabris fubtis glaucis, germinibus pedicel latis ovatis fericeis, ftigmatibus feflilibus bilobis. In falicetis et paluftribus. D. Dickfon. FI. Aprili. This fpecies has not been found wild in Norfolk, but was fent to Mr. Crowe by Mr. Dickfon, along with the laft, as of Britith growth. It has moft affinity with the two preceding fpecies, but has longer and more flender twigs. The leaves are 4 or 5 inches long, about an inch broad, lanceolate, pointed, ferrated, fomewhat ‘revolute, generally a little unequal at the bafe; bright-green, fmooth and fhining above; glaucous beneath, and fometimes a little hairy. Jome Britifo Species of Salix. 123 hairy. In drying they turn of a purplifh black. The footftalks are peculiarly long, linear, and flender, filky on the upper fide. Sti- pulz fmall, crefcent-fhaped, toothed, fmooth. The female catkins, the only fex I have feen, are fcarcely an inch long, with black, hairy, obovate, often notched, fcales. Germens on long footftalks, {mall, ovate, filky. rij eas perfectly feffile, ovate, obtufe, divided into two lobes, 12. SALix phylicifolia. Tea-leaved Willow. S. foliis lanceolatis undulato-crenatis glabris fubtus glaucis, ftipulis fublunatis. : Salix phylicifolia a, Linn, Sp. Pl. 1442. Fi. Lapp.ed. 2,291. 4.8. fi be te 3546: Tn alpibus Scoticis. Fl. Maio. At Fjnlarig, Bredalbane. Rev. Mr. Stuart. T am enabled to add this to the lift of Britifh plants, by means of a {pecimen fent to Mr. Lightfoot by Mr. Stuart, of I.ufs, and now preferved in his herbarium, among othets which the author of the Flora Scotica had not fufficient materials to decide upon. Having confronted with this the original Lapland fpecimen of Linnzus, I can {peak with certainty to their being exactly the fame. Unfortu-) nately the fruétification is wanting in both, but their leaves are fuf- ficient to mark the fpecies, ; S. pbylicifolia appears to be a fhrub with fmooth, flender, fore ing branches, Leaves alternate, ftalked, exaétly lanceolate, rather acute, furnifhed, about the middle principally, with broad and un- equal crenatures, between which the leaf is as it were almoft finu- ated; the margin is a little more thickened than eeny? the bafe R 2 and 124 Dr. Smitn’s Remarks on Britifo Species of Salix. and extremity of each leaf are entire, deftitute of glands: all the leaves are either perfectly {mooth in every part, or a little fprinkled with minute inconfpicuous hairs; dark-green above; glaucous and reticulated with veins beneath. Footftalks flender, fmooth. Sti-- pule crefcent-fhaped, moftly ferrated, various in fize. To the tribe which this paper is intended to illuftrate belong (be- fides a few {maller fpecies, which have little affinity with thofe al- ready mentioned) two well-known trees, the S. vitellna and the S. fragilis. Thefe will have a place in the Flora Britannica, though- it.may be doubted whether the former be really indigenous. As, however, I have nothing new to fay concerning them, but, on the contrary, am waiting for more information than I Kave yet been able to obtain concerning the fruétification of. both, I will not add to the length of this treatife by any imperfect defcriptions. Some remarks of Profeflor Hoffinann lead me to fufpect we may have more than one {pecies*in England underthe name of fragilis, but that I muft leave for future inquiry. My worthy friend the Rev. Mr. Abbot of Bedford, fo wel- known to this Society, has favoured me with one, if not two, en- tirely new Englifh Willows, which belong to this firft fe€tion of the genus, and which promife to be important in an ceconomical view. Llament that the want of their fructification, and a longer time to obferve their growth and different appearances, oblige me to poft- pone any further mention of them at prefent., ” IX, De- _- ————.:-. -..|CSCUmhULhe ( 125. } IX. Défcriptions of four new Species of Fucus.» By Dawfon Turner, M.A. F.LS. Read. May 5, 1801. ALTHOUGH the numerous individuals comprehended under that extenfive family known: by the name of Fucus, and efpecially fuch of them as: are confidered natives of Britain, have of late years been: the fubject of much inquiry, and have induced many moft able botanifts to exert their {kill in. the inveftigation of them, it never- thelefs requires but a very flight acquaintance with the fubject, to be fully perfuaded:that, without entering into laborious refearches upon their internal organization, or the mode of their fru€tification,. things hitherto almoft entirely neglected, a wide field remains for future naturalifts to difplay their ingenuity, in the determination of many even of thofe fpecies which are moft abundant upon every; part of our Ifland.. 1 fhould feel extremely forry were this, or any: fimilar obfervation, to be confidered as detracting from the merits of thofe gentlemen,.to whofe exertions I have always-had a pleafure in acknowledging that the fcience is moft deeply indebted:—far from. fuch an idea, my intention is only to fay that our knowledge of the marine a/gz is ftill in its-infancy; and a ftronger proof of the juftice of this remark can hardly be adduced, than the common Fucus ve- ficulofus, from the varying appearances of which, Linnzus. and fome fubfequent botanifts have formed fuch an infinity of diftinét fpecies. Did-this circumftance require further confirmation,. it: might poflibly in fome degree receive it from a confideration of the — four: 126 Mr. Turner’s Defcriptions of four plants to which it is my object, in the prefent paper, to call the attention of the Linnzan Society, and of which two only can pro- perly be faid to be either altogether new, or even very uncommon; there being little doubt but the others will be found to be fufficiently abundant, at leaft upon the eaftern fhore of England, where their having remained fo long unnoticed has arifen only from their having been regarded as varieties of fome of their congeners, to which they are in reality very nearly allied. From thefe authors I fhould not-now venture fo openly to differ, or rather fhould exprefs my fentiments with far greater diffidence, were not the plants which I have undertaken to defcribe, and upon which I truft that future inveftigators will confirm my decifion, efpecially natives of the Yar- mouth beach; and had not my attention been particularly directed to them, from almoft the earlieft period that I have made the marine alg my ftudy, by my inftructor and coadjutor Mr. Wigg, upon whofe knowledge of them the Society have heard too much from more able as well as more eminent botanifts, to make it neceflary for me in any wife to enlarge. I had propofed to myfelf to extend this paper to a greater length than my contraéted leifure will now admit, and, among other plants, to have included in it a figure of Fucus fruticulofus of Jacquin, which, in company with Mr. Sowerby, I found not unfre- quently upon the fhores of the more weftern counties; the excel- lent account however of this plant, given by the Baron de Wulfen, made fuch an intention ufelefs; and I am now induced to mention the circumftance, only from a fear that my having abandoned the idea may have been the caufe of leading my friend, Mr. Stackhoufe, into error, as, I underftand that, inthe third fafciculus of his. Nereis, the appearance of which may foon be expeéted, he has declined fi- guring this fpecies from an idea that it would previoufly be done by me. Fucus 1 qos =. La) " 58 habe ee . ae ee oa Ce VY eT OD . at Pets sabe inch Aly, é sah ts eile hi * i \ % + he , ; AS ple i Ae a ay ” + Rie) rr ; : i pS Fe i at Ter gta NY Cab dS fod “4 oa - ? te Sictts PUSCt Bocas a Suctes cven the “its Sour new Species of Fueuss 127 Fucus ru/fcifolius. F. caule ramofo alato; foliis oblongis obtufis planis integerrimis pro- liferis: venulis diaphanis catenatis. Tas. VIII. Fig. 1. Planta naturali magnitudine. 2. Folit capfuliferi extremitas lente auéta. Inter reje€tamenta maris apud Yarmouth in Norfolcia. Perennis: Floret Januario Februario. Radix fibrofo-callofa, furculifera. Frons bipollicaris, membranacea, tenerrima, e bafi ramofa, caule nonnunquam brevi tereti fili- formi predita. Rami membrana tenuiflima utrinque alati. Fo- lia in omnibus que adhuc mihi videre contigit exemplaribus, principio ovata, dein oblonga, femper obtufa; e cofta iterum atque iterum prolifera. A Fuco Hypogloffo, cui proximé accedit, primo intuitu dignofci poteft, non modo foliorum figura, verim etiam ftructura tota interna, prafertimque lineis pellucidis, catenatis, plerumque fimplicibus, quandoque ramofis et anaftomofantibus, que a cofta utrinque copiofe oriuntur, et ad foliorum margines decurrunt, angulum cum cofta plis minis acutum fervantes. Fruétificatio, tubercula parva, globofa, in ipfa cofta, precipué fo-~ Jiorum extremitatem verfus fita, quorum plurima fzpe in eodem folio: his diffilientibus, feminum minimorum, faturaté rubentium copia fatis ampla ejicitur, et cofte utrique lateri, feriatim quafi dif- pofita, adhzret. Color plantz fanguineus. The refemblance of this plant to Fucus Hypoglofum is fo ex- tremely great, that, though I have been in the habit of obferving it for many {ucceflive years, and can point out feveral circumftances in 9 which 128 Mr. Turner's Defcriptions of swhich they effentially differ, I fhould ftill have felt very unwilling to defcribe them as fpecifically diftiné&, were it not for the curious lines of concatenated veins which I find both peculiar to this {pecies, and conftant in all the fpecimens that have fallen under my obfervation. Ina freth ftate thefe veins are fo eafily vifible, as to give the plant a ftriated appearance; but when dried, efpecially if faft- ened upon paper, a good glafs and ftrong light are neceffary to dif- cover them. I have never been able to form a fatisfa€tory opinion upon the office which they are intended to perform in the internal organization of the {pecies; nor indeed is this a fubjeét upon which, in our prefent knowledge of the marine algz, -it would be right to hazard aconjecture. I fhall therefore content myfelf with obferving, that they run from the midrib to the fides of the leaf generally in pa- rellel lines, but fometimes branching and anaftomofing; that they are quite pellucid; and that they are interfeéted at regular diftances with joints, like the filaments of Conferve. The colour of Fucus rufei- folius is always much darker than that of Fucus Hypoglofum; the leaves of a different form, and, particularly when young, very blunt; the texture of the membrane, under a powerful microfcope, diffimilar; the ftem far ftronger; and the midrib more prominent as well as more vifible: to which is to be added, that the months of January and February are thofe in which this plant bears its fruit, and in which it is moft frequently feen upon the Yarmouth beach; whereas Fucus Hypogloffum fructifies only in the fummer, and never appears at any other part of the year. Hence I conclude, that ~ the one is annual, the other perennial. I have a fpecimen of Fucus rufcifilius with the root completely fibrous; no tendency to which I ever faw in Fucus Hypoglofum; but, this not appearing to be al- ways the cafe, I have not confidered a fingle inflance fufficiently im- portant to ground any part of the fpecific diftinétion upon it. In the mode of fructifying, the two plants completely agree; and, as 8 much four new Species of Fucus. 129 much has been already written upon that fubje&, the Society will perhaps excufe me if I tre{pafs fomewhat upon their time by a flight digreflion refpecting it. The fruit of Fucus Hypogloffum, as is well known, is fometimes found in {mall globular capfules fituated upon the midrib of the leaves, while in other fpecimens no traces of thefe capfules are apparent, but minute dark feeds are difcoveted in two {mall rows on each fide of the midrib, and parallel to it: a cir- cumftance which with fome botanifts has given rife to the conjec- ture that this Fucus may poffibly be dioicous, while others have carried the matter fo faras to wifh to conftitute two diftinct {pecies. The latter idea however is done away by plants being occafionally found in which both kinds of fruétification, as they are called, mey be difcovered upon the fame plant ; and the former fuppofition has always appeared to me equally ill-founded, from my once having ex- amined a plant in which the capfule was actually burfting, and the feeds partly difcharged. I have no hefitation in owning, that I never could account for thefe feeds, fuppofing them to be cafually {cattered, adhering in fuch regular lines as is always the cafe ; nor can I fee any reafon for that part of the membrane upon which they are difpofed being of adarker colour, and apparently thicker fubftance, than the reft of the leaf: thefe are difficulties which I hope other bgtanifts will remove, but which do not appear to me of fafficient importance to induce me to accede to the idea of Fuci being monoicous or dioicous. I am indeed on the contrary per- fuaded that they prove nothing, as many other Fuci, among which are to be enumerated the following, have their feeds equally con- tained in capfules, and afterwards difperfed upon the frond, though without the fame appearance of regularity: thefe are Fucus alatus, ovalis, dafyphyllus, articulatus, kaliformis, clavellofus, tenuiffimus, and pinnatifizus. From a confideration of thefe and other circum- ftances, 1 have been led to conjeéture, that in the above-mentioned Vout. VI. 5 Fuci 130 Mr. TuRNER’s Defcriptions of Fuci the capfules, when mature, burft, and immediately die away ; while the feeds, from that vifcidity which they are known fo emi- nently to poflefs, adhere to the furface of the frond, till, upon the whole plant at the end of autumn paffing into decay, they attach themfelves to the ftems of the larger fpecies, or rocks, as the force of the fea carries them, and there remain fixed till the latter months of the following {pring again awake their vegetative powers. Excepting Fucus Hypoglofum there is none in the Britifh lift with which Fucus rufcifolius can poffibly be confounded, and 1 fhall there- fore trouble the Society with no more upon the fubject. Fucus crenulatus. F. fronde plana coriacea lineari dichotomA ; ramorum apicibus bi- furcis oblongo-lanceolatis. Tas. VIII. Fig. 3. Planta naturali magnitudine. 4 Frondis apex lente auctus. Habitat prope Durum flumen in Lufitanie littoribus; @ apud Du- brem. D.L. W. Dillwyn. Perennis? Floret Augufto, Septembri. Radix callus expanfus, fibrarum aliquot craffiufcularum rudimentis plerumque inftruétus. Frondes plurime, vix palmares, plan, enerves, f{tipiti brevi, tereti infidentes, laté expanfz, undique di- chotome, lineares, fingulari modo, prefertim extremitates versus, obtufé, fed et minutiffimé crenatz. Apices bifidi, angulis acutis, in lobos oblongo-lanceolatos definentes. Rami plurimi, nunquam proliferi. Fructificatio tubercula hemifpherica, magnitudine fe- minis ' " aM it <> Ding Sour new Species of Fucus. 131 minis rap, verrucofa, pallidé rubentia, feminibus repleta, utrique -frondis pagine infidentia. Subftantia coriacea.. Color e fufeo faturaté fanguineus, fugaciflimus, et in fordido-flavefcentem tranf- “jens. Var. B. fubftantia tenuiore, seul i integro, apicibus tte gh ob- tufiffimis. In feleéting for defcription this Portuguefe Fucus, in preferénce to. many more beautiful as well as more rare fpecies, which ny friends have been fo obliging as to procure for me from foreign fhores, I am actuated principally by the hope that it may thereby be in my power to throw fome light upon the botany of my own country; what I confider a variety of this having been found abun- dantly at Dover by my friend Mr. L. W. Dillwyn, and by him obligingly communicated to me in the courfe of the laft autumn. When this plant becomes more generally known and underftood, it may probably admit of well-founded difcuffion how far what I have now made a variety may not in reality be a diftinét fpecies ; and I have littl le doubt but almoft every botanift, who has only an oppor- tunity of examining them in a dry ftate, will immediately decide in favour of the latter opinion. For my own part, I can only fay that I have had many fpecimens of each under my obfervation, and that, after having frequently examined and compared them as attentively as was in my power, I could find no permanent difference between them ; though the Englith plant is ftrikingly diffimilar at firft fight, in in tte the edges of the frond far more entire, the ends generally blunt and frequently emarginate, but neither of thefe are- conftant, and the angles of the forks much lefs acute. The final determina- tion of this point muft be referved for future inveftigation: it is fuf- ficient for my purpofe here to fhow how this fpecies differs from its congeners. Fucus crenulatus was brought me in fuch quantity $2 i bi tat at eben - I £32 Mr. 'Turner’s Defcriptions of from Oporto.by a gentleman who gathered it there in the month of September 1798, that I can have very little doubt cf its being one of the moft common weeds. of that fhore.. It is altogether a con- neéting link between. two fpecies, by no means nearly allied to each other, Fucus crifpus and Fucus rubens, with each of which it has- many points in common, though fufficiently removed from the one- as well as the other. It agrees.in. texture and fubftance with the for-- mer, and in general habit with the latter, but may at’ firft fight be with eafe diftinguifhed from both by the branches always preferving” their linear form, and being divided at the extremities in a. manner fomewhat fimilar to thofe of F'veus bifidus.. The colour too, as far as. I have obferved, differs from that of every other Britith Fucus; of a dark red, inclining to brown, moft rapidly changing, if expofed to the air or kept in frefh water, to a dull dirty yellow: my Dover fpe- cimens, when placed in a ftrong light, are of a fine pink at the end of the frond. But the moft ftriking peculiarities of this fpecies are. the’ minutely crenulated edges, which cannot fail of being remarked by the moft inattentive obferver, and the fructification, which confifts of pale, flefh-coloured tubercles of. the fize of a pin’s. head, plenti- fully. fcattered upon each fide of the frond, efpecially towards. the extremities, in. their earlieft. {tage immerfed, but foon burfting: through the epidermis,,and not continuing covered with it, as in all other fpecies with which I am acquainted except Fucus. radiatus, . feffile, of a fubftance inclining to fpongy, and very. different from. the reft of this: plant: when dry they.turn. to a. dark. brown, and: entirely lofe, their natural: appearance. ‘The habit.of this Fucus in a frefh ftate, appears to me to be much twifted, and in .fome branches almoft fpiral. From analogy I have, no. helitation in. concluding that it is perennial, and Mr. Dillwyn’s fpecimens as well. as thofe: brought me. from Oporto leave no doubt as to its. frudlifying in the autymnal months. . Fucus: Why’ 4) 4 Pah Tb ita » Aatae Ann iansN. tolg. fpt3o. oA a \ cSucits 0 ES ae a four new Species of Fucus, 133 Fucus clavellofus. ¥. fronde filiformi fubgelatinosA ramofiffima; ramis confertis;. ra- mulis fubulatis fubpinnatis, tuberculis axillaribus. Tas. X. Fig. r. Planta naturali magnitudine. 2. Ramulus cum capfula lenté auétus. 3. Ramulus alter feminibus difperfis. Habitat apud Brancafter in Norfolcia;: inter rejecLamenta maris apud Yarmouth frequens. Annuus. Floret Julio, Augufto. Radix callus minutus. Frondes-plurime, feré fpithamez, filiformes, ') teretes,. lubrice,. undique ramofiffime, ramis ramulifque approxi- ‘matis, longitudine variis, fummis feré pinnatis, fubulato-clavatis, » plerumque oppofitis, nunquam vel verticillatis vel ita contractis ut articulati, videantur. Frondis craffities pennam paflerinam rard zquat. Fruétificatio, tubercula. minuta, nigricantia, e cordato- triangularia,. inter ramulos. minimos fita, feminibus referta, que, capfulis. marcefcentibus, ramulis inordinatim, adherent, ulveque: fpeciem pro fe ferunt.' Color pallidé ruber. For ‘the information. that the late Rev. John Lightfoot had in: tended. to defcribe the prefent plant as a diftinét fpecies, and had. beftowed upon. it the trivial name of c/ave/lofus, 1am indebted’ to. the kindnefs of Sir Thomas Frankland; and, as. this gentleman has abundantly found it upon the rocks at Scarbro’, and long been in the habit of obferying it, I muft be allowed for the fake of {cience to exprefs the wifh I have always felt that he would himfelf. have un- 8 dertak« m 134 Mr. Turner's Deferiptions of dertaken the defcription and determination of it. The fate of this elegant Fucus has been peculiarly unfortunate, and the endeavour- ing to point out its fpecific character is attended with fingular difficulties; all authors upon the fubject, with the exception of Mr. Lightfoot, to whom I prefume it was not known when he wrote his Flora, having confidered it only as a varying appearance of F. kaly- Jformis, and purpofely drawn up their defcription of that plant fo as to include this {pecies: a circumftance far from furprifing, as they are gathered upon different fhores, fo that few botanifts well ac- quainted with the one are likely to have feen the other in its place of growth: the Fucus kaliformis being principally, if not entirely, confined to the weftern fhores of Great Britain, where I have no reafon to believe that F. clavellofus, a native of the coaft from Nor- folk to Northumberland, ever makes its appearance. , As, during the months of fummer, this latter is far from uncommon upon the Yarmouth beach, I have had an opportunity of watching it for feveral years, in the courfe of which I never, at any period of its growth, remarked a tendency to affume the appearance of ‘the former; but being acquainted with that fpecies only from having feen a few dried fpecimens, I referved my opinion till my tour’ into Cornwall in the fummer of 1799 gave me an opportunity of ex- amining it plentifully in a recent ftate, and fatisfying myfelf that the plants are even more diftinét when frefh than when expanded upon paper, and preferved in herbaria. The points of difference are of a nature to be far more eafily underftood by a comparifon of {pecimens, than by any language it will be in my power to employ; the moft ftriking of them depending upon the general habit, upon the greater fize of F. ka/iformis, and upon its branches, particularly the extreme ones, being verticillated, and at intervals fo contracted as to give the whole plant a jointed appearance, very nearly re- fembling F. articulatus, from which in fome battered Apecimens I 6 have ie Nth cl ys Ory a” es,’ © M1 oa “4 ‘ Se Er ih ee bike ‘Beige te gr rt, pasar: | " {> pir MN ccs chuasat ey ttle tok. & Made VD ae ie a ee iva nye yo aa NT f F at ony ait, Pye ft ist ‘J eo oT bop ik, thes ¥ AWachias Yak” Baba, Mai sae Po 4 ad yo mo ar i » } Dd SOEs ay Bei matory. Vr pea Wye erates gph fy at ge ee c ; , eA) wy ee Py Ge 3 Ge 7 ecg cepa i ye = hat Hoy obs i a Ay sales ans CLG 2 oe - a of eat — ~ z = i “4 my, rf! A eae ) Sten hl! 49 j Saif ,, i i —, a aN 4 af 3 x a \ a : ak f Pe: / 5a 4 x nee Su WB. OSS NF = oh AN : aA ins cA 5 h S . 7 \ . f Ss = b i oe | , CVI Of POT TPs were four new Species of Fucus. 135 have had a difficulty in diftinguifhing it. Thefe marks, which are very obvious, will be altogether fufficient to enable any botanift to determine between the plants; but I extremely regret that, when I had an opportunity of examining F. Aahformis frefh, I omitted fub- jecting the capfules to a trong microfcope, and feeing if the feeds, which to the naked eye and in a dry ftate appear round, be not in reality, as in EB clavellofus, rather cordate. If they be not, and I with thofe naturalifts who have it in their power would attend to this circumftance, a fufficient and perhaps more fatisfactory dif+ ference is at once eftablifhed. Fucus Wigghu. F. fronde filiformi fubgelatinosA ramofiffim4; ramis ramulifque fetaceis ; fetis in filiculas lanceolatas mucronatas extenfis. Tas. X. BK ig. I. Frons naturali magnitudine. 2. Ramuli particula lenté auéta. Inter rejeGtamenta maris apud Yarmouth rariffimé lecta. Radix, ut in plerifque huic proximis, callus minutus. Frons filifor- mis, teres craffitie filiemporetici minoris, vix {pithamza, ramofiffi- ma; rami fepits alterni, ramulis ita cinéti-ut pinnati quodam- modo appareant : omnes, tam maximi quam minimi, fetis, ut ita _dicam, cinétis que plerumque fimplices, interdum autem funt bi- furce, interdumque, fed rariffimé, ita divife ut in ramulos noves tranfire videantur. Sete hz pedunculorum vice funguntur, fili- culafque parvas, ovato-lanceolatas, feminibus repletas, in mucro- nem definentes, ad extremitates ferunt. Semina faturaté rubra, minima, oculo nifi valdé armato, non difcernenda. Pedunculi filiculis 136 Mr. Turner’s Defcriptions of four new pPeetes of Fucus. filiculis dupld vel triplo longiores. Subftantia e cartilaginco ge- latinofa, lubrica. Color totius plante fufco-ruber. A fingle fpecimen of this Fucus was found many years ago upon the ¥ aymouth beach by Mr. Wigg, to whofe merit I feel a peculne pleafure in paying what I confider the moft public teftimony in my power, by making it known to the botanical world under his nae; and, as I think there cannot be the fmalleft doubt of its being totally diftin€t, not only from every Englith, but alfo from every other Fucus hitherto known, I truft that, however uncouth the appellation I have beftowed upon it, the Linnean Society will fhare my feelings, and neverthelefs fuffer it under that title to defcend to pofterity. Mr. Mafon and myfelf have fince gathered it, though neither of us more than one plant, nor do I know that it was ever feen in any other part of the kingdom. The place which naturally belongs to it in the Britifh lift is immediately between F. peduncu- latus and F. afparagoides; but, as there is no fear of its being con- founded with thofe or any other {pecies, and as I have in my {pecific charaéter included all the particulars refpecting it with which 1] am acquainted, I fhall add no more upon the fubjeét, except that the pods containing the feeds feem to be, as in F. /inuo/us, laciniatus, and many others, merely extenfions of the frond, which, when their office is fulfilled, ftart forth into new branches. X. De- X. Defeription of Callicocca Ipecacuanha. By Felix Avellar Brotero, Profeffor of Botany in the Univerfity of Coimbra, F.M. L.S. Read February 3, 1801. CALLICOCCA Ipecacuanua. Catticocca caule afcendente, fuffruticofo, farmentofo; foliis ovato-lanceolatis, inferné fubpubefcentibus; capitulo terminali, pedunculato ; involucro tetraphyllo, foliolis fubcordatis; corollis i. quinquefidis. Tapogomez fpecierum congener. D. De la Marck. Ilufir. Gen, Dié&. Bot. Ipecacuanha fufca. Pif: Braf. p.to1 It. Margr. Braf. p. 17+ Brafilienfibus aliis Ipecacuanha ; aliis Poaia do Matto, in auftralioribus Brafiliz locis; Cypé aliis, uti etiam. Portugallenfibus. Pharm. Ipecacuanhz fufce f. brunz Radix, aut Radix Brafilienfis f. antidyfenterica. Radix perennis, fimplex aut fubramofa, fubteres, fepius perpendicu- laris, rard leviter obliqua ; duas, tres, quatuorve uncias et ultra longa; fuperné gracilior, craffitudine et fimilitudine caulis, fpius hic illicve brevibus radiculis inftruéta (quarum una alterave inter- dum craffefcit); inferné duas trefve lineas craffa, vagé flexa, extis - fufca,. fubannulata, annulis prominentibus, inzqualibus, fubru- gofis; fapore acri, amaro, odore vix ullo, nifi herbaceo. Dum Vou, VI. 43 ficca, . a q ; q q 4 tp i Ma I 38 - Profefor Avettar Brotero’s De/cription ficca, cortex crafla, dura, fragilis, extts bruna, intus albicans, gomofo-refinofa, filo percurfa lignofo, xquali, albo, feré infipido, mucilagineo, a quo facilé in plures annulos fiffa contiguos et inx- quales, fiffuris levibus, feparatur ; fapore primum farinaceo, poftea fubamaro, fubacri, et femper minis acri quam in ftatu viridi, feu vivo; odore vix ullo, fed cum mortario contunditur, tenuis ejus pulvis fubnafeofo nares odore afficit et ufque ad fternutamentum ftimulat. Caulis fuffruticofus, ex procumbenti erectus, ad bafin, qua procum- bit, interdum repens, teres, craffitudine penne gallinacez, quin- que ad novem uncias altus, inferne glaber, efoliatus, fufcus, nodo- fus (ubi a foliorum cafu cicatrices), internodiis fursim verfus apicem indies decrefcentibus, ibique villofus, viridis, foliatus, in primis plante annis fimpliciffimus aut fimplex, poftea farmentofus, farmentis perpaucis efoliatis, fubtortuofis, procumbentibus, plus minif{ve dodrantalibus, nodofis, ad nodos vage radicantibus, ibique unum alterumve novum caulem, a primo aut alio femipedem et ultra difitum, producentibus. Folia inferiora caduca, ita ut in plante florefcentia 4,6, aut 8 folim, rariffimé plura, ad apicem caulis perfiftant; oppofita, patentia, ovato-lanceolata, nonnulla interdum fere obovata, tres ad quatuor uncias longa, unam ad duas feré lata, integerrima; fuperné fa- turaté viridia, pundis {cabriufculis afperfa, glabra, raré vagé fub- pubefcentia; fubtus ex viridi-albida, fubpubefcentia, cofta partm elevata, venis lateralibus alternis, fubparallelis, ad apicem curvatis: petiolus folii lamina brevior, 2, 3-ve lineas longus, canaliculatus, fubvillofus. Stipule gemine, Jaterifoliez, appreffe, feffiles, fublineares, partito- fimbriatz, lacinulis fubulatis, petiolis leviter adnate, illorum longi- tudine aut vix longiores, cum ipfis caulem fubvaginantes, marcef- centes. Flores _- ee” 7 — ¢ ee ——— en ne ee eS ne of Callicocea Ipecacuanha, £39 Fhres ageregati in capitulum folitarium, fubnutans, caulem termi- nans, pedunculatum; pedunculo tereti, pubefcenti, petiolis lon- giore, plis mintf{ve femiunciam alto: flofculi feffiles, 15 ad 24, bracteolis diftin&ti; braéteolz involucri et fofculorum longitudine, pubefcentes, integerrime, feffiles, virides, forma fape variantes, nunc fubovate oblongiufculz, nunc lanceolatz obtufiufcule, nunc (quod rarius) forma et magnitudine mvolucri foliolis fimiles, et tunc flofculi ipfis numerofiores. Involucrum tetraphyllum ; folioli fubcordati, acuti, integerrimi, fub- Meffiles, leviter undati, hirfuti; duo externi majores, omnes flofculis paulo longiores. Cal. Perianthium membranaceum, albidum, breviffimum, quinque-- dentatum, dentibus obtufis, fuperum, perfiftens. Cor, monopetala: tubus cylindraceys, longus, {upra parum ampliatus, fauce et extis Januginofus; limbus tubo brevior, quinquefidus, laciniis ovatis, acutis, recurvis. Stam. Filamenta quinque, capillaria, brevia, fuperné tubo inferta. Antherz oblong, lineares, ereéte, exfertz. Pif. ovatum, inferum, non angulatum. Stylus filiformis, longitu- dine tubi corollz; margine nectarifero brevi ad bafin cinétus. Stigmata duo, oblonga, craffiufcula, obtufa, antherarum longitu- dine; ; ~ ae . Peric. Bacca unilocularis, difperma,ex ovali-fubrotunda, nec fulcata, nec angulofa, fed levis, calyce coronata, ex rubro-purpurafcens, ‘mollis, demim corrugata, nigricanss Que immature decidunt, ficcanturque, funt ovales, utrinque (qua femina interne plana facie continguntur) unifulcate. Semina duo, elliptica, Ievia, leviter torta, arillo nullo; hinc plana, , ined partum elevaté media longitudinali notata, inde conyexa, ad Te apicem J “39° -o 3 ‘ . ~ 3 9 ate «140 Profefr AVELLAR Brotero’s Defcription apicem unifulcata. Tefta lignea, fordide albida; integumentum jnternum membranaceum, tenuiffimum, tefte arété adnatum: -albumen teftz cavitati refpondens, convexo-planum, cartilagi- neum, durum, ex fufco-fulvum, hinc ad faciem planam fulco lon- gitudinali exaratum,-inde leve; embryo dicotyledoneus, albumine brevior, erectus, dorfalis. Habitat in folo umbrofo humofoque fylvarum, in Pernambuquia, Bahia, Riojaneria, Paulenfia, Mariannia, alifque Brafilize pro- vinciis. Floret Nov. Dec. Jan.; nec non Februario aut Martio; baccz Maio ‘maturefcunt. Radicis vires medice fat cognitz. Hec omnia non plus ex meis obfervationibus in plantis ficcis mihi miffis, quam ex aliis in plantis vivis in Brafilia iterum atque iterom factis a D. Bernard. Bnt. Gomes, Botanice Medice diligentiffimo, et mecum benigné communicatis, teneo. EXPLICATIO TAB. XI. Fig. A, B. Caules duo ex farmento orti. _C. Sarmentum unum. D,E. Duz radices. — . Una ftipula cum duobus petiolis ; in uno , folii bafis adeft. 2; 3. Duo foliola involucri, unum ex majoribus, aliud ex minoribus. 4, 5. Braéteolz interflorales. 6. Corolla magnitudine naturali, germini impofita. 7. Eadem lente aucta, uti et calyx et germen inferum. 8. Eadem fciffa et aperta ut videantur anthere. g. Germen, calyx, ftylus et ftigmata, lente aucta. Fig. 10. if i. : | j ZA y fa, ut ane et femina duo Vi- 2 AEN Aro 2s Dee iy magnitudine naturali, fed hic Vin naturali ftatu, Soar | ~ ey nae bY ~ ( avulsa tefta. : M Yb ian, \ P . eh ks BRT} gine we gah? iy tag ele . inp a Romo Ee craise. LHS Brlor eek vas of bits Regie Ti) Tio r 1a Axa endhi on had ARS 3 fairl Lssoy : ini od ey he huis eo biuo bas be is! vag Ht ai zovo: tb. rat ae Ae yioem iisi¢a: fed) \ st ; R09 visve) 940 bts & baraisio val 13g fy Pe ibook Pil Havas « ; ot | hin olive Sil? ovat 03 ef reac ne hwo! ex ‘teste xy us ti tigxs fe y f enw i Noh: Ay) pitty RD usta ity BB host agit be: Be eth end Safest techs 4 ele > rennty te ty rf dd aval bt) POY SEA wh or Vas ‘ - RC Pe t ft iis vi 4 ‘ 4 +i it aha seen Reis Ae aR Be KB. ii “ae ne THOT ; Oey ri ohn idivad me tis wees (telinniel ipo TeoaKe ob yw? new a eRapas it 2, 5 Cee XI. Odjfervations on the Curculio Trifolii, or Clover Weevil, a fmall Infect which infefts the Heads of the cultsvated Clover, and deftroys the Seed. In a Letter to Thomas Marfoam, Efg. Tr.L.S. by Wiliam Markwick, Ef. F.L.S. With additional Remarks by Mr. Marfham. Read February 3, 1801. DEAR SIR, ‘THe very polite and obliging attention fo frequently fhown by you to my trifles in Natural Hiftory, encourages me to trouble you with this letter, to be laid, if you think proper, before the Linnean So- ciety; and fhould they difcover in it any thing that at all tends to improve the fcience, or that may be in any other refpect ufeful, I fhall feel myfelf highly gratified. Having ordered a field of clover, confifting of about eight acres, to be faved for feed, my fervant, on the 9th of Auguft laft, afked me whether I chofe to fave the whole field for that purpofe, faying that — he had examined feveral of the heads, and found the maggot in them. On this information I was induced to order only a part of the field to be faved for feed, and the reft to be mowed for hay. Soon after, I went myfelf to examine the ftate of the clover, and found in many of the heads feveral {mall white maggots or larve, in- variably placed on the outfide of the bafe beneath the individual calyx of each floret, eating through the bottom, and thereby deftroying the germen or rudiment of the future feed. Each of thefe larvz appeared to be exaétly fimilar in fhape and colour (only much {maller) to the nut maggot, having a white body, black heady and, ee : ¥ ma ah | eit * . ¢ ay ‘ - < , Me. MaRxEwicx's Obfervation? on the Clover Weevil. 143 and, as 1 at firft imagined, no legs; but I have fince difcovered, on a clofer infpection aflifted by glafles, near the head, three {mall white feales or prominences on each fide, which I fuppofe may fupply the place of legs, in this minute infeét. See Taz.V. fig. a. A. I traced it through its chryfalis to its imago or perfect ftate, in the following manner. Having placed a number of the blighted heads of the clover in a box, which was carefully covered with gauze to prevent any infeét from getting either in-or out, I found, on opening, the box-on the rgth of the fame month, a great apaber of {mall black- ith weevils running about in it, and on infpection difcovered many of their chryfalids, rdtioketnge to the ftem at the bafe of the individual floret, exactly in the fame fituation as I had before found the larve; nay, | even faw one or two of thefe bay crawl out from their chryfalids. Under’ thefe circumftances there can be no doubt that the be- fore-mentioned larva changes to a {mall white chryfalis, which dif- fers but little from it, except in being eg gg-fhaped and motionlefs; and this produces a fmall blackith weevil with a long beak, whitifh belly, and yellow legs. With regard to the quantity of damage done by this little de- ftructive infect, I know of no better way of afcertaining it, than by taking a comparative view of two of my crops, which grew in two fields adjoining to each other, and which appeared to be equally good with refpect to the growth of the plan's, but very different in the produce of feed: this will leave but little doubt that the deficiency of this year’s crop has been occafioned by the devaftations of thefe infe&ts, which abounded in an aftonifhing degree. This I fhall do with as much accuracy as I can. In the year 1798 I grew on nine acres of ground (juft double the quantity that was faved for feed»this year) either thirty-three or thirty-four bufhels and a half of clover feed, of which twenty-eight 9 bufhels ¥ oa ore. 8 g @ I 4a Mr, Marxwicx’s Odfervations on the Clover Weevil. bufhels and a half were fold for fifty fhillings per bufhel, and the reft, amounting to either five or fix bufhels (I am not quite certain which), was kept for my own ufe; fo that, taking it at the loweft, the ftatement will ftand thus : Buhhels. eth esac In 17098 four acres and a half, sala ah being half of the crop, troduced 163 which fold for 41 17 6 Thisyear(1800)thefame quan- _ § worth at __ tity of ground produced only ~ 72 ‘fame price IBIS Deficient 9} worth 23 26 Thus it appears that the lofs on this year’s crop is very great, oc- cafioned, moft probably, by the depredations of this infect; and be- fides, what feed I have is of an inferior quality. The fpecies of clover fown in both thefe fields was the common purple or honey-fuckle clover, which I take to be no other than the Trifolium pratenfe of Linné improved by culture. IT am, &c. REFERENCES TO THE FIGURES. Taz. V. Fig. a. The larva of the natural fize. . The fame magnified, , The chryfalis of the natural fize. The fame magnified. The weevil of the natural fize. . The fame magnified. . The individual calyx with the larva eating through its bottom, magnified. » ano wo SP The Mr. MArsuam’s additional Remarks. 145 The foregoing obfervations of Mr. Markwick furnifh another in- {tance of the deftructive property of infects to the agriculture of this country, prove the neceflity, particularly at this time, of a minute inveftigation into the caufes of the failure of crops, and fully evinces that the practical entomologift is a valuable member of fociety ; as, by difcovering the ceconomy and perfect hiftory of thefe minute de- ftroyers, and afcertaining, as much as poffible, the injury they do, we may either be enabled to difcover a remedy to the evil, or to diffipate _ our fears when we perceive, as in the cafe of the wheat infe& fo fully defcribed by this gentleman and Mr. Kirby, that Providence has fet bounds to their mifchief, and provided a fuitable check to prevent its increafe. The infect here mentioned has been defcribed by feve- ral authors, fome of whom have given a figure of it; but they all appear to have been unacquainted with its hiftory except the great Linné, for it is without doubt the Curculio Trifolii of that celebrated naturalift, and defcribed by him in the Appendix Animalium, Sy/ft. Nat. vol. iii. p. 224. where he fays, “ Habitat in Trifolii montani Spicis, intra quas declaratur.” It is alfo, I prefume, the Curculio flavipes of Fabricius, Syfema Entomologia, p. 133, n. 33, and of Paykul’s Mo- nograph, n. 135; but they only obferve, “* Habitat frequens primo vere locis apricis calidtoribus.” Geoffroy calls it le Becmare noire & pattes Sauves, in his Hiftotre Abrégée des Infeétes, tom. i. p. 272, n. 8. and adds to the defcription ‘* On & trouve fur les fleurs.” Fabricius in his En- tomologia Syftematica emendata has removed it from the genus Curculio, and attached it to that of Afte/abus, in which he has been followed by Panzer in his Entomologia Germanica, p. 298, n. 22, and Fauna Germanica 20, tab. 13, but I think without reafon, and they add nothing to its hiftory. The latter author fays “‘ Habitat in falice, populo, primo vere;” but taking the Haditat merely from the plants on which infeéts are found, without further examination, muft _ frequently lead to error, I had examined this infeét in its per- Vou. VI. ‘ U fect 146 Mr. MarsHAM’s additional Remarks, fect ftate very minutely, and have defcribed it in my manufcript as follows : Curcuio Trifolii, Cur. ater, roftro porrecto, pedibus ferrugineis; plantis nigris. Long. corp. 14 lin. Habitat in Trifolio. Descrip. Corpus atrum. Roftrum thorace paulo longius. An- tennz picee. Thorax punétulatus. Elytra ftriata. Pedes fer- ruginei, plantis femper nigris; eft ubi tibiis nigris variat. Ab- domen niveum, T. M XII. Further ( 147 } XII. Further Obfervations on the Curculio Trifolii. In a Letter to William Markwick, Efg. F.L.S. by Martin Chriftian Gottlieb Leb- mann, M.A. of Gottingen. Read February 3, 1801. Sir, HEN you favoured me, laft fummer, with an account of the damage done to your clover by a number of little maggots, and “permitted me to gather fome of the injured flower-heads, I felt in- terefted in the caufe, and became anxious to obferve the ceconomy and changes of this little deftruétive animal, and by my obfervations, in addition to thofe which you had fent to the Linnean Society, to endeavour to complete the hiftory of an enemy you had fo unfor- tunately become acquainted with. As far as my limited knowledge in the fcience of entomology ex- tends, nothing appears to have been hitherto publifhed of the nature and habits of this infect. The French naturalift Geoffroy, who firft defcribed the perfect animal, fays it is found on flowers, and calls it /e Becmare noir a pattes fauves, but takes no notice of its larva. Fabricius defcribes it as an Avtelabus, and obferves “ Habitat primo vere frequens lacis apricis calidioribus ;” which perfectly agrees with my own obfervation, for it was the firft infect I found laft {pring in a funny meadow near a fhrubbery. The blighted clover heads which I gathered in your grounds in Augult.were, like all the reft in the field, full of maggots of different U2 fizes, 148 Mr. Lenmann’s Odfervations on the Curculio Trifolii. fizes, which of courfe paffed into their perfe&t ftate at different periods from the middle of Auguft until the end of September. I preferved half a dozen of them in a flower-pot covered with gauze, in which I had previoufly fown fome turnip feed. They fed a little upon the cotyledons of this plant, but feemed not in- clined to perform that duty which nature has impofed on them in their perfeét ftate. On the contrary, they foon retired to a fecret corner of their prifon above the earth, where they remained ina quiefcent ftate ; and, after the firft cold nights in O&tober, appeared as if dead, but foon revived upon being brought into my warm ftudy. Few as thefe obfervations may appear, yet, added to your intereft- ing difcovery, they may form an outline of the hiftory of this little animal, which further and more accurate obfervations may com-~ plete. Hatched between the calyces of the Trifolium pratenfe, the maggot penetrates with its head into the rudiments of the firft feed, as yet in a liquid ftate, and then proceeds to another more advanced and fuitable to its increafed ftrength. Having confumed 3 or 4 of them, it remains in the place of the laft, where it is fufficiently fheltered, and changes like other weevils into the pupa or chryfalis ftate, through the tranfparent fkin of which an experienced eye: may trace the different limbs of the future animal. After a few days . the infeét comes forth in its imago or perfect ftate, at firft foft and white, but foon changing to a fhining black colour, except the tibia and firft joint of the antennz, which remain yellow. Having taken a fhort meal, it flowly conceals ‘itfelf in the {mall holes of fences, or in the bark of trees, where it repofes during the winter, if fufficiently protected from its numerous’ enemies. Few however, happily, furvive; for it appears impoflible that many fhould efcape the vigilance and dexterity of the wren, the redbreaft, the nun, a Pe ee ae et ee a an Mr. Lenmawn’s Odfervations on the Carculio Trifolii. 149 nun, and other birds of the titmoufe kind ¢ Motacile, Pari.}. Such as efcape their bills are among the firft partakers of the uni- verfal life which nature excites in the fpring, Laft year they ap- peared in Suffex in the month of March, and,, in addition to their numerous perfecutors, the Svaphylimi were then particularly formi- dable to them. Surrounded by fo many dangers, while feeding on.the tender leaves of plants, they are employed in feeking their conforts, until the heads of clover and perhaps other papilionaceous flowers break out, when the female depofits on the cup of the {welling feed the egg that produces its deftroyer. The fecundity of this little infect is fo prodigious, that the maggots deftroyed a whole field which the year before, when not a fingle infeét of this kind was difcovered, produced 70 pounds of feed. There is reafon to believe, however, that the parents of thofe millions were then in your grounds, as, the animal being not only deftitute of wings but alfo very flow in its motion, it is not probable that it could have overrun your field to fuch a degree from a dif- tance in the courfe of one feafon. In the hiftory of this, as in almoft that of every other infe&, if obferved with attention, the ceconomy of nature appears wonderful. This little infect feems defigned to prevent the boundlefs increafe of the trefoil, and is itfelf circumfcribed in its numbers by numerous enemies conftantly on the watch to devour it. The female of this infeé&t could never lay a great number of eggs if fhe had to fearch for flowers fparingly fpread over a large field, as fhe would in that cafe infallibly become a prey to fome of her enemies; whereas in the clover field, where flower preffes upon flower, fhe may lay | ten thoufand in fecret. / The wolf is extirpated in thefe.iflands, formerly its abode. Infects not lefs formidable and deftructiye are yet unfubdued. Our cattle, our ficlds 150 Mr. Leumawnn’s Ob/fervations on the Curculio Trifolii. fields, our granaries, &c. often bear witnefs to this truth. The fame {pirit which made us mafters of the creation is ftill neceffary to preferve the government. Our knowledge muft keep pace with our defires, and men in general will foon be compelled by neceffity to the uni- verfal purfuit of a fcience to which a philofophic mind needs no fuch incentive. November 28, 1800, XIII. De- ‘ > A hy ‘ . j fh e 3 . ‘ rs Sap te 2 ty nhs arr i ae ) DER 9 heh Ta HE Lo S lg ie ly ee: : ‘ Pe p 2 XY y 4 a, +3) « . > = Ae vs oe nt ‘ ae i AE . A ERE. DaAt ) Ws 4 ." Figeh & n ya @ AS a IN ae ee ga ! - be eo Sas es. ; P ae Me } Linn. Trans Vitable2 pl. ) ay — ee. ” - ee a ee) oe ~ a Op Po * c ' “ ‘ - nee ‘ aa (2S 1g8".): XIII. Defcription of Brotera perfica and Muftelia eupatoria, two new Plants cultivated in the Botanic Garden of Halle, by Curt Sprengel, M.D. - Profeffor of Botany in the Univerfity of Halle. Read March 3, 1801. BROTERA PERSICA. — Tas. XII. Crasst XIV. adnumeranda. Charaéter effentialis genericus. Lazu inferioris lacinia media pena involvens genitalia, eaque cum impetu protrudens, Descript10.—Herba peadupedalis, caule ramifque tetragonis, axillis - (fig. a.) barbatis. Folia oppofita, fubfecunda, petiolata, ovata, ferrata, {cabriufcula. Inflorefc. Cymata axillaris pedunculata. (fig. 4. 4.) Cal. quinqueariftatus, pubefcens. (fig. c. c.) Corolla minuta, calyce vix longior, ringens (fig. ¢.): labium fuperius bipartitum: (1.) inferius tripartitum, lacinia -media (3-) cucullata, antheras cum ftylo occultans, donec externus ftimulus accedat, qui ilico deprimit cucullum, ut antherz erect prodeant 152 Dr. SPRENGEL’s Defeription of prodeant. Corolla pallida, lutefcit ad faucem cuculli: ipfe cucullus rufus eft. Stamina pilofa. Anthera \utee. (fig. e.) Stylus violaceus. Stigma capitatum. (fig. f) Semina quatuor oblonga nuda in fundo calycis. - (fig. 2.) In honorem fummi botanici Felicis Avellar Brotero, Prof. Conim~ bricenfis, id genus dixi. Accepi autem femina ab amico Thouino e mufeo naturali Parifino, quo apportata funt ab O/iverio et Bruguerio e Perfia, 5 MUSTELIA eEvuparoria. Tas. XIII. Ciass1 XIX. adnumeranda. Charaéter effentialis genericus. Anthodium fimplex polyphyllum. Rec.nudum. Papp. duplex, pale- aceus & quinqueariftatus. Corollude quinquefide. Descript10.— Herba bipedalis: caule inclinato, recurvato. Folia oppofita, fafciculata, oblonga, apice denticulata, lucida, punctata, trinervia. Infor. in corymbis, quorum medius primo floret, lateralibus elon- gatis ferius florefcentibus. * Anthodium conftanter quinqueflorum, polyphyllum, zquale. (fig. a.) 6 Corollula + Linn. Trans. VL tab 23 ple. vs it 4th gies \ Ww * m- ine ‘ <- - d, « . ” bi et A eth Tiles le 7 : - Cag phe atde : ° Pas ’ "? 4 - eclatentD « * Se ee ae” ee ee CU ll ¥ - - Brotera perfica and Muftelia eupatoria, 153 Corollule quinquefide, quine. (fig. 4.) Stigmata \ongiffima, (fig. e. e) Pappus duplex, paleaceus alter externus, internus alter quinque- ariftatus. (fig. ¢.) His potiffimum notis abunde diftinguitur ab Agerato et Eupatorio, cum quibus alioquin germanitatem quamdam naturalem habet. Dixi in honorem eximii phytologi, Mu/telii, cujus Effai fur la Vége- tation infignia addidit incrementa doétrine de fabrica plantarum & de ufu partium. Vou VI on ¥ XIV. Ob- (54>) XIV. Obfervations on the Hinges of Britifb Bivalve Shells. _ By Mr. William Wood, F.L.S. \ Read Fanuary 6, 1801. ; AMONG the many authors who have either noticed fhells in their works on Natural Hiftory, or have written profeffedly on the fubject, it is rather extraordinary that no particular attention fhould have been hitherto paid to their hinges; more efpecially as they afford the leading charaéters by which fhells are arranged. Da Cofta, indeed, in his Elements of Conchology, has figured the hinges of the feveral genera of bivalves; but many of them are not calculated to give a clear idea of the parts which they are in- tended to reprefent: befides, he has confined himfelf to one fpecies in a genus, which is by no means {ufficient, inafmuch as many af the hinges of the fame genus of fhells differ materially from one another in their fpecific characters. Figures on this fubject have been given alfo in the laft volume of the Amenitates Academica; but thefe are mote calculated to miflead than to inftruét. The confideration that fomething of this kind, executed in a more accurate and comprehenfive manner than has hitherto been done, is ftill a defideratum among conchologifts, has induced me to attempt the following obfervations, which I lay be- fore the Society with all diffidence, confcious that they are far from being faultlefs, and that fome fhells are omitted which may, 6 for ed Sa Oe ae eee ee Mr, Wiiztram Woon’s Obfervations, &c. 155 for any thing I know to the contrary,, exhibit peculiarities..in the formation of their hinges, not to be found inthis paper. Perhaps what is already finifhed may excite fome more able member 06. this. Society, whofe: cabinet is more. extenfive, to complete the fubject. I am. indebted to the accurate pencil of my friend Mr. Henry Boys for the Solen pellucidus, Tellina bimaculata, Venus. Chione, and Venus undata. My acknowledgments muft likewife be made to his moft refpectable father, William Boys, Efg. for the ready accefs whicli I have at all times had to. his colle¢tion. In the courfe of the following remarks, it. will be noticed, that feveral fhells are totally neglected, which are too common to be wanting even in a very confined. collection. To account for this, it will be neceffary, to mention all the fhells belonging. to the Bri- tifh feries of bivalves. which have not been inferted, and to give a f{ufficient. reafon for their omiffion. Of the genus Mya, all have been figured, except the M. dubia of Mr. Pennanf,. which at prefent I have not in my colleétion. Of the Solenes, I have neither the Legumen nor Cultellus. But their lofs is of little confequence, as the teeth of the former (ac- cording to Mr. Pennant),exa@ly refemble thofe of the S. pellucidus ; _whilft the latter, having a fingle tooth on both fides-of the hinge, will probably not differ materially from the Vagina. The hinge of the S. Enfis agrees exaétly with that of the Siiiqua. Among the Telling, the T. fragilis is unknown to me. The T. #ri- Safciata, cornubienfis, and donacinay are wanting, and the hinge of the Fabula is like the planata. , ; There is too. great a fimilarity in the hinges of the fpecies be- longing, to, the genus Cardium, to make more than one figure ne- ceffary. _ Excepting the two lateral teeth of the Maéra folida, no effential ; X2 difference 156 Mr. Wit1am Woon's Obfervations on the difference is to be perceived between the hinge of that fhell and of the M. /utraria. I have therefore omitted it, in order that the number of figures might not be unneceffarily increafed. Of the two fpecies of Donax, defcribed by Britifh conchologitts, the Trunculus only is in my poffeffion ; but it is more than probable, from the refemblance thefe two fhells bear to each other, that their hinges are not very diffimilar, 5 I have never feen the Venus deflorata, defcribed and figured by Mr. Pennant in the Britifh Zoology. The V. /inuofa and ovata are not among my fhells ; and the hinge of the VY. rotundaia is too like the decuffata to need a defcription. The hinge of the /. orealis will be found, upon comparifon, to refemble exaétly that of the Maéfra . alba; therefore it would be placed with more propriety in that genus. The Donax rus ought at the fame time to be removed into the third divifion of the genus Venus, where the contour of the fhell, as well as the formation of the hinge, will point out its proper fituation.. . In the genus Arca, it was thought unneceflary to give a figure of the daéiea, after exhibiting the ftriking difference between the hinge of the 4. Nucleus and Glycymeris. Of the genus Peéten, Ofirea, Anomia, and Mytilus, it is fufficient to fay, that a fpecimen has been given from each, as the {pecies are, for the moft part, deftitute of teeth, and the fhells merely united by cartilage. . MYA, Linn. Syft. Nat. ed. Gmel. 1. p. 3217. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 14. 4.41. fi14. DaCoft. Br. Conch. p. 233. t. 16. fri. 1.—Elem. Conch. t..7. f- 16. Lift. Conch. 4. 428. . jf. 269.—Hift. An. Ang. t. 5. f. 36. Gault. Toft. tb gle fi D. Chemn, Conch. 6. tot. f. 1, 2 ; 3. truncata. TAs. arenaria. Hinges of Britifh Bivalve Shells: 157 TAs. XIV. Fig. I, 2. A thick, broad, upright, ftriated tooth in the upper valve*; in the lower valve, a deep, fpoon-fhaped hollow, with.a {mall tooth on one fide, and a fharp ridge on the other, running from the beak towards. , the truncated end. Lifter, in his Hifforia Animalium A glia, has figured the lower valve of this fhell,; but has totally miftaken the form of the tooth, Da Cofta, in his Brith Conchology, and likewife in his Elements, has fucceeded better, although his figures are by no means perfect. Linn. Syft. Nat. ed. Gmel. 1. p. 3218. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 16. 4 42. f. 16. Lif. Conch. t. 418. f. 262.— Baft. Opufe. fubf. % p. 69. 4. 7: fe 2% 3. Argenv. Zoom. t. 5. f. 10s. Tas. XIV. Fig: 3, 4-- Hinge with an upright; fanfhaped tooth; on the fide,. a ridge deeply fulcated ; lower valve like the preced- ing, except the fide tooth, which ‘is. fcarcely to be diftinguifhed. Mr. Pennant has given a very good figure of the tooth: in the~ upper valve of this: fhell, and of. the- M. truncata. * For the fake of perfpicuity, in the defcription of the Hinge, I have called that the upper valve which contains the great tooth, mar garitiferas 158 Mr. Wirt1am Woop’s Obfervations on the margaritifera. Linn. Syf. Nat. ed. Gmel. i. p. 3219. Penn. Br. Zool. piclorum. No. 18. t. 43. fo 18. Da Coft. Conch, t. 15. fo 15+ Lift. Conch. t. 149. f. 4.—An. Ang. App. 15. #. 1 fit. Chemn. Conch. 6. t. 1. fo 5. Gault. Teft. t. 102. fC. Klein. Ofr. t. 10. fi. 47. Knorr. Vergn. 4. t. 256 fi & ~ Tas. XIV. Fig. 5, 6. The hinge of this fhell is very thick and rugged; the tooth in the upper valve blunt, and uneven at the top. On one fide there is a fulcus, which receives a {mall tooth from the oppofite valve, at the fame time that the large one fits into a correfponding depreffion. This, with the following fhell, completes Da Cofta’s genus of Mya. The two former he has placed among the Chame. Linn. Syft. Nat. ed. Gmel 3218. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 17. t.43-f.17- Da Coft. Br. Conch. p. 228. t. 15. f. 4. 40 —Elem. Conch. ¢.7. fitz Lift. Conch, t. 147. fe 2 3- —An. Ang. ti 2. f. 30. App. t. i. f2 4. Chemn. Conch. 6:1. 1. fi 6. ' incarnata. cornea. tVox. VIL. Hinges of Britifh Bivalve Shells. — 161 Tas. XV. Fig. 1-4 One valve of the Z. p/anata contains three teeth ; two near the beak, and one rather remote. The other valve has only two, and the largeft is divided longitudinally. Linn. Syft. Nat. ed. Gmel. 1. p. 3234. . Penn. Br. Zool. No. 32. t. 49. f. 32. 32. Lift. Conch. t. 405. f. 250. —An. Ang. t. 4. f. 25. Da Cof. Br. Conch. p. 211. 12. f. 4.4.4. - Gault. Toft. t. 88. f. M. Tas. XV. Fig. 5—8. This thell has two teeth clofe to the beak in each valve, one of which is fulcated. There are no remote teeth. Mr. Pennant has called this fhell carnaria. I believe his J. incarnata to be the TZ. radiata of Linnzus. Linn. Syft. Nat. ed. Gmel. i. p. 3242. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 36. %. 49. f. 36. Da Cof. Br. Conch. p. 173- #13. fig. 2.2. Lif. Conch. t. 159. f. 14.—An. Ang. ta. fo 31. App. 22. t. 1. f 5. Gault. Teff. te 7. Sf B C. Chemn. Conch. 6.1. 14. fi 133. 4. 6. Tan. XV. Fig. 9—12. In the T. cornea we find four teeth in each valve. The two remotely fituated are of a confiderable fize; but thofe placed more immediately under the beak are {o minute, that they are hardly to be diftinguifhed without a magnifying glals, even in the large Thames fpecimens. Y If 162 rivalis. bimaculata. Mr. Witt1AM Woon’s Obfervations on the If the principal generic chara@er of a fhell reft upon the formation of the hinge, it will, perhaps, be difficult to find a proper place for the Z- cornea. The central teeth do not perfectly agree with the character of a Tellina; and the remote teeth differ fo evidently, that Da Cofta has removed this fhell into the next genus, where we find it under the name of Cardium Nux. Maton in the Linn. Tran. V. 3. p. 44 t..13- f. 373.38- Tas. XV. Fig. 13—16. The hinge of this fhell is formed of four teeth in each valve, two at the beak and two remote. The two near the beak in one valve unite to form a fmall arch. One of the teeth in the other valve is double. ; T. rivalis is ably defcribed, and well figured, in the Tranfa€tions of this Society, where the difference be- tween. it and the I. cornea is fufficiently pointed out. Linn. Syft. Nat. ed. Gmel. t. p. 3240: Da Coft. Br. Conch. p» 213. Chemn. Conch, 6. t. 13. fo 127. Tas. XV. Fig. 17, 18, 19. The figure of this fhell was fent to me, unaccompanied by adefcription. There appears to be a thick tooth in the centre of the hinge of one valve; and a ca- vity, probably for its reception, between two teeth, in the oppofite. Servenfis.. Hinges of Britifo Bivalve Shells. 163 Servenfis. Linn. Syft. Nat. ed. Gmel. 1. p. 3235. Lift, Conch, t.°394. dt GEER . Tas. XV. Fig. 20, ate This hinge, in one valve, has a fingle upright tooth, fituated by the fide of a flight depreffion, which is divided in the middle by a {mall ridge. The lower valve has likewife an ereét tooth, which is notched. The fhape of this fhell approaches fo nearly to the T. radiata, that I imagine the hinge in both will be found ‘the fame. At prefent I have not an op- portunity of comparing them. CARDIUM. - aculeatum. Linn. Syft. Nat. ed. Gmel. 1. p.3247. Penn. Br. Zool. { No. 37. ¢. 50. f- 37- Da Coft. Elem. of Conch. t. 1. B, fi 8. Lift: Conch. t, 321. f. 128. Gault. Tefl, t. 720. if: 4. Chemn. Conch. 6. t. 15. f. 155—157. z Tas. XVI. Fig. 1,2. 7 The charaéter of the hinge in this fhell is fo ftrongly marked, and fo exa¢tly refembles the other fpecies, that one figure will fuffice for the whole genus. No other defcription is neceffary than what may be found in the explanation of the plates. MACTRA, lutraria. Linn. Syft. Nat. ed. Gmel. y. p. 3259. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 44. t. 52. f. 44. Lift. Conch. t. 415. f. 259.— An. Ang. t. 4. f- 19. Rumph. Muf. t.45.f M. Chemn. Conch. ©. t. 24. f. 240, 241. SAC : Y2 TAB. 164 bians. Mr. Witi1am Woop’s Odfervations on the Taz. XVI. Fig. 3, 4. The valves of this fhell are firmly connected together, by a quantity of cartilage feated in two {poon-fhaped. cavities. On the fide of one of the cavities, in the upper valve, there is a very {trong tooth, the two plates of which form an obtufe angle, and the whole is received between two teeth in the oppo- fite valve. Da Cofta, when he wrote his Britifh Conchology, was not aware that this fhell formed a diftinét {pecies from the following; he has therefore defcribed and figured the M. bians 2 underthe name of Chama magna, while his Synonyms direct the reader to the M. lutraria, Da Coft. Br. Conch. p. 23%. #217. fi 4e Tas. XVI. Fig. 5, 6. The great cavity in the hinge of this fpecies is larger, more fpread, but not fo regularly fhaped as in the preceding, The great tooth in the upper valve locks, like that in the M. /utraria, between two teeth in the lower valve, of which the outer one, in the - {pecimen before me, is grooved longitudinally, and, when the fhell is clofed, fits into a {mall cavity on the outfide of the tooth in the upper valve. It fhould likewife be noted, that there is in both valves a deep, narrow fulcus, which runs from the beak of the thell acrofs the bafe of the great cavity, and clofe on the infide of the.teeth. fiultorum, Juultorum, ~~ ee ese alba. ee ted ot ae ee ae ee trunculus. Hinges of Britifo Bivalve Shells. 165 Linn. Syft. Nat. ed. .Gmel. 1. p. 3258- Penn. Br. Zool. No. 30..t. 49. fo3o- Da.Co/t. Br. Conch. p. 196. t. 12. SF 3- 3° Life Coneh. t. 251. f-85- Gault. Teft. 4.71. | f.G. Chemn. Conch. 6. t. 23. f.224—227. Tas. XVI. Fig. 7,8. There is an ere& tooth in the upper valve of this thell, near the beak, fomewhat fimilar in fhape to the great one in the M, /utraria. This fits within a reét- angular tooth in the lower valve, which likewife contains four remote teeth, like laminz, receiving between them two‘from the upper valve. I have referred for this fhell to Mr. Pennant’s Tel/ina radiata, as both ‘his defcription and figure agree ex- actly with the Linnean M. fultorum. His fhell of that name (No. 42. ¢. 52. 7. 42.) is, perhaps, only a young one of the M. /ilida. Tas. XVI, Fig. g—12. I believe we are indebted for the difcovery of this fhelt to that accurate conchologift, William Boys, Efq. who found it on the Sandwich fhore, where I have fince met with it in abundance. The hinge has the true fpoon-thaped cavity peculiar to the genus Maéire, with a {mall tooth fituated clofe to it in-the upper valve, which has no remote teeth. » The lower valve is provided with two. DONAX. % Lynn. Syft. Nat. ed. Gmel. 1. p. 3263. Penn. Br. Zool. No. AS: t% 55> fo. 45+ Da Cof. Br. Conch. p. 207. t. 14. 166 iflandica. Chicne. Mr. Wittram Woon’s Od/ervations on the t, 14. fig. 3- Lift. Conch. 1. 376. f. 217.—An Ang.. t. 5. ft 35- Borlafe Cornw. p. 278. t. 28. fi 25. Chemn. Conch. 6. t. 26. f. 253, 254. Tas. XVI. Fig. 13—16. Hinge with a thick furrowed tooth in one valve, re- ceived between two others inthe oppofite. A fin- gle marginal tooth in each valve, at a little diftance from the beak. has 5 VENUS. Linn. Syft. Nat. ed. Gmel. 1. p. 3271. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 47: t. 53: f-'47- Da Cof. Br. Conch. p. 183. t 14. f. 5- Lif. Conch. t. 272. f. 108.—. > Sound in the Environs of Dover, 181 Pifum maritimum. On the beach between Walmer Caftle.and Kingf- down. Lathyrus Nifilia. About the 65th mile ftone on the fides of the London road. Sylvefiris. In the dark lane fouth of the main entrance into Walderfhare Park, Hippocrepis comofa. Common on the hills about Dover. Trifolium ornithopodioides. - fubterraneum. {sete Dimchurch and New Romney. - fcabrum. Trifolium maritimum. Yn Sandwich falt marfhes. - glomeratum. Mediches i. fier ley } Near Sandown Caftle. Hypericum androfemum. In moft of the woods about Dover. In the wood on Lymne-hill, plentifully. Crepis biennis, On the heights near the Horfe Barracks. Carduus eriopborus. About a farm called Polton, near Raddigund’s Abbey; and about the ruins of Lymne Caftle. acaulis. Abounds on the hills about Dover. Orchis uftulata. In the Foreland Meadow, and on the hills about Dover, fparingly. militaris. Found by the Rey. S.L. Jacobs, F.L.S. near Chil- ton, on the fide of the path leading from Bufhy Rough to Alkham. | conopfea. Very luxuriant on the hills about Dover. I counted 229 flowers in one fpike. Ophrys Nidus avis. Wood between Alkham and Ewel Minnis. ~- fpiralis. In the Foreland Meadow, and a little eaft of the Caves. - Loci, Boggy ground about Ham Ponds, —-— anthropiphora. Bank weftward of Crabble. —-— mufcifera. wii bank at the fide of Coombe Wood, and, as Iam 182 Mr. DILuwyNn’s Catalogue of the more rare Plants 4 Lam informed by the Rev. J. Lyon,-in feveral other fimilar fitu- ations about Dover. Ophrys apifera. Common in fanny deruvens Jabout Dover? ona barren bank in the lane running eaft of Barton, plentifully. —— aranifera. On the hills about Dover; fome = nach more plentifully than others. Serapias latifoka. ¥n the wood between’ Alkham and Ewel Minnis; and in a wood between Alkham and Raddigund’ s Abbey.” longifolia. Boggy ground about Ham Potids, marfhes about Hacklinge between Deal - and ay and in Wingham martfhes. Carex pulicaris. hates clans about Ham Ponds. arenaria. Sand-hills about Deal, Sandwich, and Romney. divifa. Near Ham Ponds and in Sandwich marfhes. —— pendula, Wood on Lymne-hill, abundantly. —— difans. Sandwich marfhes and about Ham Ponds. pfeudo-cyperus. Ditches between Deal and Sandwich, and in Sandwich Old Haven. : Urtica pilulifera. 1s extiné&t at ‘Old Romney ;’ but a little fouth of Lyd Church-yard grows plentifully. Myriophyllum verticillatum. Ditches between Deal and genteiche Salix argentea. A little north of Sandown Caflle, plentifully. Iam obliged to Dr. Smith for its name. Hippophaé rhamnoides. With the laft in ‘abundance between Folk- ftone and Sandgate, Undercliff, and a little weft of St. Margaret’ a | Bay. Atriplex litioralis, About Ramfgate pier, and on the fhorea little north of Sandwich falt-pans. Equifetum fluviatile. In Folkftone Cherry orchard. Afplenium Ceterach. On the wall at ‘the entrance into Peell Church- yard, 6 Fontinalis a we id Sound in the Environs of Dover. 18 3 Fontinalis fecunda. On trees welt of Buckland Church. Mnium undulatum. \ In Walderthare Shrubbery, in fruit abundantly, hornum. May 14, 1799. Bryum unguiculatum. On the outfide of the eaftern inner wall of Dover Caftle, {paringly. —— triquetrum R. Hudfon, Bank of the rivulet near Cockfhill. Hypnum lutefcens. Not uncommon on the hills in the neighbour- hood of Dover. Smith, On the trees a little north of the Half-way Houfe between Dover and Canterbury; and plentifully on the trees in Walderfhare Park. Early in April, 1800, the veils appeared with upright hairs, agreeing with thofe of the genus Orthotrichum; and I found, one with a capfule, but I do not think any Came to per- fection. proliferum. In fruit, near Barham, May 3, 1799. ——— alopecurum. Hedge-bank in the dark lane eaft of Charlton, in fruit, November 26, 1799. —— fquarrofum. \ About the wood near Raddigund’s Abbey, in —— purum, — fruit, November 1, 1799. ; —— filiforme. _ On trees near Bier. tenellum. (Rickfon, fafe. 4.) On old walls at the Priory, and other walls about Dover. Fucus funguineus. Frequently wafhed on the Dover Shore. It is in fructification from December to the latter end of March. —— finuofis. —— Aypogloffum. —-— dufyphyllus. —— memby anifolius 8. Rocks near the Caves, fparingly. —— fibrofus. —— bulbofus. —— crenulaius. Not unfrequent ¢ inter rejectamenta;’ and at a neap 2 tide \: Sometimes, but not frequently, found .in the - neighbourhood. - }sometimes wafhed on fhore after ftorms. 184 Mr. Ditiwyn’s Catalogue of the more rare Plants, @c. tide I found iit on the rocks oppofite Shakefpear’s Cliff near low water mark. Fucus loreus. Abounds en the fhore after ftorms. —— edulis. Rocks near the Caves, plentifully. —— plumofus, Rocks about Dover, common. -— nodofus.’ Rocks at Folkftone, abundantly. —— Filum. On the Dover beach only after ftorms. —— radiatus. With many of the more common fpecies, on the —— confervoides. | rocks about Dover. Between F. confervoides Jfubfufeus, + and F. albidus1 can find no fpecific differ- articulaius, ence, and I believe F. Opuntia is only F. arti- Opuntia. J culatus in a young ftate. Ung Soa } Are fometimes found on the beach at Dover. Conferva equifetifolia. - verticillata. . . 3 fucicola With many of the more common fpecies, are - elongata frequently met with on the Dover rocks aioe and beach, as well as feveral which, in the mies prefent ftate of our knowledge of this -— diaphiana genus, cannot be arranged. ———- by ffoides. —-—— gelatinofa. In the rivulet which runs acrofs the Vi@ual- ling-Office yard, and other places about Dover. — glomerata. About the wooden bridge a little beyond Bufhy Rough. Agaricus pfittacinus. Wood near Raddigund’s Abbey. ——— varius. Var.6, of Withering, as alfo one agreeing with ~ Var. 7. except in having the pileus white, and Pesixa inflexd, in the fame wood near Raddigund’s Abbey. XVI. De- ———————— rr ——" ( 185 .) XVI. Defcriptions of fome fingular Coleopterous Infects. By Charles Schreibers, M.D. Deputy Profeffor of Natural Hiffory in the Univerfity of Vienna. Read April 7, 1801. LUCANUS gneus. Tas. XX. Fig. 1. Lucanus oblongus zneus; mandibulis exfertis, brevibus, validie, recurvis, interne ferrugineo hirtis; capite parvo, tranfverfo, fub- bicornuto; thorace magno, convexo, transverfo, margine utringue angulo deflexo; elytris fubcylindricis, convexis, fubrugofulis ; tibiis anticis latioribus, dentatis, interne lamina cornea falciformi munitis. Caput transverfe oblongo quadratum, breve, thoraci multo anguftius, planiufculum, pun@is excavatis {cabrum, nitidum viridi zneum, interdum ex cupreo incurvatum; triangulo medio magno fubexca- vato marginibus elevatis glabris, lateralibus poftice conniventibus, antice ad latera marginis anterioris ante oculos fubprominentibus ; hinc caput fubbicornutum. Margo anticus fubemarginatus, © Oculi laterales, ovati, brunnei. Antenna breves, fufco-nigrefcentes, glabra, nitidz, ante oculos infertz, thoraci breviores, uni-articulata, lateraliter expanfe vel fubfiffiles, extrorfum craffiores, apice pertufe, 1o-articulate: articulo prime maximo, clongato, clavato; 5 infequentibus parvis fubzqualibus, Vor. VIF Bb fubmoni- 186 Dr. Scurersers’ Defcriptions of fubmoniliformibus ; ultimo magno, clavato, fubperfoliato, foliis 4, quorum primum minimum haud confpicuum, Tas. XIX. fig. 5. Mandibule porrecte, capite longiores, valide, recurve, apice latiores, hic truncate & emarginate, hinc bidentate, dente apicis & medio ubi recurvz, {patio inter hos fubdenticulato. Glabra fub lente haud diftinéte punctate, interne pilis denfis ferrugineis hirte, obfolete viridi enez fubnitida marginibus nigrefcentibus. Tas, XIX. fig. 1—3. Palpi quatuor filiformes, glabri, brunnei, craffiores; pofterioribus 3-articulatis, articulis fere xqualibus, primo minimo, 2do fub- clavato, 3tio obtufo-acuminato; fubincurvis brevioribus: anteri- oribus longioribus 4-articulatis, aruiculo primo minimo, 2do elon- gato fubclavato, 3tio parvo fubmoniliformi, ultimo longiori, obtufo-acuminato. Tas. XIX. fig. 6. Maxille breves, membranacez, fetofe. Tas. XIX. fig. 4. Labium faperius nullum ; inferius corneum, rotundum, integrum. Thorax magnus, brevis, elytris latior, convexus, margine utrin- que angulo deflexo; margine poftico parum finuato, margini- bus lateralibus fubreflexis; nitidus, viridi-zneus, in medio fub- tiliffime & fparfim excavato-punctatus, ceterum glaber puncto excavato majori laterali fupra angulum deflexum, Scutellum magnum, femicirculare, planom, glabrum, concolor. Elytra brevia, parum convexa, oblongo-ovata, fubcylindrica poftice parum anguftiora, non connata, marginata, fubpunctata, {ubru- gofula, nitida, viridi-nea, totum corpus ambientia, margine fub- reflexo, tuberculo levi verfus apicem. Corpus alatum, alis fufcis; fubtus 2neum, plus minus ex viridi, nitidum, pun@atum, fubvillofum pilis brevibus fericeis hinc inde prefertim ad latera fegmenti primi abdominis, denfioribus, ex cinereo flavefcentibus, Abdomen a —— pe ead ¥ eee ae Z fome fingular Coleopterous Infeéts. 187 Abdomen fegmentis 6, primo (peétore) maximo, craffo, convexo, acumine brevi porreéto in margine fuperiori inter femora media ; reliqua fegmenta brevia angulta, marginibus piceis. Femora autica crafla, valida, cylindrica; media cylindrica, gracili- ora paulo; poftica compreffa latiora; omnia nitida, viridi-znea fubpunétata, fubhirta. Tibie antice (Tas. XIX. fig. 7.) apice dilatate, paulolum com- preffe, extrorfum dentate, dentibus nigrefcentibus 6—7; apice truncate, oblique emarginate, pilis ferrugineis in fafciculum acutum dentiforme colleétis, longioribus, & prope hoc lamina fat magna, cornea, radiata, falciformis, nitida picea ad angulum inter- num; tibie relique graciles, fubcylindrice, ad articulationem tarforum interius bifpinofa; omnes punctatx, fubhirte, nitide viridi-znez. * Zarfi §-articulati, articulis 4, primis moniliformibus, fubtus ferrugineo- hirtis, ultimo longo, clavato, incurvo; omnibus glabris nitidis, nigro-piceis, unguibus 2 fat validis, incurvis, acutis, & inter hos in vagina condita ad libitum porrigenda fpina gracilis apice divifa in duas multifidas. VARIETAS. Paulo minor & color viridi-zneus cum nitore aureo pulcherrimo. _ Mandibule longiores, prolongate, minusque recurve, graciliores, flexuofe, punctate, fplendentes, nitidiffimz, aurex, apice margini- busque cyaneis, interne pilis denfiffimis ferrugineis hirte. Structura ceterum mandibularum confpicue differt & difficillime eft defcribenda. Apex fubrecurvus, latior, bis emarginatus hinc tri- dentatus, margineque inferiori interne in medio unidentato, dente fat valido, acuto, antrorfum fpectante. Tas. XIX. fig.g—r1. Inter palpos rudimenta penicillorum, Lucanis ad inftar, aft non Bb 2 porrecta, . - 188. Dr. Scuneisers’ Defcriptions of porreéta, & reliquis plane deficientia, ubi fpatium pilis tantum impletum. : Cetera omnino correfpondent. Elytra levia minime punétata. FEMINA. Ejusdem habitus & magnitudinis, paulo tamen anguftior & magis adhue cylindrica. Color nigro-zneus cum nitore violaceo. Triangulum capitis minus diftinétum.. Mandibule muito breviores, fere erect, parum incurve, apice paulo craffiores, & hic oblique antrorfum emarginate & excavate ;. punctate, nitide nigrefcentes, interne pilis ferrugineis, fed minus quam in prioribus, hirte. Thorax magis punctatus & feaber. Tibie antice (Tas. XIX. fig. 8.) multo graciliores, quamvis apice parum dilatate, fubfulcate, punctate, extrorfum dentate, dentibus 8,9 fenfim magnitudine decrefcentibus paulo validioribus; apice minus emarginate, pilis aliquot ferrugineis folitariis denteque fat longo, acuto, loco laminz cornez, ad angulum internum. Fibie mediz & poftice extrorfum fpinofe. Cetera conveniunt. Patria, Nova Hollandia; Infula Norfolk Maris Pacifici. Ex Mufeo D. Francillon. Hofpitatur in Mufeis D. Banks, D. Marfham, D. Parkinfon. Defcripfit jam hoc infeétum clar. Fabricius in Sy{temate fuo Ento- mologie emendato, ¢. 1. p. i. p. 2. fub nomine Lethri enei, ex Mufeo D. Banks, ubi dicit: ‘¢ Forte proprii generis,” cum ob defeétum palporum genus rite determinare non potuiffet; ceterum nimis obiter {pecimen examinaffe videtur dicendo, elytra “* haud cennata,” que primo intuitu perfecte feparata apparent. Minime ad genus Lethri referendum eft, cum non folum toto habitu, fed corpore alato, —_—- it en = Some fingular Coleopterous Infects. 189 alato, elytris feparatis, tota antennarum, partiumque oris omnium conditione omnino differt. His potius cum Lwucanis convenit, faltem cum aliquis, nam magnam inter varias hujus generis {pecies obfervavimus charaéterum difcrepantiam; differt autem a com- muni earum conditione. habitu, capite parvo, thorace convexo, lateribus deflexis; elytris convexis; antennis articulo primo minus gracili non arcuato, ultimo minus perfoliato ; labio inferiori integro corneo; palpis craffioribus, pofterioribus articulis non fubzqualibus ; penicillorum, faltem perfectorum, abfentia, &c. Proprium hinc certe genus conftituere videtur, hancque ob rationem follicitam partium charaéterifticarum defcriptionem dedimus; pro tempore autem, cum fingula fit fpecies, ad Lucanos retulimus. SCARABALUS. PRoBoscIDEUS. Taz. XX. Fig. 2. Ratione habitus, Copris, recentiorum. Ratione capitis thoracisque conditionis pertinet ad familiam fecun- dam Scarabgorum Fabricii. Scar. {cutellatus ferrugineus; thorace mutico fubretufo; clypeo poftice bilobato, antice in medio prolongato, cornu brevi, erecto, obtufo, emarginato ; apice fubemarginato in roftrum gracile, fub- attenuatum, fubdecurvum, terminante. Color totus ferrugineus, interdum obfcurior & nigricans. Clypeus thoraci multo anguftior, planiufculus, poftice ad utrumque latus in lobum ocularem dilatatus, antice in medio prolongatus in laminam cujus margines laterales per lineam elevatam fupra caput ad bafin ufque fefe extendunt, & fic lobos pofticos laterales a clypeo ipfo diftinguunt. In lamina hujus medio, a thorace con- fiderato, ’ 190 Dr. Scureisers’ Defcriptions of fiderato, cornu breve feu tuberculum ereQlum, apice obtufo-emar- ginatum. Laminaipfa verfus apicem dilatatur, & hic {ubemarginata prolongatur in roftrum longitudine totius clypei, gracile, {ubat- tenuatum, quadrangulare, fubdecurvum, apice craffiorl marginato probofcideo, furcato, furcis lateralibus deorfum {pectantibus apice paulo magis divaricantibus. Roftriformis hzc clypei prolongatio valde fingularis eft folida atque imperforata. Subtus lamina clypei in medio elevata, paulolum fupra-os fulcro verticali, longitudine 3 linearum, apice furcato, nvunita eft. Tas. XIX. fig. 12. Clypeus prafertim antice & roftrum fub lente fcabriufcula: cxterum fubnitida, ferruginea, marginibus omnibus, apice tuberculi medii, apice furcisque roftri, nigris. Latera clypei totius prafertim poftice pilis ferrugineis in fafciculos longos, acutos colleis. Antenne ferruginex, clava magna ovato-rotundata, fublamellata. ‘Thorax brevis, elytris latior, valde convexus, fubretufus, inermis, forma & conditione femine Scar. 4-dentis, Cyclopis, &c. fimilis, at non ad margines laterales anticos dilatatus wt in Cyclope. Ad latera punctis impreflis fubfcabriufculus, antice & in medio glaber, macula rotundata impreffa fupra marginem lateralem; margini- bus omnibus elevatis, lateralibus fafciculis pilofis, ferrugineis acu- minatis, ciliatis; margine poftico rotundato-truncato. Czterum fubnitidus, ferrugineus. Scutellum magnum, triangulare, planum, concolor. Elytra valde convexa, totum corpus ambientia, excavato pun¢tato- ftriata, fubnitida, ferruginea. Corpus fubtus fub{cabriufculum, obfolete ferrugineum, pilis fat longis ferrugineis undique hirtum. Pedes concolores, hirti; femoribus anticis & pofticis incraffatis; tibiis anticis extrorfum dentatis, dentibus 5 validis fenfim decrefcentibus nigris; ae — Some fingular Coleopterous InftGs. 191 nigris; tibiis mediis & pofticis triquetris, valde {pinofis; tarfis hirtis verfus infertionem nigro marginatis. Femina incognita. Magnitudine Scarabeo Cyclopi accedit, Sc. guadridentem multum fuperat. Habitu & forma immo & colore Scarabeis Cyclpi, Coriphao & guadridenti accedit. Patria, Nova Hollandia. Ex Muteo D. Francillon. SCARABUS pyrTIscoIDEs. Tas. XX. Fig. 3. Ratione capitis thoracisque conditionis pertinet ad familiam fextam Scarabaorum Fabricii. Scar.ex{cutellatus, muticus, niger, opacus; clypeo bidentato; thorace fubplaniufculo, conico; elytris latis, planis, apice rotundatis, den- tatis, ftriatis; tibiis anticis fexdentatis, pofticis ciliatis; tarfis mediis longiffimis. . Clypeus {ubovatus, poftice convexiufculus, antice fubexcavatus, fub lente punctis minimis fubfcabriufculus, niger, opacus; margine laterali hirto, parumper reflexo, antico fubemarginato & in medio bidentato, dentibus longioribus, acutis, {ubreflexis, approximatis, antrorfum divergentibus. Aitenne nigre, clava cinerafcente. Thorax fubplaniufculus, conicus, poftice elytrorum fere Jatitudine, antice multo anguftior, utrinque truncatus, paulo latior quam longus, lateribus antice fubinflexis; niger opacus, fub lente fub- fcabriufculus. Scutellum 192 Dr. Scurerpers’ Deferiptions of Scutellum nullum diftinétum, aft elytra hoc loco fpatium triangulare fat magnum haud impletum formant. Elytra ovata, plana, totum corpus tegentia, apice rotundata, tenula, opaca, nigra, fub lente punctis minimis elevatis crenulata, longi- tudinaliter ftriata, flriis leviter impreffis 7 in utroque, fulcoque elevato verfus marginem lateralem. Dentes 7 in utroque verfus apicem, quorum unusquisque inter duas ftrias impreffas parum oblique pofitus fat validus, bafi latior, triangularis, compreffus. Anus magnus truncatus, triangularis ut in Scar. facro & gibbofo, margine utrinque elevato, glaber, opacus, niger, fub dente crenu- latus. Corpus fubtus nigrum, nitidum, Sc. /acro fimile. Femora antica valida, compreffa, clavata; media paulo graciliora compreffa, fubcurvata ; poftica graciliora compreffa ; omnia glabra nitida, marginibus pilis longis, atris, hirtis. Tibia antice hirtz, extrorfum dentatz, dentibus 6, validis longis acutis, 3 primis longiffimis fere equalibus. Tibia medie graciles, fubtriquetre, hirte, fpimofe, apice f{pinis duabus longioribus. Tibia poftica saleliaiee triquetre, pilis denfis, longis, atris ad margines ut in Se. facro, ciliate, apice {pina unica munite. Tarfi hitti, fpinofi, antict breviffimi; poftici paulo longiores ; medii longiffimi, triplo pofticis & quidem ipfis tibiis longiores. Magnitudine Scar. facrum xquat. Habitu & forma Sc. facro & fimilibus accedit, aft thoracis figura fingulari conica, angufta, elytris complanatis pedibusque multo _longioribus. multum differt, & primo intuitu. Dyé/ce fimilitudinem refer". Patria, Brafilia. Ex Mufeo D. Francillon. \ 4 CETONIA —o ee Jame fingular Coleopterous Infects. 193 CETONIA Parrrpsiu. (Scarasaus Linn.) Tas. XX. Fig. 4. _ Cer. clypeo elongato, emarginato, atro; thorace planiufculo piceo F marginibus atris; elytris planiufculis, atris, fulcatis, fulcis exca- . vatis latis ex fulvo hirtis. 4 Clypeus magnus, planus, elongatus, cylindricus, apice emarginatus, denfim excavato punctatus, margine laterali elevato, ater, opacus. Oculi \aterales fufcoflavefcentes. Antenna atre, ftrucStura communi, at articulus primus Sali magnus. i Thorax planiufculus, antice anguftior, ad latera parum finuatus, poftice latior, at elytris paulo anguftior, margine poftico finuato, 3 laterali fubreflexo; leviter excavato punctatus, magis confpicue . ad latera, haud nitidus piceus, marginibus omnibus atris. * Scutellum magnum, planum, triangulare, atrum. Elytra plana, corpore haud breviora, apice paulo anguftiora quam : bafi, haud nitida, glabra, atra, fulcis in utroque quatuor longitu- - dinalibus leviter excavatis, nec bafin nec apicem attingentibus, pilis brevibus fulvis repletis ; duobus exterioribus haud diftindis, interiori breviffimo, medio latiffimo, cujus margines elevate verfus apicem connivent & tuberculum leve formant. Corpus fubtus atrum, opacum, craffum pilis fufcis hinc inde hirtum, ’ fterno porreéto, compretio, fubtriangulari. Pedes atri, femoribus anticis hirtis brevioribus, pofticis 4 incraffatis, compreffis ; tibiis anticis brevioribus, fubpalmatis extrorfum tri- dentatis; mediis et pofticis cylindricis, extrorfum in medio uni- fpinofis, apice 4-fpinofis ; 3 tarfis 5-articulatis. Magnitudine Cetoniam (Scarabeum Linn.) fa Yeicularem multum fu- perat. irk iaige Patria, Nova Hollandia. . -Ex Mufeo D. Francillon. Vou. VI. Cp SILPHA 194 Dr. ScHREIBERS’ Dejcriptions of , SILPHA. LACRYMOSA. Taz. XX. Fig. 5: SILPH, atra 5 thorace plano in medio atro tuberculato, lateribus late marginatis teftaceis ; elytris fabconvexiufculis medio atris, apice & ad latera teftaceis, maculis oblongis. ‘déorfum incraflatis, ele= vatis. Caput deflexum, oblongo-quadratum, glabrum, opacum, atrum, linea transverfa, elevata, fubfinuata cervicis inter oculos, aliaque haud diftin&ta frontali, media, longitudinali, spree Ocul: laterales, ovati, teftacel. Antenne fubhirte, atre, articulis 3 ultimis rufis.’ Thorax planiufculus, latus, margine antico emarginato, poftico fub- finuato-truncato, laterali rotundato, fubrefléxo ; antice: parum an- guftior, & tota forma: Si/pha thoracice & fashions accedens ; elaber, opacus, minime nitidus, in medio ater & hic fa eectibia _ aliquot irregularibus, parum nitidis.notatus, ad latera teftaceus, colore thoraci Si/ph.. thoraciea omnino fimili, at minime nitido, per atrum in medio emarginato. Scutellum magnum, planum, fubexcavatum, triangulare, atrum. Elyira parum convexa, bafi thoracis latitudine, apice latiora dilatato- rotundata, margine laterali fubexcavato, fubreflexo; in medio atra, opaca, lateribus & apice late teftaceis, maculis elevatis pau- lolum nitidis, glabris, lacrymofis, in utroque 10. Tres ad futu- ram fuperiori lineari, media infra hanc, oblonga deorfum craffi- ori, tertia minori, ovata; quatuor in medio, prima lineari, fecunda oblonga deorfum incraflata, tertia oblonga valde incraffata, fimil- lima guttule feu lacrymee deploranti, ultima oblonga, obliqua, interdum divifa verfus apicem. Tres exteriores fubrotunde minima. 4 Omnes, i ~ fome fingular Coleopterous Infeéts. 195 ‘ -Onhnes, ‘ultima apicis excepta, difcum atrum obfident. Plurime earum ob figuram oblongo-ovatam deorfum incraffatam fimiles funt guttulis decadentibus feu lacrymis, é& tres feries longitudinales haud regulares conftituunt. Color ater difci elytrorum tantum’ a corpore tranfparente, fic ut thoracis, maculz autem atre per fe. Corpus fabtus cum pedibus atrum, fubnitidum. Pedis poftici longiores, antici breviffimi. Magnitudo Silph. littoralis ut habitus, quamvis sides apice latiora & - thoracis forma diverfa. Patria, Nova Hollandia. - Ex Mufeo D. Francillon. _ Hofpitatur etiam in Mufeo D. Marfham.' ||’ : CLERUS Fascicuratus. (Arretrasus Linn.) | * AB? SAK, Fig. 6. %), Cu. “niger; Biciilian fabglobofo, {cabto, pubefcente, atro; elytris elongatis, cylindricis, porcatis, nigris, bafi fafciculis duobus pilofis, verectis, ‘ fafciaque lata tranfverfa, albomarginata, fubpubefcente, ~ nitida verfus apicem, atris; antennis flavefcentibus. Caput thoraci infertum illoque paulo anguftias, margine antico fub- s " emnettginiato) Yateralivahtice arite octilos ‘elevato$ punétis excavatis, “ denfis, “feabriam; fubpubefcens | prefertim ad latera’ pilis ’ ‘longio- ribus atris, hine inde citierafcentibus; fubnitidum, atrum. - Oculi laterales, ovati, nigro-picei. Antenne craffee, moniliformes, extrorfum craftiores, tite 3 ultimis majoribus, Clero apiario fimiles, flavefcentes: LAT & AL OSI Palpi quatuor, fecuriformes omnes, quamvis articulus ultimus anti~ corum minor. His differt a communi hujus generis conditione Arn’ AAG Cc2 partiuny 196 Dr. ScuRe1BERS’ Deferiptions of partium oris, & convenit cum C/. apiario pari modo difcre- pante. Thorax convexus, fabglobofus, immarginatus, antice truncatus, poftice rotundatus, puncétis impreffis fcaber, pilis atris & hinc inde cine- rafcentibus, pubefcens, hirtus, ater. Scutell: loco pun&um villofum, cinereo-album. E/yira convexa, fubelongata, cylindrica, apice rotundata, humeris paulo prominulis, opaca, nigra, punétis majoribus, profunde exca- vatis, denfis, catenulatis, porcata; fafciculo in utroque, magno, erecto conico, atro, verfus bafin a pilis denfis conflato, alioque multo minori, haud diftin@o infra hoc & fupra medium elytri, cinereo; fafciaque lata, communi, tranfverfa, finuata, fubpubef- cente, fubnitida, atra pilis cinerafcentibus marginata, poftica, apicem excludente. Macula parva, glabra, lutea ad marginem exteriorem in direétione parallela cum fafciculo cinereo, aliaque paulo majori tali infra illam ad marginem & angulum externum, fuperiorem fafciz. Corpus atrum, hirtum fubpubefcens, abdomine polline flavo adfperfo. Pedes atri, rugofuli, hirti, femoribus anticis paulo craffioribus ; tarfis - grarticulatis, piceis, fubtus flavo-fufcis, hirtis, pubefcentibus; Clr. apiario fimiles forma, breviores, latiores, articulis magis aiype natis quam in Cler. mutillario Fabr. Duplo major eft Clero mutillario, & inter hanc & Cie apiarium medium tenet; convenit cum priori habitu & colore, differt autem confpicue refpeétu conditionis antennarum, palporum, tarforum- que. Patria, Nova Hollandia. -Ex Moufeo D, Francillon. PRIONUS cor? ae Some fingular Coleopterous Infeéts. 197 PRIONUS tepipoprerus. (CerAmatx Linn.) Tas. XXI. Fig. 1. Pr. thorace fubcylindrico, convexiufculo, fubunidentato, fubvillofo, rufo-piceo nigro-maculato; elytris fubcoriaceis, abdomine brevi- eribus, apice dehifcentibus, truncatis, fubemarginatis, humeris fubgibbofis, margine laterali deflexo; lineatis fubnitidis, rufo- piceis, maculis ovatis, villofis, ex flavo cinerafcentibus ; abdomine elongato, {phingiformi variegato. Caput thoraci anguftius, infertum, transverfum, planiufculum, atrum, fronte & margine laterali pilis denfis, brevibus ex flavo cineraf-. centibus, pubefcentibus ; mandibulis porreétis, fimplicibus, apice mucronatis, incurvis, bafi hirtis, atro-piceis, longitudine capitis. ~ . : . . . Oculi transverfi, fubreniformes, marginales, fufci. Antenna {etacex, atre, elytris haud breviores. Thorax brevis, transverfus, fubconvexus, fubcylindricus, margine laterali in medio fubunidentato; fubvillofus, magis ad latera pilis breviffimis ex flavo dahsMircriscibiie's ceterum glaber, fubnitidus ex rufo-piceus, margine laterali maculisque duabus magnis, irre= gularibus, dorfalibus, vitta longitudinali pubefcente a margine laterali diftinétis, vel lateribus late, dorfoque atris. Scutellum magnum, planum, triangulare, atrum. Elyira {ubcoriacea, elongata, fubcylindrica, abdomine breviora, apice anguftiora && ab invicem dehifcentia, truncato-fubemarginata, margine Jaterali deflexo, verfus bafin impreffo, hinc humera gib- bofa; margine, futura lineisque elevatis in utroque quatuor longi- sudipeieaee quarum exterior. fubdiftinéta in margine deflexo, abbreviata a bafi & apice remota; infequens ibi ubi margo de- flectit ab humere ad apicem ufque; tertia infra bafin ufque paulo ante apicem; quarta interna a latere {cutelli, breviffima.—— Elytra 198 ' Dr. Scurt1BERs’ Deferiptions of Elytra caterum glabra, fubnitida, rufo-picea, maculis ovatis & oblongis, majoribus, ex pilis brevibus, denfis, ex flavo cinerafcen- tibus, pubefcentibus ; irregulariter variegata. ¢ Thorax & pectus fubtus atra denfim ex cinereo pubefcentia. . Abdomen elongatifiimum, craffum, teres, fenfim verfus apicem atte- nuatum, paulum ad unum alterumve latus flexum, apice obtufo acuminato; glabrum, nitidum, rufum, margine fuperiori omnium fermentorum late atro, maculaque magna, tranfverfa, oblonga pu- befcente, cinereo-flavefcente ad latus utriusque fegmenti, ultimo ex- cepto rufo nigroque indiftincte variegato. Singularis abdominis forma & pictio magnam cum Sphingibus affini- tatem & fimilitudinem refert. Pedes breves, anteriores breviores, ultimi longiores ex rufo teftacei, femoribus fubpubefcentibus, tibiis interne fubbifpinofis, plantis fubtus fericeis. Patria, Nova Hollandia. Ex Mufeo D. Francillon. ba 7 CERAMBIX Grrarra. Tas. XXL. Fig. 2. Cer. obfcurus, immaculdtus; thorace inermi elongato, in medio an- / guftato, tranfverfim rugofulo; elytris fubconvexis, bafi fcabriuf- | culis, apice glaberioribus, {cutello cinerafcente, villofo. Caput anguftum, cylindricum, vertice elongato, Tinea dorfali, media - fubdiftina, nitidiori, fubimprefia ; haud nitidum, atrum, glabrum, | wage & {parfim excavato pun@atum, fronte inter antennas pro- funde Canaliculata, mandibulis validis, ue, acutis, com- preffis. Ocul atri, reniformes, ad antennarum radicem, easque ambientes. Antenne : : | 7 Pa - Some fingular Caleopterous Infeéts, 199 Anteune corpore duplo longiores, atre, fubfcabriufcula, articulis 5, 6, 7, 8, paulum arcuatis. Thorax anguftus, medio anguftiffimus,. valde elongatus, una cum _ Capite elytrorum longitudine, inermis; immarginatus, teres, antice ~Jatitudine capitis, poftice paulo latior, at elytris anguftior, nitidus, r niger, denfim tran{verfim rugofulus. Scutellim fat magnum, femirotundum, planum, tomentofo-cinerafcens. Elyira convexiufcula, fubcylindrica, apice parum rotundato-atte- nuata, angulis humeralibus paulo prominulis ; ‘nitida, obfcura, ex fufco-viridana, fubenea, colore Lamie (Cerambici Linn.) Sartori . affinia, bafi ufque ad medium fcabra, a medio ad apicem glabra. Corpus fabtus nigrum; thorax tranfverfim' rugofulus, Pedes unicolores, antici longiffimi, longitudine totius iva 3 medii * multo breviores; poftici breviffimi. Femora gracilia, fabcylindrica’, in medio parum incraffata, mutica. Tibia’ graciles, antice verfus apicem dente acuto interius ; mediz & poftice eodem loco fed exterius dente obtufo armate.. Ti arft f quadriarticulati, articulis conicis, tertio mange 4to ungu- lato, antici multo majores, barbati. Aliud {pecinien, forte fexus alter, minus, antennis brevioribus arti- culis non arcuatis, thorace multo bréviori,; nec tam angutto, pedibus omnibus zqualibus, tarfis anticis non majoribus nec barbatis. Differt a Cerambice eereaks Fabricii ss sta Uh emend. tel. ps 2. ip: 265. ? modo dentatis, ca i niga shies it anticis ee ay &e Diverfa omnino hinc fpecies effe videtur, quamvis, femina minus dif crepat nullo modo C. /ongicolli confundenda Antponamm longitu- dine fatis diftinéto. , Patria, Nova Hollandia. Ex Mufeo D. Francillon, D. Marfham. 4 : CERAM- 200 Dr. Scurerwers’ Defcriptions of CERAMBIX Ficurevu. . ‘Tas. XXI. Fig. 3. CER. xneus; capite latiflimo, transverfo, tuberculo laterali villofo ferrugineo-flavefcente, oculum dividente; thorace angufto cylin- drico; elytris abdamine multo longioribus, valde attenuatis, apice prolongatis, divergentibus, fubbarbatis. baad Caput breve, latiflimum, transverfum, planum, nigrum, pilis denfis, tenuibus, fericeis, nitidis, 2neis, villofum linea media dorfali im- prefla. Tas. XIX. fig. 13. Oculi \aterales, gibbi, per tuberculum fericeo-villéfum, Gensnises flavum, poft antennas fituatum, tali modo divifi ut duo ad utrum- que latus appareant. Jn omnibus quidem Cerambicibus Linn. Prionis, {cilicet, Lamiis, Saperdis, &c. Fabr. oculi funt magni lunati, ar- cuati vel reniformes, antennarumque infertionis tuberculum plus minus circumambientes. Singulare autem in hac fpecie eft, eos tuberculo propria, magno, tali modo divifos vel interruptos effe ut immo fub lente vix ulla eorum appareat connettio. Tas. X1X. fig.14, Oculus externus gibbofus, pars ejus pofterior ad verticem poft antennas haud convexa, ovata. Antenna corpore longiores, fetacez, nigrefcentes. Frons latus, tranfverfus; labium fuperius anguftum, hirtum, piceum. Mandibul@ exferte, apice acuminate, incurve, bafi late, compreflz; nitide, pice, fulco taterali, levi, hirto, exarate. Thorax planivfculus, cylindricus, muticus, immarginatus, tran{verfim rugofulus, poftice in medio impreffus, nigro-zneus, lineis duabus vel quatuor, plus minus diftinétis, dorfalibus, longitudinalibus, fericeo-villofo-zneis, punctisque duobus majoribus, plus minus confpicuis flavefcentibus ad utrumque latus. ~ Scutellum / Some fingular Coleopterous Infetts. 201 Sculellum parvum, fubquadratum, planum, medio fubimpreffum, glabrum, nitidum, obfcure zneo-nigrum. é Elytra fubconvexa, bafi thoraci paulo latiora, abdomine multo lon- giora, elongata, apice valde acuminato-attenuata, prolongata, anguftiffima, imo apice ab invicem divergentia & pilis nigris ciliato-barbata; glabra, fubnitida, villofula, obf{cure zenea, futura, a medio ad apicem, fulcoque longitudinali, a bafi ad apicem elevatis. Thorax fubtus & peétus, nigra, fericeo-villofa, macula laterali diftin&ta, ovata, villofa, lutea ad marginem pectoris pofticum, aliaque fub- diftinéta tali ad marginem anticum priori parallela. Abdomen fubtus nigro-piceum, glabrum, nitidum, macula utrinque laterali, parva, villofa, lutea, ad utriusque fegmenti marginem in- : feriorem. : Pedes obfcure enei, villofi, femoribus omnibus paulum infatis. : Patria, Nova Hollandia. Ex Mufeo D. Francillon. SCARITES Scuroetreri. (Caragus Linn.) Tas. XXI. Fig. 4. Scar. ater; capite magno, porrecto, poftice bituberofo, mandibulis_ ~magnis exfertis, bafi unidentatis; thorace planiufculo, marginato, fubcordato; elytris planiufculis cylindricis, marginatis, {triatis; tibiis anticis palmato-fubdentatis, pofticis incurvatis. Omnium longe maximus, ater, nitidus. Caput magnum, porrectum, fubquadratum, thoracis latitudine, poltice anguftatum in collum teres, craflum, (Taz. XIX. fig, 16. a.a.) fronte f{ubimpreffa, fubrugofa (e); poftice ad latera tubero!um, tuberculo utringue fat magno, rotundo poft oculos (b), fulcogue VOL. View. Dd elevato, VW e ~ 202 Dr. Seurerwers’ Defcriptions of elevato, longitudinali laterali, abbreviato, ab antennarum infer- tionis loco ad tuberculum ufque decurrente (d). Antenné moniliformes, haud thoracis longitudine, articulo primo: maximo, craffo, cylindrico, 3 infequentibus moniliformibus, multo minoribus, primo ex his minimo, 7 ultimis his paulo majoribusy. zqualibus, compreffis, marginibus villofis, hirtis ferrugineo-futcis 5: cxterum atrz, lateraliter inter oculos & mandibulas inferte.. Tas. XIX, fig. 16. g-h. i. Ocult fubglobofi, laterales, fufci. Tas. XIX. fig. 16. c. Mandibule magne, valide, craffx, exferte, porrecte, longitudine capitis, excepto collo, arcuate, incurve, acute, ftriate, bafi multo craffiores, interne dente valido, obtufo, exterius dilatate fubuni- dentate. Tas. XIX. fig. 15. b—f. fig. 16. k. Palpi fex, filiformes, inzequales; anteriores breviores, biarticulati (fig.17.a); medii longiores, 4-articulati, articulo primo minimo (b); pofteriores longiffimi, 4-articulati, articulo primo-craffo, minori,. cylindrico rufo (fig. 18). Czterum obtufo-acuminati, fubhirti,. nigri. Maxilla acute, fubarcuate, cornex, interne pilis ferrugineis ciliate. Tas. XIX. fig. 15. g. Labium fuperius corneum, emarginatum. Labium inferius majus, corneum, fubtridentatum, dentibus externis: multo majoribus, rotundatis, medio minimo, divifo. Tas. XIX.. fig. 15. h. hei. Thorax a communi hujus generis {tructura diverfus, nam fubcordatus. ut in familia prima Caraborum, antice elytrorum latitudine, poftice: anguftior; planiufculus, margine laterali reflexo, antico & poftico- truncatis, angulis fubprominulis, obtufis. Glaber, ad latera fub-. ftriatus, ftriis transverfis levibus, linea dorfali media fubimpreffa,. aliaque laterali abbreviata, curva ad angulos pofticos. Scutellum: - Rea a ae ai mel Some fingular Coleopterous Infetts. 203 Scutellum mediocre, planum, fubcordatum. Elytra oblonga, cylindrica, non connata, convexiufcula, profunde longitudinaliter ftriata, ftriis in utroque 7 ante apicem conniven- tibus; apice rotundata, fubfinuata, lateribus deflexis ante margi- nem fulco lato, leviter excavato, rugofula, margine ipfo fubre- flexo. Thorax Jubtus convexus, fulco abbreviato impreffo in medio, Pefius convexum, fulco longitudinali impreffo in medio, fulcoque elevato, fubarcuato ad utrumque latus. Abdomen breve, convexum, fegmentis angultis. Femora antica brevia, incraffata, pofticee thoracis parti inferta. Femora media paulo graciliora, peCtoris bafi mferta. Femora pofica dimidio fere’ prioribus longiora, eraffa, fubeylitidriéa, valde poftica, haud 8 lin. ante anum abdomini inferta- Tibie antice compreffe, dilatato-palmate, inferius fcabre, apice dentibus feu fpinis 3 acutis, fat longis; margine exteriori parum finuato, in medio paulum extenuato; margine interno excavato & hoc loco dente feu fpina fat longa, acuta, deformi, incurva, ar- mato. Tas. XIX. fig. Ig. Tibie media graciles, fubcylindric#, fubcompreffe, fcabre, fubfpi- nofe, apice dente fuperius, & fpinis duabus, dcutis, inferius, armate. Tibie pofice fabcylindrice, fubcompreffe, fubarcuato-incurva, fub- {pinofz, apicis dente interno, {pinisque duabus inferius. _ Tarfi omnes 5-articulati, articulo Imo & sto longioribus, 3 mediis zqualibus, conicis. Patria, Nova Hollandia. Ex Mufeo D. Francillon. Dd 2 ANNOTATIO. 204 Dr. ScureiBers’ Defcriptions of ANNOTATIO. Genus, Scarites, a Fabricio Entomologisque recentioribus conftruc- tum, comprehendit fpecies a Linnzo promifcue fub Caraborum Tenebrionumque nomine defcriptas, multasque alias recenter de- tectas, characteribus omnino diftin@tis fatis differentes. Diffe- runt a Carabis, quibus habitu fimillimi forte, capite thorace- que magnis, latis; mandibulis validis, porrectis dentatis; antennis _ moniliformibus (non filiformibus) brevioribus craffioribus; palpis filiformibus, minime truncatis; labio dentato, non truncato; tibiis anticis dentatis, &c. Hec fupra defcripta fpecies a communi Scaritum ftruétura charac- teribusque huic generi ad{criptis, aliquantum differt, hancque ob rationem accuratiorem dedimus defcriptionem. EXPLICATIO TABULARUM. Tas. XIX. Lucanus eneus. Mas. Fig. 1. Capitis cum mandibulis pagina inferior. 2. Mandibula a latere confpecta, 3: Mandibulz pagina inferior. 4- Maxilla. 5- Antenna, 6. Palpi. 7. Maris tibia et tarfus anterior. 8. Foeminz tibia et tarfus anterior. Ejusdem varietas, g. Capitis cum mandibulis pagina inferior. 8. 10, Mandibula Some fingular Coleopterous Infeéis. 205 Fig. ro, Mandibula a latere confpeéta. 11. Mandibulz pagina inferior. 12. Clypeus Scarabei probofcider, Cerambix Fichtelii. 13s Caput a fronte adfpectum. 14. Oculi divifio per tuberculum, 15. 16. ¥7. Svarites Schroetteri. Labium inferius cum mandibula maxillaque. a. Margo capitis inferior. | b. Mandibula arcuata incurva. c. Extenuatio dentiformis exterior. d. Dens internus bafeos validus obtufus- e. Apex acutus incurvus. f, Sulci abbreviati. J g. Maxilla arcuata acuta interne ciliato-pilofa, h.h. Labium inferius corneum magnum valde emargina~ tum, i, fubdentatum in medio, dente bifido, Labium fuperius cum antenna, &c. a.a. Collum. b. Tuberculum poft oculum. rr c. Oculus. ; " d. Sulcus elevatus lateralis. e. Impreffio frontalis. f. Labium fuperius emarginatum. g. Antenne articulus primus cylindricus maximus. h. Articuli tres infequentes fubequales moniliformes. i. Articuli 7 ultimi compreffi, k. Mandibula. a. Palpus anterior. b. Palpus medius.. 18. Palpus 206 Dr. Scurersers’ Defcriptions, Sc. ¥ig. 18. Palpus pofticus. rg. ‘Tibia et tarfus anterior, \ Tas. XX 1. Lucanus zneus. 2. Scarabzeus probofcideus, 3. Scarabzeus dytifcoides. 4. Cetonia Philipsii. 5. Silpha Jacrymofa. 6. Clerus fafciculatus. Tas. XX. 1. Prionus lepidopterus. 2. Cerambix Giraffa. 3. Cerambix Fichtelit 4. Scarites Schroetteri. SIRES heen XVII. De- ae eNO ceeds op Linn Trans.Vitab1Q,p206, linn. DansVL tab, 207.206. Linn Tvans.VI tab.27 pr. 200. me a ~~ = S F, Davies del. 1799. ts 6 Eg te XVII. Defcription of Menura fuperba, a Bird of New South Wales. By Major-General Thomas Davies, F.R.S. and L.S. Read November 4, 1800. MENURA. Cuar..Gen. Rofrum validiufculum, convexo-conicum.. Nares ovatz in medio roftri.. Reétrices. elongatz, pinnulis decompofitis; intermedi 2 longiores angufte, exteriores ad apicem patula, revolute. Pedes.validi ambulatorii.. MENURA suPERBa. Tas. XXII. | Tue ssi length of this fingular bird. from the point of the-bill tothe end of the broad tail feathers is 43 inches; 25 of which are in thetailalone. The bill rather exceeds an inch in length, is ftrong, formed much like that of a peacock, and black, with the noftrils, which are long open flits,, rather large, placed near the middle of its length. The head, which is fomewhat crefted at the hind part, neck, fhoulders, back, upper tail. coverts, and upper furface of the tail feathers, of a dark brownith, black. Throat rufous, reaching fome way down the middle of the neck. Breaft, belly, and vent gray. The feathers of the latter are long, very foft, and of a filky texture.. Thighs nearly of the fame colour, rather long, and feathered 6 dowm 208 Major-General Tuomas Davirs’s Defcription down to the knee. Scapulars of a brownith tinge. Upper tail coverts, and prime quill feathers, which are fomewhat curved at the, ends, brown black. Edges of the quills-gray. The legs long and very {trong, covered with large fcales, efpecially in front. The feet, | which are likewife large, and the nails, are black ; the laft fome- what crooked, convex above and flat beneath ; the hind nail near three quarters of an inch long. The tail confifts, in the whole, of fixteen feathers; all of which, except the two upper or middle ones, and the two exterior on each fide, have long flender fhafts furnifhed on each fide with delicate long filaments, four inches or more in length, placed pretty clofe towards the rump, but more diftant from each other as they ap- proach the extremity, and refemble much thofe of the Greater Pa- radife Bird. The two middle or upper ones are longer than the reit, flender, narrow at the bafe, growing wider as they approach the ends, which are pointed; webbed on the inner edge all the way, and furnifhed with fome diftant hair-like threads near the end on the outer fide, of a pale gray colour beneath, and brown black above, as is the reft of the tail. The two exterior feathers on each fide are of an extra- ordinary conftru€tion, rather more than an inch wide at the bafe, and growing wider as they proceed to the ends, where they are full two “inches broad and curve outwardly; the curved part is black with a narrow white border; the quills of thefe feathers are double for two thirds down from the rump. The general colour of the under fides of thefe two feathers is of a pearly hue, elegantly marked on the inner web with bright rufous coloured crefcent-fhaped fpots, which, from the extraordinary conftruction of the parts, appear wonderfully tranfparent, although at firft fight feemingly the darkeft ; they are alfo elongated into flender filaments of an inch or man efpecially. towards the extremities. The figure of the wale, which accompanies this defcription, was taken —————— ~ of Menura fuperba, a Bird of New South Wakes. 209 . taken from a fpecimen fent from New South Wales as a prefent to Lady Mary Howe. I have alfo feen two other fpecimens in the pofleflion of the Right Hon. Sir Jofeph Banks, which I believe have fince been depofited in the Britifh Mufeum. 4+ re SINCE I had the honour of communicating to the Linnean So- ciety the foregoing defcription of the Menura, I have been favoured with both male and female of that extraordinary bird from’ my friend Governor King, by the Buffalo ftore-fhip; and I am thereby enabled to lay before the Society a defcription of the different fexes. I find, indeed, that with a little deviation the fame characters and co- lours will ferve for both of them. The female, however, is fomewhat fmaller, being in length, from the crown of the head to the end of the tail, only 31 inches. The general plumage of the whole bird is of a dull blackifh colour, a little rufous under the chin and throat, and of a brownifh caft on the {capulars,as in the male. The plumage -of the whole body, from the breaft to the vent, and from the fhoulders to the rump, is compofed of long, lent, thread-like, filky _ feathers, refembling fringe, of a dull grayifh black; lighter on the breatt, belly, and vent. The bill-and legs, which are ftrong and furnifhed with large fcales, as in the cock, are black. From the head to the rump r4 inches. The tail 18 inches, alfo of a dull brown black colour above and gray beneath. The two upper - tail feathers are fharp pointed at the ends; the reft are rounded and darker in colour, and fhorten by degrees, as they approach the rump, fo as to appear cuneated. The two outer feathers are fhorter than the reft, bent in form like thofe of the male, brown black above, of a pearly gray beneath ; and the crefcents, which are Vor. VI. Ee of 210 Major-General Tuomas Davies’s Defeription of Menura, of a deeper rufous colour, are not fo vifible nor fo large, but more tranfparent if poflible, than thofe of the cock. They are about an inch and a half broad, and not black or longer at the ends as in the other fex. From thefe birds being found in the hilly parts of the country, they are called by the inhabitants the Mountain Pheafant. With. refpe&t to their food or manners I have not as yet obtained any par- ticular account. In my fpecimens, there is a nakednefs round the eyes, but whether this is from the feathers having fallen off I know not. I rather think otherwife, and that it may be brightly coloured as in many other birds. Blackheath, 1gth June, s8or. XVIII. On _ £ -- PE wee ee (x22aD;>) XVIII. On the Doryanthes, a new Genus of Plants from New Holland, next akin to the Agave. By Fofeph Correa de Serra, LL.D. F.R.S. and L.S. Read December 2, 1800. AMoncst the various new and interefting plants. with which New Holland has of late enriched Botany, none perhaps has an equal claim to public notice with the plant which forms the fubject of the prefent paper. Its-beauty, its fhape and elegance, and the tenacity of its vital powers, entitle it to particular attention both from the cultivator and the naturalift. It was found in the mountainous part of the colony of New South Wales, by Mr. George Bafs, A.L.S. who brought the firft {pecimens of it laft year to Europe, in the fhip Perfeverance. | Other {pecimens, in a high ftate of prefervation, have fince been brought in {pirits by Governor Hunter. From both thefe fources, and a fin- gle flower which came to perfeétion at Kew, from a portion of ftem withcut roots, which had been cut many months before, in New Holland, the following defcription of the genus has been made, and the character eftablithed : DORYANTHES*. Fuos. Calyx nullus, nifi fj pathze partiales. * From the Greek Aogu, ha/fla ; Acpuavéns, Hafla florida. 3 Kes Corolla 212 Dr. Josrp# CORREA DE SERRA Corolla monopetala, infundibuliformis, fexpartita; lacinie fex, ob- longo-lanceolate, concave, dorfo carinatx, tres interiores bafi latiores. Stamina, Filamenta fex, longitudine fere petalorum, fubulata, an- therarum bafes profunde penetrantia; anthere ereétz, fubcylin- drice, biloculares, poft foecundationem extin¢toriiformes. Piftillum. Stylus unicus (ex tribus connatis), trifulcatus, longitu- dine ftaminum; ftigma trilobum. Fructus. Induwia nulle. Pericarpium. Capfula turbinato-ovata, fubtrigona, trifulcata, vef- tigiis petalorum {tylique coronata, trilocularis, trivalvis; fubftan- tia duplex: interior lignofa, exterior corticofa, ftriata, fibrofa. Placentatio. Chordule piftillares fex, per paria difpofite, axi diffe- pimentorum affixe, Semina chordulis piftillaribus alternatim af- fixa, ut fingula tantum feries im unoquoque.loculo appareat. Dehifcentia duplex: per axim diffepimentorum, et per valvarum futuras. SEMEN LIBERUM. Forma. Semen planum, reniforme, rugofum., Nucleus lateralis, fub- triqueter, dimidiam hujus partem, obtinet. Integumentum. Duplex; exterius fpongiofum; nuclei cartilagineum. Perifpermum. Amygdalinum, nucleo conforme. Embryo_monocotyledoneus, minutus. Cotyledon foliaceo-comprefla, plana, cuneiformis. Obfervation 1. The Agave, Fourcraa, and Doryanthes, have a very ftrict affinity. The antherz, filaments, and the difpofition of feeds offer the greateft differences. Theanthere in the Agave are incumbentes, in the Fourcrea the filaments are alated; the corolla hexapetala. 2 + Lae i Pir ree, a) a ? ee ie , . . : oat i rs $2, , } > 4 A * a he ha : ~ a ’ r s ‘ & ' « Linn. trans. VI. Tab. 23 fr. 212. Se [ GD oryarte es excelja.’ 7 G Quertrox Scrip. Linn. trans VT, Wib.24. jr. 2L3. Za Guetro: Sculpt. Poryan th, Cd acelin? on the new Genus Doryanthes. 213 hexapetala. "The feeds in the Agave are ranged in two feries; in the Doryanthes they are difpofed as above, and the antherz as defcribed. Obferv. 2. The veftiges of the corollain the fruit perfuade me that the corolla is to be confidered as /upera, but the ¢races of the divifions of petals, which may be remarked in the flower as far as the pedunculus, might perhaps induce a fufpicion that the fruit makes one body with the inferior part of the corolla, which by that means /n frudium abit. “a The loftinefs of the ftem of the only fpecies hitherto known of this genus, which arifes to the height of above 20 feet, may warrant the trivial name of Doryanthes excelfa. REFERENCES TO THE PLATES. Tas. XXIII. | Fig. 1. The whole flower. >) 2. Lacinia of the corolla with a filament. 3. Anthera extinctoriiformis, as it appears after the foe- cundation. . TAR, XY. Fig. A. Germen and piftillum. — B.. Horizontal fection of the germen. 1. Capfula. 2. Horizontal fection of the fame. 3. Seed. 4. Seétion of the fame. 5: Nucleus. 6. Naked feed. 7. Section of the fame to fhow the perifpermum and embryo. XIX. Odfer- ( 214 ) XIX. Odfervations on feveral Species of the Genus Apis, known by the Name of Humble-bees, and called Bombinatrices by Linneus. By Mr. P. Huber, of Laufanne in Swifferland, Read May 5, 1801. INTRODUCTION. O N s’eft intéreflé de tous tems aux Abeilles; leur induftrie a fait défirer de connoitre leurs moeurs, et de profiter de leurs travaux ; mais les Bourdons, moins utiles, ont auffi moins attiré les regards: ils ne font connus que par les obfervations de Mr. de Réaumur; avant lui, des naturaliftes peu exacts avoient fait une efpéce de roman de leur hiftoire, mais il l’a purgée de tout le merveilleux, et il a fou nous intéreffer par le fimple recit de faits dont il a été le témoin;-on trouve un précis de fes obfervations dans la préface du fixieme vo- lume in oétavo de fon Hifteire des Infeétes. Mr. de Réaumur ne donne pas une defcription affez detaillée de ces infeétes, et les defcriptions de Linné et de Géoffroi ne me pa- roiffent pas méme fuffifantes pour diftinguer les divers individus dont chaque famille de Bourdons eft compofée ; j'ai eilayé de les de- crire, avec tous, les détails propres a les faire reconnoitre; j'ai méme joint 4 mes defcriptions des figures précieufes dont quelques uns de mes amis ont bien voulu enrichir ce mémoire. Mr. On Humble-bees, 21g Mr. de Réaumur n’avoit pas va fur ce fujet tout ce qu’il pouvoit offrir de curieux ; il avoit laiffé un vafte champ aux recherches des naturaliftes ; il reftoit a obferver fi le logement et le nid des Bour- dons étoient toujours tels qu’il les avoit décrits, fi ces infectes n’habi- tolent jamais que des nids de mouffe placés au-deffus du terrain, et fi le nombre des individus de chaque peuplade étoit limité, ou s'il ne Pétoit pas. ' On pouvoit défirer plus de détails que cet obfervateur n’en a donné fur la cire qu'il a trouvé dans les nids des Bourdons, il étoit curieux de connoitre la nature de cette maticre, fa formation, et fes rapports avec la cire des Abeilles ? | -Les notions que ce célébre naturalifte nous a laiffé fur l’éducation des petits, n’étoient pas affez diftinctes et affez détaillées pour fatis- ; : faire notre curiofité. - -W étoit a défirer de favoir fi les Bourdons n’avoient d’autres maga- : zins que ce peu de refervoirs dont parle Mr. de Réaumur, et s’ils te- noient Jeur miel dans des vafes fermés ou dans des vafes ouverts? Plufieurs traits curieux de linduftrie des Bourdons avoient en- core échappé a Mr. de Réaumur; foit qu'il eit d’autres occupations ; quand il obfervoit ces infeétes, foit qu’il donnat alors trop peu @im- portance a ces recherches. Mais depuis /es nouvelles obfervations fur les Abeilles, des problémes intéreflans devoient piquer la curiofité des naturalifles, il étoit important de favoir fi l’on trouveroit chez les Bourdons, comme chez les Abeilles, cet attachement et ces foins des petits pour leur mere, s’ils feroient un cercle autour d’elle, et fi lors- qu'ils la perdroient ils abandonneroient leur ruche; fi l’on trouveroit quelquefois plufieurs femelles qui pondiffent dans le méme nid, et fi l’on verroit parmi les ouvricres de ces mouches 4 demi fécondes dont tous les ceufs donnent naiffance A des males ; fuppofé que cela fit, . il falloit encore favoir s'il y auroit quelque rivalité entre toutes ces mouches fécondes; enfin files males des Bourdons périffoient, comme ceux Se eS ee 216 Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervations ceux des Abeilles dans latte de la fecondation, & quelle pouvoit étre la durée de la vie de ces infectes. Le défir ardent de réfoudre des problémes auffi intéreffants m’au- roit feul déterminé a choifir cette branche de Vhiftoire naturelle, fi cette étude n’avoit pas eu un autre attrait pour moi; caren me fa- miliarifant avec des infeétes du genre des Abeilles; je pouvois fecon- der mon ee dans. fa recherche favorite, et remplacer auprés de lui Yhomme précieux que des circonftances affligeantes lui avoient fait perdre. C’eft dans ces vues que je commencai au mois de Juin, 1796, a4 étudier les moeurs des Bourdons; on jugera par ce qui fuit, de la maniére dont j'ai rempli mon but, mais j’efpére qu’on aura quelque indulgence pour le travail d’un naturalifte de dix-neuf ans. CHAPITRE, I. Déferiptions de quelques Efpeces de Bourdons. LES Bourdons ont été rangés par les naturaliftes dans la feconde. famille du genre des Abeilles, autant peut-étre par la confidération de leurs meeurs et de leur induftrie, que par celle de leur conformation. Les Caractéres de ce Genre font, Deux antennes brifées, dont le premier anneau eft trés long. Les ai/es inférieures plus courtes que les ailes {upérieures. La bouche armée d’une machoire avec une trompe membraneufe repliée en deffous, l’aiguillon fimple et en pointe. Le ventre attaché au corcelet par un pédicule court. Trois petits yeux /ifés. Le corps velu. ‘ Ce qui fait placer les Bourdons dans la fecoade famille des Abeilles c’eft le nombre et la longueur de leurs poils ; mais ce caractére eft fi : 3 peu on Humble-bees. ; a9 peu folide ‘qu'il étoit important d’en trouver un quitint 4 la forme du corps, et fut a l’abri de tous les inconvéniens des couleurs. Ce caraétére, je crois l’avoir trouvé dans la forme de la tte. Les Bourdons ont la téte proportionnellement plus alongée que les Abeilles ; dans celles-ci elle eft plus large que longue, ou du moins jamais plus longue que large; et dans les Bourdons, fa longueur fi fur- pafle toujours fa largeur. Je vais paffer a la dé{cription de quelques caractéres qui peuvent faire diftinguer les Bourdons de différens fexes dans la méme efpeéce. Défeription des Caraéteres individuels. Les entomologiftes ont décrit prés de 34* efpéces de Bourdons, ou plutot 34 de ces infeétes; mais leurs déicriptions ne font pas aufli complettes qu’on pourroit le défirer. Les Bourdons femelles, males, et ouvritres ne fe reffemblent pas toujours; et comme ces naturaliftes ne fe font pas expliqués fur le fexe des individus qwils décrivoient, on peut craindre qu’ils n’aient fait des claffes différentes toutes lcs fois qu’ils auront trouvé des in- dividus qui ne fe reffembloient pas. * Il y avoit cependant un moyen far, de laiffer chaque individu dans fa famille, dans fa place naturelic; il falloit les prendre dans leurs propres nids au mois d’Aoait ou de Septembre. C’eft 1a qu’on devoit indubitablement trouver le mle, la femelle, et ’ouvriére de la méme efpéce: on eut bientét appris a reconnoitre le male de l’ouvriére, et Vouvriére d’avec la femelle ; voici les caractéres généraux auxquels on pouvoit les diftinguer. * Caroli Linnzi Entomologia Faune Suecice Defcriptionibus au€ta; D. D. Scopoli, ye Geoffroy, De Geer, Fabricii, Schrank, &c. fpeciebus vel. in Syftemate non enumeratis __-vel nuperrimé dete¢tis, vel {peciebus Gallie Auftralis locupletata, generum {pecierum- que rariorum iconibus ornata; curante et augente Carolo de Villers, Lugduni 1789. Vou. VI. F f Les 218 Mr, P. Huser’s Obfervations Ps) Les Males et les Femelles different _ . Par leur grandeur. . Par Paiguillon. 3. Par la longueur des antennes. 4. Par le nombre de leurs anneaux. 5. Par la forme de la cinquiéme articulation de leurs jambes poftérieures. 6. Par celle de leurs mandibules. 7. Par la longueur de leur trompe. is) Premier cara&tére, /a Grandeur. Les males des Bourdons font tous plus petits que leurs femelles : la différence eft plus ou moins grande felon les efpéces: dans quelques- unes les femelles font au moins le double de leurs males, dans quel- ques autres elles ne les furpaffent que de quelques lignes. La grandeur des miles et des fen.elles ne varie prefque pas dans chaque efpéce, mais les ouvrieres n’ont point une grandeur auffi con- {tante: les unes font fi petites qu’on ne les prendroit pas pour des Bourdons: d’autres font fi grandes qu’on feroit tenté de les prendre plutét pour des femelles que “pour des ouvrieres : cependant leur taille n’égale jamais celle des méres, et un coup d’ceil fuffit pour les com- parer, et les mettre chacune dans la place qu “elles doivent occuper. Second caraétere, ? Aiguillon. L’aiguillon eft placé a l’extrémité du ventre ‘des Bourdons et des Abeilles: il eft long de deux ou trois lignes, et fe meut avec beaucoup de vivacité par le moyen de huit mufcles, placés auprés de fon ori- gine; le dard qui paroit fi délié a Vceil nud, eft un petit tuyau creux, de matiére de corne ou Pécaille ; 3 il contient l’aiguillon com- > 3 pofé on Humble-bees. 21g pofé lui-mémie de deux dards accolés, qui jouent enfemble ou féparé- ment ; leur extrémité eft taillée en fcie dont les dents font tournées en fer de lance. La veffie 4 venineft ala racine de l’aiguillon. Lorfque ces mouches font irritées elles font fortir la liqueur dont elle eft remplie, pour la darder avec Yaiguillon dans la partie qu’elles veulent bleffer. Les miles n’ont pas d’aiguillon, ce qui les rend inhabiles a dé- fendre leur peuplade; mais ce foin appartient aux femelles et aux ouvriéres : elles font un ufage fréquent des armes qu’elles ont regu, et ne perdent pas leur, vie et leur aiguillon, comme cela atrive aux Abeilles lorfqu’elles s’en fervent contre nous. Leur piqueure eft douloureufe ; elle fait élever une petite ampoule ; mais le mal s’appaife et l’cnflure difparoit en fort peu de tems. Si lon enléve le toit de mouffe dont les Bourdons recouvrent leur nid, on entend d’abord les ouvriéres et la mére battre des ailes vive- ment, et ce bruit aigu eft le figne de leur colére, ou de l’alarme qu’on leur caufe; on les voit alors venir fur leurs gateaux avec agitation, lever une patte, puis une autre du méme cété, puis la troifiéme, et: fe renverfer tout-a-fait fur le dos; elles recourbent en haut leur anus, et ‘préfentent 2 4 Vobfervateur indiferet leur aiguillon, qui fort accom- pagné d’une goutte de venin: quelquefois dans leur colére elles lan- cent cette liqueur, qui ne fait néanmoins aucun mal fi elle n’eft précédee d’une piqueure: le venin eft cependant acide, puifqu’ilrougit les teintures bleues végétales. Les Bourdons fe tiennent fur la défenfive jufqu’d ce qu’on les ait mis dans la néceffité d’attaquer, par le dérangement de leur nid, ou par l’enlévement de leurs petits ; alors ’obfervateur doit refter fans mouvement auprés du nid, les Bourdons s’appaifent, et il peut avec de l'adrefle vifiter leurs gateaux, et méme les enlever avec tous leurs habitans. . Ff 2 Troifiéme Mr. P. Huser’s Ob/ervaticns 1 to o Troifiéme cara€tére, /es Antennes. Les antennes des Bourdons font compofées de plufieurs articles, dont le premier eft fort long, le fecond trés court, tous les autres co- niques excepté le dernier, qui eft de la forme de la derniére articula- tion du doigt annulaire; ila peut-étre cette forme a caufe de fon ufage ; il paroit bien prouvé par les obfervations de mon pere, que les antennes font les organes du taét chez les Abeilles, et j’ai vu les Guépes, les Fourmis et les Bourdons s’en fervir d’une maniére anae - > logue. J Les antennes des males ont treize articles, elles font beaucoup plus longues que la téte de ces infeétes; celles des femelles et des neutres font plus courtes en proportion ; leur longueur n’excéde pas celle de la téte, et elles ne font compofées que de onze articles. _ a Quatriéme caraétére, ? Abdomen. L’abdomen des femelles eft compofé de fix anneaux, celui des miles de fept. Les anneaux de l’abdomen des males peuvent fe mouvoir avec unc grande liberté ; c’eft furtout dans l’accouplement qu’on le remarque, parce qu’alors le male fe cramponne fur le corfelet de la femelle; et comme celle-ci eft beaucoup plus grande que lui, l’accouplement ne pourroit pas fe faire dans cette pofture, mais le male alonge fon corps de prés de trois lignes, il recourbe fon dernier anneau contre l’anus de la femelle, y fait entrer les parties qui lui font propres, et l’accou- plement s’opere. Dans cet aéte le male ne perd pas les organes de la génération, et la vie méme, comme cela arrive au male dela Reine Abeille. Quand accouplement a duré une demi-heure, les infectes fe féparent: le nale eft quelquefois fi ardent qu’il remonte fur fa femelle pour s'unir encore, Le on Humble-bees. 221 Le cinquiéme caractére eft tiré de la forme d'une des articulations. des jambes poftérieures des Bourdons. La cinquiéme articulation des jambes poftérieures de femelles eft dune forme triangulaire, large ordinairement d’une ligne et demi A fon extrémité inférieure, et beaucoup plus étroite 4 autre extrémité ; elle eft garnie tout autour de poils longs, forts, trés nombreux, et tournés en dehors ; elle eft deftinée a fervir de corbeille aux Bourdons lorfqu’ils vont fur les fleurs, faire leur récolte de pouffieres d’éta- mines, ils en ont une achacune de leurs jambes de la troifi¢me paire; ils les garniffent de ces pouffiéres a l’aide des pattes anté- rieures, et quand il les ont chargées l’une et l’autre également ils re- tournent a leur nid, ott ces provifions font dépofées dans le magazin commun. La partie analogue dans les males eft moins longue pro- portionnellement, beaucoup moins élargie a a fon extrémité convexe, - & entourée de poils courts foibles et peu nombreux; elle eft entiére= ment incapable de fervir aux mémes ufages, mais auffi les miles ne font-ils point chargés de la récolte du pollen, ¥ Sixiéme caractere, les Mandibules. Les Bourdons ont plutot des mandibules que des dents; car ils ne fe fervent que rarement de ces inftrumens pour fe nourrir, mais ils les employent a d’autres ufages, et leur forme nous fournira un ca- ractére nouveau pour diftinguer les males des femelles. Les mandibules ou les dents des Bourdons font ajuftées aux deux cotés du chaperon 4 la partie latérale de la téte ; elles fe meuvent de droite a gauche, et de gauche a droite, mais jamais de haut en bas comme nos machoires: elles fe croifent au devant de la téte, a la- quelle elles donnent une forme triangulaire; elles font quelquefois un peu repliées au deffous de la lévre fupérieure. Celles des femelles ont une ligne de longucur ; elles font prefque en 222 , Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervaticns ’ en forme de cuillicre, dentées 4 un bord, ftriées, arquées, et creufées intérieurement d’une manicére trés délicate. Les mandibules des males font plates & minces, arrondies, & légérement enfourchées a l’extrémité, foibles et bordées fur le dos de barbes longues nombreufes, réunies en plufieurs faiffeaux, et toutes tournées du cété de l’extrémité des dents. Les mandibules des ouvriéres font femblables 4 celles des femelles ; les unes et les autres font telles qu’elles duivent étre pour couper et cifeler la cire, pour arracher Ja mouffe et les brins d’herbes dont ces infectes compofent le toit de leurs nids. Celles des males font trop foibles, trop embaraflées de poils, et pas affez tranchantes pour couper la cire, et pour fervir aux mémes ufages que celles des ouvricres. Septiéme caratére, /a Trompe. La trompe des femelles eft plus longue que celle des males; Ja par- tie membraneufe ou charnue de cet seit m’a paru moins velue dans les males que dans les femelles. Les étuis écailleux de la trompe fervent quelquefois 4 écarter les obftacles qui fe préfentent 4 la recolte du-miel, comme les étamines et les piftils de certaines fleurs; d’autrefois cet ufage fe fait remarquer : d'une maniére plus frappante. Je me fouviens d’avoir vi de fort gros Bourdons effayer en vain de prendre le miel contenu dans des fleurs de féves; la groffeur de leur téte et celle de leur corfelet les empéchoit d’entrer affez avant dans les longs tubes de ces fleurs; mais ces infectes alloient droit au calice; ils le pergoient, ainfi que le tube, avec la partie écailleufe de leur trompe; la partie membra- neufe de cet inftrument, ou la trompe proprement dite, pénétroit alors jufqu’au fein de la fleur, y trouvoit les nectaires, et en enlevoit le miel dont ils étoient remplis. Ces infectes alloient ainfi de fleurs en fleurs pergant leurs tubes pardehors, et fucant le nectaire, tan- dis on Humble-bees, 23 dis que d’autres. Bourdons plus petits, ou dont les trompes étoient plus longues, entroient dans la corolle, pénétroient dans le tube, et attei~ gnoient le miel fans la déchirer. Les femences contenues dans leur filique ne fouffroient point de la bleffure faite au calice et 4 la corolle de ces fleurs, et les féves qui €n provenoient ne paroiffoient pas différentes des autres féves. _J’ai vu des Bourdons de la méme efpéce ouvrir avec leurs dents les tubes de l’ancolie 4 leur bafe, & chercher de la méme maniére le miel dans fes nectaires. Je joins ici une défcription particulidre de tous les Bourdons que jai trouvé dans les environs de Laufanne, et due jai pris dans leur nid; ils ont tous été peints @aprés nature ; je n’ai fuivi aucun ordre dans la place que je leur ai donnée dans mes défcriptions ; ; elle étoit indifférente. CARACTERES SPECIFIQUES. i ESPECE 1,* Tas. XXV.. Fig. 1—3. La Femexve. Sa téte, fon corfelet, & les trois premiers anneaux de fon abdomen font noirs; les trois derniers font écarlate; la broffe de fes jambes poftérieures eft dorée ; fes ailes font fans cou- leurs; le deffous de fon corps et de fon corfelet eft noir. Fig. 1. Le Matz différe de la femelle par deux mouchets de poils verds, Yun au deffus, l'autre au devant de la téte; par une bande de poils verds qui borde le corfelet du cété de la téte, et qui paffe le long de fon cou jufqu’au deffous du corfelet, ot elle s’étend entre les jam- bes, & par une autre bande verte qui borde antérieurement |’ab- domen. Le deffous du corps, qui eft entiérement verd ; les poils de . = . * Apis lapidaria Linn. la 224 » Mr. P. Huper’s. Od/ervations la méme couleur qui bordent les premiéres articulations des jambes antérieures; les jambes poftérieures bordées de poils écarlates, font encore autant de fignes auquels on peut recourir pour recon-_ noitre les males entre les femelles et les ouvricres; ils font d’un tiers plus petits que les femelles. Fig. 2. L’ouvriERE, ou l’individu neutre, reffemble en petit 4 la femelle, mais fes pattes poftérieurcs ne font point dorées; Ja grandeur moyenne des ouvricres eft un peu inférieure a celle des males. Fig. 3. OxsseRvATIoNS. Ces Bourdons habitent fous terre & une plus grande profondeur que tous les autres; ils y font.trés nombreux: ils fe logent cependant quelquefois 4 la furface du fol; alors leur fa- mille eft au plus compoiée d’une vingtaine d’individus; les femelles y naiffent plutot que dans les nids profonds, & les males ont des cou- leurs moins vives: feroit-ce une variétéP Dans les uns et les autres ils naiflent plutét que les femelles. Ces Bourdons font communs dans les plains feches et fur les collines. dre! st: ESPECE It. Tas. XXV. Fig. 4—6. La Femevve. Sa téte eft noire; fon corfelet de Ja méme cou- leur, mais verdatre antérieurement; l’abdomen noir; Jes quatre der- niers anneaux brun-rouges ; fon corps, fon corfelet font noirs en - deffous; fes couleurs font moins vives que dans l’efpéce précé- dente, {es ailes plus brunes, et fa taille inférieure. Fig. 4. Le Mate, 1! porte une couronne de poils verds fombres ou quelque- fois gris fur un torax noir; le premier anneau eft gris blanc, le fecond fauve, les cing derniers bruns rouge; il differe auffi de la femelle par le deflous de fon corps, qui eft couvert d’un duvet brun; 7 on Humble-bees. 225 brun; par fes jambes poftérieures dorées, et par fes ailes, qui font moins brunes. Fig. 5. Neurre. L’ouvriére differe de 1a femelle par une petite couronne de ‘poils d’un verd fombre et trés foncé fur le thorax: les trois pre- miers anneaux de l’abdomen font couleur de maron, les trois der- niers 4 peu prés comme dans la femelle; le refle de méme. Fig. 6, ~ OsservATIONs. Ces Bourdons vivent fous terre. Les peuplades de cette efpéce que j’al poffledé n’étoient pas confidérables ; les males : y naquirent au commencement d’Aott, et les grandes femelles au commencement de Septembre. £8 PECE 11." Tas. XXV._ Fig. 7—9. ; La Femevte. La téte et le corfelet font noirs: le corfelet porte une bande jaune antérieurement. Le premier anneau de V'abdomen eft noir, le fecond citron, le troifjéme noir, et les trois derniers blancs ; les ailes font fort brunes, la broffe eft dorée. Fig. 7. Le MAxe reflemble parfaitement 4 la femelle, 4 l’exception de fes pattes poftéricures, qui ne font point dorées; il eft auffi beaucoup plus petit. Fig. 8. L’ouvriere. Nediffére dela femelle que par l’infériorité de fa taille, par le 4me anneau de fon corps, qui eft noir, et par fes pattcs, qui ne font pas dorées. Fig. 9. OsservATions. Ces Bourdons font fort communs fur les fleurs; ils font leurs nids en terre a la profondeur d’un pied ou d’un pied et demi; la population de quelques-unes de leurs ruches peut aller a * Apis terreftris Linn. Vot. VI. Gg N ou 226 Mr. P. Huper’s Obfervations 2 ou 300 individus. Les males et les femelles paroiffent dans leurs nids au mois de Juillet. Cette efpéce de Bourdons eft remarquable par la grandeur, la force, l’activité et la vigilance des femelles et des ouvriéres. L’ouvriere repréfentée dans la figure a été choifie parmi les plus petites, pour faire voir combien elles peuvent étre petites quelquefois ; leur taille ordinaire eft a peu prés celle du male dépeint. Ces infectes volent avec rapidité et avec grand bruit, a caufe de la largeur de leurs ailes. ESPECE Iv.* _ Tas. XXV. Fig. 1o—12. La FEMELLE. La téte noire; le thorax noir, chargé d’une couronne de poils jaunes interrompue a l’origine des ailes ; l’abdomen, dont le premier anneau, eft jaune, le fecond et le troifi¢me noirs, les autres blancs, eft d’une forme étroite alongée; la broffe des jambes poftérieures eft dorée, les ailes trés-brunes. Cette femelle eft un peu moins grande que la précédente. Fig. Io. Le Mate reflemble 4 tous égards a la femelle, excepté par fon der- nier anneau, qui eft noir, et par fes jambes non dorées; il eft auffi plus petit que la femelle. Fig. 11.7 L’ouvrierse ne differe de la femelle que par fes pattes nullement do- rées ; elle eft a-peu-prés de la taille du male. Fig. 12. OsseRvATIONS. Ces Bourdons ainfi que les précédens ornent in- * Apis hortorum Linn. A. ruderata Fab + Les trois demi-anneaux inférieurs, qui répondent aux trois demi-anneaux blancs- du deffus de Pabdomen, font quelquefois jaunes, et les autres noirs; il n’en eft pas ainfi de la femelle et de l’ouvriére. finiment on Humble-bees. 227 finiment les prairies par V’éclat de leurs couleurs; ils volent avec bruit, et font fort attachés a leur peuplade. Celles-ci font logées en terre ; elles font moins nombreufes et moins fortes que celles du serrefiris. Les miles et les femelles naiffent a la fin du mois d’Adut et au com- mencement de Septembre ; ils font cependant fort rares alors dans les prairies; les individus font Rate, toujours de la grandeur de ceux que j'ai fait peindre. ESPECE V, Tas. XXV. Fig. 13—15. La Femecre. La téte eft ornée de touffes de poils d’un verd jaund- tre trés pile, fur le front et fur le crane; le corfelet noir porte une couronne d’un verd jaunatre, qui oétend au deffous des ailes et des jambes ; les deux premiers anneaux de l’abdomen font d’un blond cendré: le troifiéme eft noir; les trois der- niers font d’un roux clair, & bordés de poils jaunes. Cette fe- melle eft ordinairement plus petite que celles des efpéces préce- dentes. Fig. 13. Le Mate, plus petit que la femelle, n’en differe que par les deux premiers anneaux de fon corps, qui font fauves. Fig. 14. L’ouvriere differe de la femelle en ce que les deux premiers an- neaux de fon abdomen font d’un verd clair; le troifieme eft noir, et bordé de poils d’un verd foncé. Elle eft a peu pres de la gran- deur du male. Fig. 15. Oxservations. Le mile eft ordinairement plus gros. qu'il n’eft repréfente dans la figure. On trouve les males et les femelles aux mois d’Aout et de Septembre. Leurs peuplades font enterrées a une petite profondeur, et ne font pas trés confidérables. Gg2 ESPECE 228 Mr. P. Huzer’s Ob/ervations E.§ Pp. E.C_E. VI.* Tas. XXV._ Fig. 16—18. La Femetre: Dans cette efpéce la femelle eft plus petite que dans toutes les autres: elle a des poils jaunes fur le fommet de la téte, et blancs fur le front, une touffe de poils d’un jaune doré fur le thorax, et entre les jambes d’un jaune verdatre ; le premier anneau de abdomen eft d’un blanc jaunatre, les autres d’un verd pale et tirant fur le jaune; les pattes font couvertes de poils blanchatres, la broffe dorée, et les ailes fort brunes. Fig. 16. Le MALE a la téte comme la femelle; le corfelet a peu prés fembla- ble, excepté qu'il eft moins doré au deffus, et que les poils des bords et du deffous font blancs; mais l’abdomen en differe beau- coup plus; le premier anneau eft blanchatre, le fecond et le troi- fiéme ont une nuance de verd; les quatriéme et cinquiéme bru- niffent un peu; les derniers font d’un roux légéerement doré.. Fig. 17. L’ouvrikre a la téte et le corfelet 4 peu pres comme la femelle; les trois premiers anneaux font couverts de poils bruns; les trois der- niers de poils d’un jaune verdatre ; la broffet dorée. . Fig. 18. OpsERVaTIONS. Ces Bourdons ont été appellés par les natu- raliftes Bourdons de la mouffe; cn effet, on les trouve prefque tou- jours dans les prés, cachés fous un petit toit de mouffe, qui s’éleve au deffus du fol, de 5 a 6 pouces; leur nid eft cependant dans un petit creux. Leurs peuplades font peu nombreufes; ils font d’une hu- meur fort pacifique. * Apis Mufcorum Linn. ESPECE | | | | 5 att Bod — on Humble-bees. n bo \o ESPECE VII. La Femewce. Le corfelet eft noir, et bordé antérieurement d’unc large bande jaune pale; les deux premiers anneaux font noirs, les 3me et 4me blancs, et les autres noirs. Le Maze. Son corfelet eft noir et bordé de verd; le premier an- neau de fon corps eft recouvert de poils noirs et verds; le fecond et le troifiéme font noirs ; les quatriéme et cinquiéme font verds; les fixieme et feptiéme font noirs bordés a l’éxtrémité de poils rouf- fatres. Note. Lors que je fis la défcription de ces deux infeétes, je ne fongeai point a la néceffité de décrire aufli Pouvricre; je ne V’ai pas retrouvee depuis lors ; je ne fis pas non plus deffiner les individus dé- crits, mais jé n’ai pas cru devoir pour cela negliger de placer enfem- ble deux individus que j'ai vu accouplés, et qui font fi différens qu’on ne les croiroit pas de la méme fauiille. ESPECE VIL Tas. XXV. Fig, r9—21. La Femevye. Le corfelet de cette femelle eft noir, bordé anté- rieurement d’une bande verte foncée et trés diftinéte; fon corps eft noir; les trois derniers anneaux’ font noirs, et bordés anté- rieurement de poils écarlates; fes ailes font noires, les jambes noires. Fig. rg. 4 ” . . : . Le Mate ala téte noire; le corfelet noir, portant une petite cou- ‘ronne verte qui eft trés fenfible du coté de la tete; les trois pre- miers anneaux de fon corps font noirs, bordés antérieurement de poils 230 Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervations poils verds ; les quatre derniers font couleur d’or ; toutes tb pattes font dorées a l’extrémité, fes ailes font beaucoup moins brunes que celles de la femelle. Fig. 20. L’ouvriEreE reffemble parfaitement a celle de la premiére efpéce ; fes ailes font feulement un peu pius brunes; les pattes ne font point dorées: elle différe de la femelle en ce quelle n’a point de bande verte fur le devant du thorax. Fig. a1. OssERvATions. La femelle de cette efpéce eft dune grande taille; fes écailles font d’un noir trés foncé ; le male eft le feul de tous les Bourdons ci-deffus dont toutes les jambes foient dorées; il différe effentiellement de ceux de la premiére et feconde efpéce a caufe des poils verds repandus fur fes trois premiers anneaux ; ces infectes vivent fous terre, 4 la profondeur d’un pied. Les males et les fe- melles naiffent vers le milieu de Juillet. Je pourrois aifément donner Ja défcription d’un plus grand nom- ~ bre d’efpéces; mais mon but n’étoit que d’indiquer la manicre dont ii feroit a défirer qu’on décrivit les infeétes qui comptent parmi eux des individus neutres et différens, comme quelques Abeilles, les Guépes, les Frelons, les Fourmis et d’autres Bourdons. Jai cherché longtems des caractéres qui puffent diftinguer les Bourdons entr’eux, et qui fuffent a labri des inconvéniens attachés aux couleurs et aux poils; mais jai été forcé de recourir a ces mémes poils, comme la feule partie de leur corps qui offrit quelque différence facile 4 faifir.- Des obfervations de trois années m’ont ap- pris que les caractéres tirés des poils étoient trés peu folides; et je crois devoir avertir les naturaliftes que les Bourdons perdent leur éclat, leur luftre et leur couleur: et qu’ils grifonnent en vieilliffant comme Linn. Tears. VT tab. 95 PABO . ge on Humble-bees. 231 comme les grands animaux. Les poils des Bourdons noirs et écar- lates paffent du noir au gris, de V’écarlate au jaune ou méme au blanc; & les males, dont les couleurs font fi brillantes, les perdent en partie. Les Bourdons jaunes, blancs, et noirs deviennent quelque- fois noirs et blancs par laffoibliffement graduel de la couleur des bandes jaunes dont ils font ornés. Un plus grand écueil encore pour les naturaliftes, c’eft la perte des poils mémes, qui pourroit les induire a prendre pour de nouvelles efpéces des individus feulement mutilés; car l’épaiffeur plus ou moins grande de ces poils, au travers def(juels on appercoit d’autant mieux les écailles de ’'aninial qu’ils font plus rares, donne lieu 4 des nu- ances nouvelles, et qui m’ont quelquefois trompé, malgré les foins particuliers que j’2i mis a favoir les diftinguer. Ainfi, dans les Bourdons de la mouffe, leur corps d’un jaune verda- tre devient brun au bout de quelque tems; d’autres Bourdons per- dent les poils de leur corfelet, et laiffent le difque fupérieur parfaite- ment 4 nud; quelquefois tous les poils de leur abdomen tombent, et l’on ne voit plus qu’un corps noir et écailleux, 14 ob des belles bandes jaunes fe faifoient précédemment remarquer par leur éclat. Je conferve dans ma collection une femelle qui n’a plus que denx mouchets de poils rouges fur les derniers anneaux de fon abdomen ; elle eft d’ailleurs parfaitement rafe; jen ai vi d’autres entiérement depourvus de poils: la calvitie des Bourbons feroit encore bien plus importante a reconnoitre, fi la forme de leur téte ne pouvoit offrir un caractére qui les diftingue des autres Abeilles. Ces infectes font fujets a divers accidens 3 quelques-uns d’entr’eux font remarquables par des mouchets de poils blancs placés irréguliére- ment fur leur abdomen, au milieu de leurs poils noirs; d’autres ont fur leur corps un mouchet de poils écarlates vraiment accidentels, car leurs petits ne participent point a ces irrégularités. On 3 trouve 232 Mr. P. Huser’s Odfervations trouve encore dans les nids des Bourdons,des individus mutilés ; celui-ci vient de naitre, et fes ailes, au lieu de fe développer, {fe tordent et fe defléchent; celui-la périt parceque fa trompe eft mal conftruite, et qwilne peut en faire ufage; un troifiéme eft forti de fes enve- loppes avant l’Age prefcrit par la nature; fes membres n’ont pas acquis toute leur confiftence; quelques parties des.jainbes font reftées blanches ainfi que les yeux; la trompe mal développée ne peut four- nir a V’infecte la nourriture dont il a befoin; il meuprt. Jai remarqué un fait analogue chez les fourmis de plufieurs efpéces; leurs femelles naiffent ailces ainfi que leurs males; quelque tems aprés leurs amours les males periffent ; mais les femelles fub- fiftent, et toutes perdent leurs ailes trés peu de jours aprés; qu’on fouille alors leur nid jutqu’au fond, on ne trouvera pas un infecte ailé; je ne fais pas exactement le nombre de jours au bout defquels elles font ainfi mutilées, mais je crois Ryne ce n’eit pas plus d’un mois aprés l’accouplement *. CHAPITRE Uk Des Cavités fouterraines dans lefytelles on trouve ae Nids de Bour sie LES Bourdons font des infectes ovipares; ils pondent Jeurs ceufs dans une cellule d’une cire particuliére, qu’ils conftruifent dans une cavité fouterraine ; il fort de ces ceufs autant de petits, vers; ils y font nourtis et foignes par une mére qui veille dabord feule a leur fureté et a leur conferyation ; ils groffiffent de jours en jours ; ils fe filent un coque de foie, ainfi que les vers des Abeilles ; quelques jours leur fuffifent pour fe transformer en nymphe; ils demeurent immo- * Ce fait a été vi par Mr, Latreille. biles i . — ey , on Humble-bees. 233 biles jufqu’au moment ot ils doivent déchirer toutes leurs enve- loppes, et fe montrer fur le nid comme les autres Bourdons ; alors leurs ailes fe déployent, tout leur corps eft femé de poils, qui pren- nent bientét les couleurs les plus variées; ils commencent 4 aider leur mére dans fes travaux avec une addreffe qui ne le cede pas a la fienne. ut Je ne fais point fi Mr. de Réaumur a obfervé les Bourdons qui habitent les creux fouterrains; mais il n’a pas écrit Phiftoire de ces infeétes, et l’on ne trouve rien dans fes mémoires fur la profondeur & laquelle ils fixent leur habitation, fur la forme et les dimenfions. de la cavité qui doit receler leur nid, ni fur les chemins qui y con- duifent; il dit feulement qu'il a vi fort fouvent des femelles de Bourdons qui travailloient avec une grande a@ivité a creufer en terre des trous trés profondsy leurs dents détachoient des brins de terre; les premiéres jambes s’en faififfoient, et les pouffoient au devant des fecondes; celles de la troifi¢me paire les recevoient a leur tour, et les pouffoient en arriére auffi loin qu’il leur étoit poffible. Il paroit que ces femelles fondoient le terrain ; elles auroient pro- bablement approfondi ces trous, et prolongé leurs galeries fouter- raines fi quelque obftacle ne s’y fut oppofé; mais celles qui les avoient ébauché avec beaucoup de travail, et qui y avoient. employé plufieurs heures, les abandonnoient fans les percer au dela d’un. pouce ou deux, et alloient en conftruire d’autres tout auprés. Mais Mr. de Réaumur ne les vit jamais prolonger ces galeries, ni commen- cer aucun nid dans l’efpace que plufieurs d’entr’elles avoient creufé féparément fous fes yeux. On croiroit méme quill n’a pas foupgonné — que certains Bourdons habitoient des cavités fouterraines ; fon obfer- vation, toute incomplette qu’elle eft, prouve que ces infectes ont été inftruits 4 creufer des fouterrains, et peut nous donner l’idée de la maniére dont ils les excavent. Vor. VI. Hh Géoffroy — 234 Mr. P. Huper’s Odfervations Géoffroy parle des Abeilles Bourdons dans fon Hifoire abregée des Infeétes; voici ce qu’on lit a la page 404 du fecond volume de fes ceuvres: “ C’eft fous la terre que travaillent les Bourdons, et furtout fous les gazons dont les racines liant la terre forment une voute plus. fo- lide au fouterrain que pratiquent ces infeétes. On en voit un nom- bre confidérable voltiger fur les gazons; on n’a qu’a les fuivre, on appercevra un endroit ott ils difparoifient, et en regardant de pres on découvrira Youverture de leur habitation. S’ils ne font que la commencer, tous ces infectes feront occupés 4 fouir Ja terre et a tranfporter dehors les molécules qu’ils en détachent. Les trous qu’ils pratiquent font vaftes et fpacieux, auffi beaucoup dinfeétes fe met- tent-ils l’ouvrage, car ces Abeilles vivent en fociété comme les Abeilles domettiques.” Les Bourdons que j‘ai obfervé habitoient auf_i fous terre; on trou- voit leur nid @ la profondeur d’un ou deux pieds; le chemin qui y conduifoit étoit quelquefois long et tortueux; le nid étoit dans une cavité affez confidérable, d’une forme voutée, plus large que haute ; elle étoit tapiffée de feuilles dans le fond, et le gateau étoit pofé déli- catement fur un lit de cette matiére. Quelquefois les femelles de ces Bourdons qui habitent fous terre établiffent leur nid ala furface du terrain; elles le font dans un petit creux tout ouvert par deffus; elles favent le couvrir avec de la mouffe, et font inftruites a le tapifler en dedans avec de la méme matiére; ce n’eft cependant pas la leur logement naturel, car leurs familles y font peu nombreufes, tandis qu’elles le font beaucoup plus, lorf{qu’elles les fixent dans des cavités dont l’abord eft plus difficile pour les in- feétes qu’elles ont a craindres; leurs petits y font auffi moins a l’abri des injures du tems, et de toute efpéce d’accidens. laées ss re — se ee Sl OS ee ns _ ie) Go un on Humble-bees. Idées fur la Formation de la Cavité fouterraine que les Bourdons habitent ordinairement. L’excavation de cette cavité fouterraine et du chemin qui y con- duit, n’eft point, comme le penfoit Géoffroy, le réfultat du travail de toute une famille de Bourdons; le nid lui-méme n’eft pas l’ouvrage d’un peuple nombreux. Une femelle folitaire a choifi et préparé ce logement au com- mencement du printems ; elle a pofé les fondemens des gateaux, et elle n’a pa étre aidée dans fon travail, que lorfque fes petits font parvenus a l’état de perfection. Je n’ai point vi de quelle manicre elle creufoit le chemin qui aboutit afon nid; je ne fais pas mieux comment elle forme 1a voite fous laquelle elle a établi Jes fondemens de fes gateaux. On ignore méme fi elle creufe toujours cette votte, ou fielle ne profite point dans certaines occafions de quelques trous faits par des taupes, ou par d’autres animaux; le hazard feul peut mettre fous les yeux de Yobfervateur une femelle creufant la galerie qui doit conduire a fon nid, : Il ne feroit peut-étre pas impoflible d’obliger une femelle de Bour-_ don a travailler en terre. On lui donneroit pour habitation un cabinet bien expof€ au foleil, et fermé de toutes parts. | On mettroit a fa portée des vafes de fleurs, ob elle pourroit re- cueillir, comme dans un parterre, tous les ingrédiens néceffaircs a Yexécution de fes travaux; elle trouveroit dans les vafes une terre facile & miner; on Ja verroit peut-étre commencer a efcaver la gale- rie dont j'ai parlé: aprés avoir fuivi ce travail, on ne trouveroit pas de difficulté 4 concevoir comment elle prépare, comment elle évide la cavité fouterraine. Si elle fe refufoit 4 miner la terre, on pourroit eflayer de lui pré- Hh2 parer 236 Mr. P, Huser’s Ob/ervations parer quelques trous femblables a ceux des taupes: ce ne feroit pas a la vérité le moyen de voir comment elle creufe fon logement; mais fi elle profitoit de ces trous, on pourroit foupgonner que dans l’état naturel elle fe fert auffi quelquefois des cavités qu’elle trouve toutes faites, et qu’elle eft difpenféc de la peine de les creufer. : Quelques obfervations viendroient alors appuyer le jugement du naturalifte. Il fauroit qu’on voit dés le commencement d’Avril les feincdles de Bourdons errer ca et la dans les prairies, entrer dans tous les trous qu’elles appergoivent, les uns aprés les autres, comme pour choifir celui qui leur conviendra le mieux. Elles font ce manége pendant tout le courant de ce mois; elles femblent alors plus inquietes de trouver des cavités fouterraines qu’occupées a chercher du miel fur les fleurs. J’aurois défiré pouvoir raconter de quelle maniére les jeunes fe- melles pofent les fondemens de leurs gateaux, comment elles élé- vent leurs petits dans la folitude, et quel eft leur genre de vie pen- dant le tems ot elles font ifolées; mais ce n’eft que du hazard, comme je l’ai dit, que Yon doit attendre l’occafion de voit ce qui fe pafle alors dans un nid de Bourdons; 4 quel figne pourroit-on en effet reconnoitre l’exiftence d’une cavité fobterratae a laquelle on waboutit qu’au moyen d’un canal étroit, tortueux, et plus ou moins long, lorfqu’aucun de fes habitans ne voltige a l’entour de fon entrée. Je ne perds point l’efpérance de le voir un jour; mais en atten- dant je me permettrai quelques conjectures qui font fondées fur mes obfervations ; et afin qu’on puiffe juger de leur vraifemblance, jex- poferai ici ce que j'ai vii dans les nids de Bourdons, pris au mois de Juin au fond de leur cavité fouterraine, et placés enfuite fous des cloches de verre. CHAPITRE on Hlumble-bees. © - 237 CHAPITRE I. Deéfeription des Nids des Bourdons qui vivent fous Terre. LES Bourdons dont Monfieur de Réaumur: a écrit l’hiftoire,, ne font pas exactement de la méme efpéce que ceux dont je me. fuis. oc- cupé. Les prémiers habitent prefque a la furface-de la terre, et con- {truifent leur nid avec dela mouffe, comme cet obfervateur le décrit dans fon mémoire. Ceux qui m’ont occupé pendant l’été demier habitoient queldtiefois 4 4 un ou deux piedsau ‘deffous'de Ja furface du fol; un long canal oblique ou perpendiculaire au’ terrayny fervoit de galerie aux Bourdons qui revenoient au nid. Ce conduit pouvoit avoir un demi-pouce de diamétre; il étoit cylindrique, quelquefois jonché de feuilles séches et de menu foin; c’eft au milieu de ces matériaux qu’on trouvoit'le-nid des Bourdons, recouvert-d’une calotte de. ciré, qui s’élevoit d’abord comme un mur autour du nid, et qui s’arron- diffoit par deffus en fuivant les anges ala eeeance de 4a 5 lignes. Tas. XXVI. Fig. nse HOES es Apre és avoir enlevé'cette énveloppe de ‘cire, on étoit frappé de Tap. parente groffiereté de Pouvrage qu’elle renfermoit; c’étoient- des maffes de corps ovoides d’un jaune plus ou moins pale et d’une grof- feur différente ; les uns avoient 6 lignes de longueur et 4. de largeur, les autres en avoient: 4 dans leur plus grande dimenfion, et 22 dans la plus petite ; ‘leur plus grand diamétre étoit ordinairement vertical; Sil’on obfervoit avec’ plus: ’attention on découvroit qu’un’ petit nombre de ¢es corps ovoides formoient, en fe réuniffant, un groupe dont toutes les parties étoient: folidement liées enfemble ; que les corps oblongs qui occupoient Je milieu de ces groupes Sata plus élevés que ceux qui les entouroient, et que: coux=cl dominoient en- core ceux qui formoient un troifiéme rang. On né voyoit la plipart du tems que le fommet de ces corps ovoides, 238 Mr. P. Huser’s Obdfervations ovoides, parceque leurs bafes étoient cachées dans le centre du groupe. Tas. XXVI. Fig. 2. Les dimenfions ordinaires d’un groupe étoient d’un pouce et demi dans fa hauteur et de deux dans fa largeur. Un certain nombre de ces groupes a peu pres fertiblables, placés Jes uns a coté des autres, dans un plan horizontal, et unis légerement enfemble par de petits liens de cire, formoient un efpece de gateau, dont le deffus étoit convexe, et le defloas légérement concave. Plufieurs gateaux de ce genre étoient pofés les uns au deffus des autres ; l’irrégularité de leurs furfaces, et les vides que laiffoient en- tr’eux les corps ovcides dont il a été parlé, permettoient aux Bour- dons de les parcourir en tout tems. Chacun de ces gateaux étoit fupporté par les fommités les plus élevees des corps oblongs de Yr étage inférieur; ils étoient outre cela liés enfemble par des pilliers de cire longs de 2 ou 3 lignes, qui alloient d’un étage a l’autre, ct qui étoient moins épais dans leur milieu qu’ils ne l’étoient a leur bafe et 4 leur fommet. Les corps ovoides qui formoient la maffe des gateaux n’étoient autre chofe que des coques d’une foie forte et bien collée; elles con- tenoient des Bourdons dans l'état de nymphe, ou des larves prétes a fe transformer (Tas. XXVII. Fig. 1. a & b.)3 toutes les coques des gateaux inférieurs étoient ouvertes et tronquées a leur ex- trémité fupérieure, parceque les nymphes qui les avoient ha- bitées s’étoient transformées en Bourdons, et s’étoient fait une ou- verture au fommet de la coque pour jouir de leur liberté, tandis que les coques du gateau fupérieur étoient encore fermées, et confervoient la forme ovoide qui leur appartenoit. On remarquoit au deflus du gateau fupérieur des smafiits de cire d'une forme arrondie et trés irréguli¢re. Ces mafles de cire diffe- roient beaucoup par leurs dimenfions ; les plus apparentes avoient un pouce et un quart de diamétre, fur cing ou fix lignes de hauteur; on en eS we Ss sl oO 2 Se ee Ie ace ene pe ee ell Linn. Trans. VI. tab, 20 jr.238. ° Mp on Humble-bees, 239 en voyoit de moins groffes, les plus petites n’avoient que 3 0u4 lignes de largeur; leur forme étoit ordinairement celle d'un: {phé- roide applati; quelquefois on trouvoit dans ces maffifs une grande quantité de pouffiére d’étamines humeétée avec du miel. On dé- couvroit au milieu de cette patée un grand nombre de petits vers qui paroiffoient. s’en nourrir; car la cire qui formoit ces maflifs n’étoit point deftinée 4 leur nourriture, comme le penfoient Swammer- dam et Réaumur, mais a les préferver du froid, de ’humidité, et des accidens, : Il ne faut pas confondre ces logemens habités par plufieurs irdi- vidus, avec d’autres logemens également couverts de cire a l’exté- rieur, et d’une forme 4 peu prés femblable, mais dont |’intérieur etoit tapiflé d’une foie trés délicate. Ces coques ovoides dont nous avons déja parlé ne font habitées que par le ver qui les a filés (Tas. XXVIL. fig. 1. a.): on trouvoit apres cela un affez grand nombre de petits vafes remplis de miel dans tous les coins, et furtout au milieu du gateau. oar J'ai trouvé, comme Mr. de Réaumur, trois fortes de mouches dans ces nids ; des femelles, des males, et des ouvriéres neutres., Les jeunes femelles ne paroiffoient qu’a la fin de Juillet et pie le courant des mois d’Aotit et de Septembre; elles etoient beaucoup plus grandes que les autres mouches; leur couleur étoit quelque- fois la méme, epee des'ouvriéres, d’autres fois elles en différoient beaucoup. On ne trouvoit qu'une femelle au printems ; Cétoit la. mére, comme je m’en fuis affuré en la voyant pondre plus d’une fois. Toutes les ouvricres n’étoient, pas aufli neutres que Mr. de Réau- mur Je.croyoit, et les males ne travailloient Pah quoique cet obter- vateur lait prétendu ; je montrerai cependant qu’lis ont plus d’une utilité pour la chofe commune. J ai obfervé plufieurs efpeces de Rourdons 4 ‘ leurs movurs ne dif- feroient 240 Mr, P. Hoser’s Ob/ervations féroient pas effentiellement ; j'ai méme fuivi ceux qui faifoient des toits dé moufle au-deflus de leur nid ils*ne fe conduifoient pas dif- féremment dans’ l’intérieur de leur habitation que les Bourdons qui vivoient a uneé'plus efande-profondeur. . Aprés’ avoir ‘donné une idée générale des nids ‘de Bourdons; fet fayerai de’ décrire les particularités ‘les plus importantes de leur hi- {toire; et comme c’eft dans des cellules d’une cire particulicre que naiffent les Bourdons, je parlerai dabord de la matitre dont elles font compofées. CHAPITRE IV. — De Ta Cire des Bourdons. MonsrEur DE REAuMuR parle de la cire des Bourdons qui habi- tent 4 la furface’de la terre, lors qu’il décrit les‘ toits de moufle dont leurs nids font recouverts; il dit que les Bourdons mettent un enduit de cette matiére fur toute la furface'de Vintérieur de ces toits; qu’ils y font dabord un efpéce de plafond, de cire brute, et quwils en re- couvrent enfuite toutes les parois; il ajoute que la couche de cette matiére n’a environ’ qu’une épaiffeur double de ‘celle d’une feuille de papier, gu’elle eft impénétrable a l'eau, et qu’elle contribue a la folidité de “Pédifice, en liant' enfemble les bring de mouffe dont le toit eft compofé. . Monfieur de Réaumur, occupé de l’hiftoire générale des infectes, n'a donné aux Bourdons qu’une attention partagée ;- auffi cc grand naturalifte nous a-t-il Jaif—é bien des queftions a réfoudre, et des points a éclaircir; je me trouverai heureux fi ’on'veut bien regarder mes obfervations comme un fupplément 4 fon travail. 3 La ee ee Se ee \ on Elumble-bees. - 241 La cire des Bourdons eft, la premiére pierre de Védifice; elle. eft le: bergeau de toute la peuplade, le ciment de tous les gateaux, la feule matiére que ces infeétes puiffent pétrir, la feule enfin qu’ils fachent manier. Cette matiére dont ils favent faite vin. toit pour garantir leur nid _ des eaux qui pourroient filtrerau travers de la terre, et dont ils font des vafes propres a retenir. leur miel, n’eft cependant point fi déli- cate, fi blanche, fi ferme et fi fufible, que celle des Abeilles; elle n’eft point propre a des, travaux aufli délicats. IL ne sapit point de conftruire, un double rang de cellules héxa- gones, a fonds pyramidaux ; il ne s'agit pot de donner certaines méfures aux logemens des individus de fexes différens, comme chez les Mouches a miel;. tous les travaux devoient étre plus fimples chez les Bourdons., - Il falloit élever une famille plus, o ou moins Shishaale d’infectes, aflez femblables aux. Abeilles ; ; leurs goats, leurs, befoins, - étoient, les mémes; la nature a cependant voulu qu’ils| parvinflent aux mémes fins par des moyens différens. _ Si, chez Jes Bourdons. le nombre des ouvrieres eft plus petit qu'il ne Vet chez les Abeilles communes, files materiaux, qwils employent font. plus: groffiers, et leurs,ouvrages moins, délicats; ]’on , pourra cependant remarquer, que tout eft en proportion chez les infeétes qui nous femblent moins parfaits, et, que le bien étre de la peu- plade réfulte con{tamment de Moree et de, accord, de toutes ‘les PATHeSn a 1 oily ta setioial a Monf eur. de ry aaegie ne nous 1s donne a aucune aa ust fur la nature ct fur l’origine de la cire;_il paroitméme, en plufieurs endroits; la confondre avec la pouflicre des étamines; fa couleur, fa con- fiftance, fes propriétés, en different cependant d’une manieére fen- fible. Vorwivi,. ap La bY 3 Mr. P. Huser’s Ob/ervations 4 La cire des Bourdons que j'ai obfervé ¢toit brune, molle; et le pollen que ces infectes confervent dans leurs magazins eft ordi- nairement jaune, friable, et fe réduit en poudre fous ies doigtss On verra par l’analyfe que je joins ici, que ces maticres different encore a bien d’autres.égards.. Mr. de Réaumur croyoit fans fondement, que le pollen étoit une efpéce de cire drute, que les Abeilles favoient convertir en véritable cire; il avoit domné & la maticre molle dont les Bourdons fe fervent dans leurs nids, le nom de cire; et jugeant par analogie, il-lui avoit attribué la méme origine. Il me fembla qu’on ne pouvoit adopter un tel fentiment, fans un examen plus approfondi; ceft ce qui m’engagea a faire quelques ‘recherches fur Vorigine de la cire des Bourdons. Le pollen fe convertiffoit-il en cire dans leftomac des Bourdons? C’eft une queftion qui étoit facile a réfoudre. Je favois que les Bourdons pouvoient fe nourrir pendant quelque tems avec le pollen qu’on trouve dans leurs magazins. J’imaginai-de les fevrer de miel; de leur donner autant de pollen que je pourrois m’en procurer; de les enfermer, et de leur. donner un gateau compofe de quelques coques, qui ne continffent pas de cire. Ce plan fut exécuté; les Bourdons n’en firent' point de cire pendant tout le tems qu’ils ne furent nourris que de pollen: Je crus pouvoir conclure de la, que le pollen ne leur avoit fervi que de nourriture dans cette circonftance, et qu'il n’avoit pas été converti en cire dans leur eftomac. L’expérience fuivante, Vinverfe de la premiere, me prouva bien plus clairement encore, que la.cire n’étoit pas du pollen préparé; elle prouve méme que le pollen n’entroit pour rien dans la compo- fition de cette matiére; et que, par conféquent, Mr. de Réaumur avoit fuppof€é a la cire des Bourdons une origine (jui ne lui conve- noit point. Jenfermai d’autres Bourdons fous une cloche de verre; je Jeur donnai on Humble-bees. 243 donnai auffi un petit gateau de ne dégarnies de cire; je les fevrai de-pollen, et je les nourris de miel. ” Joblervai dés le fecond jour, que les coques avoient chiatiad de couleur depuis la cléture des Bourdons. Ces loges de foie, ordinairement d’un jaune eines étoient devenues -brunes au fommet, luifantes et gluantes; le lendemain je fus étonné de. voir que la matiére colorante avoit été enlevée de deffus les coques de cire; et qu elles étoient jaunes comme auparavant; mais le furlendemain je fcgus ce qu’elle étoit devenue,—je vis que les Bourdons en avoient fait un pot'a miel fur le bord du gateau. - Je trouvai le jour fuivant, que la femelle avoit conftruit une vetlil de cire neuve fur l’une des coques, et “ elle y avoit dépofé des ceufs. La maticre dont elle avoit, été conftruite étoit fpatfaitement femblable a la cire ordinaire des: Bourdons, excepté qu’elle étoit plus luifante, propriété qui tenoit peut-étre a ce qu’elle avoit été produite depuis peu: cette expérience m’apprit non feulement que le pollen n'entroit pas dans la compofition de la cire, mais elle me découvrit que je 'miel étoit la matiére premiére de cette fubftance, et qu’il fe convertiffoit en cire par l’effet d’une élaboration particuliére. “Mais étoit-ce la partie fucree du miel, ou quelqu’autre principe, qui avoit produit dans le corps des Bourdons cette cire que je trou- vai fur leurs gateaux ? “Tl falloit une expérience direéte pour le aeciter je. commencai yar repéter la précédente, et j’obtins le méme réfultat. Jimaginai de nourrir ces mémes Bourdons avec dw fucre hu- meéte; je leur donnai un autre gateau ne contenoit aucune par- ‘celle de cire. Je les tins enfermés fous une cloche de verre. Au bout de vingt- quatre heures je vis diftinS&tement le deffus du giteau teint en brun; ‘fe ramaffai avec la lame d’un canif la matiére colorante; j’y reconnus 12 gi 4 bientét 244 Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervations bient6t la cire comme la premiére fois; cette fubftance expofée au feu fur une lame de verre fé fondoit, et couloit un peu; elle bouillit bientét aprés, et laifla échapper une odeur défagréable. Je conclus de cette derniére experience, que la partie fucrée du miel fuffifoit pour mettre les Bourdons en wetat on produire de la cire. . Je n’avois pas encore vu de quelle maniére les Bourdons pro- duifoient cette cire; je penfai dabord qu’elle fortoit par leur bouche, et que les Bourdons enduifoient de cire, ou peignoient les gateaux,. en fe fervant de leur langue comme d’un pinceau; mais avant de me: laiffer perfuader par une fimple conjecture, je cherchai 4 m’in- ftruire de Ja vérité par de nouvelles obfervations. ; Je penfai que ces Bourdons feroient vraifemblablement de la cire, lors méme que je ne leur donnerois point de’ gateau. Je plagai une table devant ma fenétre, a fin de voir au grand jour les moindres détails ; je mis une feuille de papier parfaitement blanc fur cette table; je Ja couvris avec un récipient de verre, et fen fermai fous la cloche'un certain nombre de Bourdons d’une autre efpece ; je les nourris avec du muh que e leur donnai oe une carte, et je les oblervai. ; ei Les Bourdons fe rangérent en ipir autour de leur mangeoire ; ils déployérent leur trompe, et prirent avec cet inftrument tout le ~ miel que je leur avois donné. . , Ils mangérent pendant prés de 10 ou 15 minutes;. jen vis alors quelques-uns fe mettre un peu fur le cété, brofler leur ventre avec les pattes de la feconde paire, fe frotter de méme a !’endroit ob les demi-anneaux fe rencontrent fur les cétés de leurs cerps, et fe re- dreffer enfuite: ils faifoient alors pafler tour-a-tour les deux jambes qui venoient de broffer leur ventre entre les deux jambes de déerriére,, qui fe rapprochoient |’une ‘de l’autre; et tandis que: celles-ci fer- roient Pune de celles de la feconde paire, le Bourdon faifoit effort Ai pour on Humble-bees, eas pour la retirer de l’efpéce de pince dans laquelle il l’avoit engagée: par cette manceuvre bien fimple les jambes de Ja troific¢me paire enlevoient a celles de la feconde toute la matiére qu’elles avoient prife fur les anneaux. Taz. XXVII. Fig. 2. Mais quand les jambes de la troifiéme paire étoient affez chargées de cette maticre, il falloit auffi qu’elles s’en dépouillaffent, et c’étoit par un autre moyen. | y Les Bourdons y parvenoient en Jes frottant du haut en bas affez rapidement: quand la matiére étoit arrivée a leur extrémité, ils la pouffoient furle parquet. Ces Bourdons répétoient deux fois cette manceuvre pour chacune des jambes broflantes. Dans cette opération on a vt les Bourdons frotter leur ventre avec les jambes de la feconde paire, puis les faire paffer fucceffivement deux fois entre celles de la troifiéme, qui finiffoient par dppeler fur le parquet la mati¢re dont elles avoient été chargées._, D’autres fois ils frottoient leur ventre avec les jambes de la troi-_ fiéme paire, et les faifoient paffer entre celles de la feconde; cette operation l’inverfe de la précédente avoit. le méme réfultat, et les jambes de la feconde paire fe dépouilloient enfuite; ,de la,.méme maniére, de tout ce qu’elles avoient pris a celles de-la troifiéme. Tas. XXVII. Fig. 3. bg Tous ces Bourdons firent plufieurs fois la méme manceuvre; et quand jen eus découvert’ le but, j’examinai avec beaucoup d’atten- tion la matiére que leurs jambes Jaiffoient aprés elles fur le papier. C’étoit ordinairement des points noirs ou bruns, prefque liquides, mais qu’on ne pouyoit examiner que lorfqu’il y en avoit un certain nombre; alors, enges réuniffant fur la lame d’un couteau, on y re- connoiffoit la méme matiére que celle dont les Bourdons fe fervent pour faire des pots a miel; elle fe fondoit ainfi que leur cire ordi- naire, et répandoit la méme odeur quand elle étoit expofée au feu. Ils en faifoient tous les jours une quantité affez confidérable; mais elle 246 Mr. P. Huner’s Obfervations elle étoit bien petite, fi on la comparoit a la dofe de. miel qu’ils cons fommeient; ils pouvoient en couvrir la moiti¢ d’une carte en un jour; la couche étoit dabord trés mince, mais elle devenoit graduellement plus épaiffe: ils me prouveérent enfin, que c’étoit leur veritable cire eu en conftruifant des pots a micl fous mes yeux. - L’apparition prefque inflantanée de la cire fur les anneaux des Bourdons qui venoient de manger du miel, étoit un fait trés re- marquable; il m’importoit de le‘conftater ; je crus dabord néceffaire d'écarter une objection qui fe préfenta 4 mon efprit; on auroit pi croire que la matiére cireufe n’avoit pas été produite inftantanément dans le corps des Bourdons que j’avois enfermés; et qu’elle avoit été élaborée par ces infectes, avant Vinftant de leur cloture, par Veffet de la nourriture qu’ils avoient pa choifir. Il y avoit un moyen bien fimple de vérifier ou de détruire cette conjecture; il ne s vagif- foit que denfermer un grand nombre de Bourdons, et de leur don- ner du pollen, qui ne pouvoit aie les nourrir fans les mettre en état de produire de la cire. H S’ils avoient fait de la cire dans leur prifon, il auroit été Spite que l’élaboration de cette matiére avoit été faite avant la cléture; fi, au contraire, ils n’avoient point fait de cire, la fuppofition d’une élaboration antérieure a la cléture auroit été détruite; j’aurois alors donné du miel 4 ces mémes Bourdons toujours prifonniers, et j’aurois obfervé ce qui fe feroit paffé avec |’attention la plus fcrupulente. Ce fut fe 20 Juillet. que je fis cette expérience; les Bourdons que javois fequeftrés et reduits au pollen pour toute nourriture, ne firent point de cire; un feul de ces infectes broffa une fois les cétés de fon ventre, mais fes jambes ne deposérent i le parquet de fa prifon. Quand jeme fus bien affuré qu’ils ne pouvoient faire de la cire, je leur donnai une abondante ration de’miel; je vis alors la mere et les ouvriéres brofler leur ventre, et dépofer fur le parquet la matiére qui avoit fuinté au travers de leurs anneaux: le refultat de on Elumbleebees. 247 de cette experience écartoit le doute que j’avois élevé, et il me parut démontré que la matiére cireufe n’éoit pas dans le corps des Bour- dons avant qu’ils euffent mangé du miel, et que fa production inftantanée étoit l’effet de cette nourriture. - Cette vérité fut pleinement confirmée dans la fuite par plufieurs obiervations. ; L’une des plus remarquables fut, que des Bourdons, nourris quinze jours avec du miel feulement, firent affez de cire dans leur prifon pour pouvoir en conftruire deux pots 4 miel, fous mes yeux. " Une autre obfervation qui vient 4 l’appui de tout ce que j’ai avancé ~. jufqu’a préfent fur la cire, mérite aufli quelque place dans ce chapitre. Javois enfermé une douzaine de Bourdons fous une cloche de verre; je leur avois donné une portion de gateau dépouillée de cire ~autant qu'il avoit été poffible, et j'avois réfolu de les nourrir de miel pendant quelques jours, pour confirmer une des experiences pré- cédentes. Wi Leur giteau étoit compofé d’une dixaine de coques de foie; ces loges qui contenoient des nymphes étoient tellement inégales, que le gateau n’avoit aucune affiette; fa mobilité inquiétoit extréme- ment les Bourdons: s’ils avoient eu de la cire, ils n’auroient pas man- qué de V’affujettir ; ils ne pouvoient monter fur le gateau fans le faire pencher, et fans le mettre en mouvement: cependant leur habitude, ou plutét leur affection pour les nymphes que contenoient ces coques, exigeoit qu’ils fe tinflent fur le gateau pour rechauffer les petits: ils mventérent un expédient fi ingénieux, pour folidifier ‘ce gateau, que je ne puis réfifter a l’envie de le raconter. Ils fuppléerent au défaut de la cire, en foutenant le gateau @ force de bras, comme on Je voit dans la Tas. XXVII. Fig. 5. - Quand 248 Mr. P. Huper’s Obfervations Quand ils appercevoient: par le balancement du gateau qu’il alloit pencher de leur cété, ils defcendoient un peu fur fes bords, et fe tenoient fufpendus par les jambes de derri¢re au haut des coques, tandis qu’ils étendoient en embas les jambes de la feconde paire, qui font trés longues, comme on le voit Tas. XXVII. Fig. 4.).\ dls attendoient dans cette attitude, que le mouvement du gateau leur fit atteindre la table. Alors ils s’y cramponnoient avec les crochets de leurs pieds, comme dans la figure 5, et reftoient dans cette pofture jufqu’a ce qu’ils fuffent fatigués, D’autres Bourdons venoient alors les relever; plufieurs a la fois retenoient ainfi le gateau en fituation; la mére elle-méme les aidoit dans ce travail extraordinaire: ce manége dura deux ou trois jours; je le fis remarquer 4 plufieurs perfonnes, qui le virent ainfi que moi, et qui n’en furent pas moins frappés. Cependant le miel que je leur avois donné Jes avoit mis en état . de produire de la cire; au bout de deux jours les coques étoient en- tiérement couvertes de matiére brune et cireufe. Le troifi¢éme jour les Bourdons ne foutenoient prefque plus leur gateau; ils avoient conftruits des pilliers de cire, qui partoient de la table, pour alier foutenir celles des coques, dont la bafe étoit plus Lain dw plan ; ce qui les difpenfoit du travail extraordinaire que J avois admiré les jours précedens. 2 ; Ces pilliers ne goseear pas geese 3 us finirent par fe rompre: leur cire s’étoit féchée, et n’adhéroit plus avec la méme force au plan. Les Bourdons eurent recours au méme expédient, pour arréter le mouvement de leur gateau ; ils recommencerent 4 le foutenir avec leursgjambes3 j’eus alors pitié d’eux, et je colai leur gateau {ur la te il étoit pofé. - ' Jobfervai dans toutes ces expériences que la mére produifoit beau- coup plus de cire que les fimples ouvriéres. j Je on Humble-bees. 249 Je-vis dans d’autres occafions des males que javois enferme {éparément, et nourris de miel, fe broffer les cétés comme les ou- vricres; mais je ne pus examiner Ja matiére qu’ils laiffoient fur le parquet; ce fera le fujet de nouvelles obfervations. En réuniffant mes obfervations fur la cire je trouve, I. Que la cire et le pollen font deux matiéres effentiellement dif- férentes. _ 2. Que le pollen n’eft point la matiére premiere de la cire. 3. Que des Bourdons nourris de miel feulement font de la cire. 4. Que c’eft la partie fucrée du miel qui produit la cire dans he corps de ces infectes. 5. Que cette cire fort de leur corps en trés petite quantité a la fois, et par les vides que laiffent entr’eux les anneaux écailleux dont le corps de ces infectes eft garni deffus et deffous. 6. Que leur cire fort de leur corps un inftant aprés qu’ils ont mangé du miel. 7. Que les femelles font une plus grande quantité de cire que les autres individus. ) ; 8. Que les males paroiffent en faire ainfi que les ouvriéres, et que les femelles; mais on verra dans le chapitre fuivant que les ouvrieres et les femelles feulement ont été inftruites a employer 4 différens ufages. CHAPITRE V. De la Manicre dont les Bourdons employent la Cire dans leurs Confiruétions. VENONS tout de fuite au principal ufage de la cire; voyons comment on prépare au ver du Bourdon le logement et la nourri- Vor. VI. Kk ture, ‘ 250 Mr. P. Huzer’s Ob/ervations ture. Je fuppoferai dabord un nid femblable a celui que j'ai décrit dans Je chapitre troifiéme; tel qu’on le trouvera au mois de Juin, peuplé d’un nombre de mouches affez confidérable, et pourvu d’une mére bien feconde; je fortirai le nid de la terre; je le mettrai au grand jour fur ma fenétre ; je le couvrirai d’un récipient, ou d’une cloche de verre; je laifferai aux Bourdons la liberté de fortir, au moyen d’une porte pratiquée dans la planche fur laquelle jauraé pofé leur nid; 4 la faveur de tous ces préparatifs je pourrai obferver et décrire ce que j'aurai vt. Mais le nid proprement dit eft encore caché a mes yeux par une calotte de cire, qui s’éléve tout autour des gateaux, et qui vient fe former en votite au deffus d’eux. Rien n’eft plus: facile que d’enlever cette calotte, mais les Bour- dons la reconftruifent en peu de tems; ce n’eft cependant point un: inconvénient, parceque la douceur de ces infeétes permet toujours de la détruire. : Au deffous de cette votite on voit déja deux rangs de gateaux compofés de coques oblongues, de maflifs de cire de différentes formes, et de plufieurs pots a micl. Le nid ne contient point encore de males ni de jeunes femelles ; on ne trouve fur les gateaux que des ouvriéres, et la femelle qui leur a donné le jour. On voit fouvent cette mére, fort agitée, courir ca et la fur le nid, s’arréter fur un maflif de cire, ou fur un de ces pots a miel dont jai parle, enlever avec fes dents quelques parties de cire fur fon bord, puis fe remettre a courir; s’arréter au point de réunion de trois coques, y dépofer le brin de cire qu’elle apportoit, et réitérer ce manége jufqu’a ce qu’elle ait éleve un petit tas, auquel elle puiffe donner une certaine forme. Elle ronge alors cette maffe de cire dans le milieu; elle fait paf- fer dans fa machoire les parcelles de matiére qu’elle en retire; et les pofant fur le bord du creux, elle les pétrit avec fes dents, -ainfi que celles EE ee ee a ee eee ee ee on Humble-bees. 251 celles qu’elle y avoit laiffées; elle amincit Jes bords de la petite cavité, ét en l’approfondiffant d’avantage elle donne plus de hautcur a {es parois; elle recule un peu, et travaille la matiére qu'elle trouve fous fa machoire; elle recule encore; mais en tournant autour de fa cel- lule, car fa téte n’en quitte prefque jamais le bord, elle tourne ainfi a reculon jufqu’a ce qu’elle ait fait le tour du petit creux, qui prend déja la forme du calice d’un gland, Cela fait, elle retourne cher- cher de la cire, qu’elle vient pofer fur le bord de la cellule; elle en apporte affez en deux ou trois fois pour élever fes bords de trois ou quatre lignes. On voit fouvent les ouvriéres l’aider dans ce travail, d’autres fois le faire en entier; tantot elles font plufieurs de ces cellules les unes a cété des autres; tantdot elles defont la parois qui les fépare pour n’en faire qu'une feule, plus large que les autres. Mais dés que la cellule eft achevée la mere vient lui donner la derniére perfection ; elle en polit ’intérieur, en arrondit les contours, en épaiffit les parois et en reléve les bords. C’eft la qu’elle doit dépofer fes ceufs; c’eft 1a que fes petits paf- feront une partie de leur vie, qu’ils feront nourris jufqu’a ce qu’ils foient en état de voler. Mais aprés leur avoir conftruit une demeure affez fpacieufe pour les premiers jours de leur vie, elle femble fonger auffi 4 leurs premiers befoins ; elle pourvoit d’avance a leur nourri- ture; elle va chercher du pollen dans ces pots, ot les Bourdons confervent quelquefois des pouffiéres d’étamines, et qui font ordi- nairement deftinés a contenir leur micl. Elle revient et dépofe dans le fond de la cellule une épaiffe couche de pollen, mais elie l’étend de maniére a laiffer pour fes ceufs le plus grand efpace poflible. Tandis que la femelle prépare un logement et des vivres pour fes petits, les ouvricres font occupées 4 divers travaux qui méritent d’étre connus. Un certain nombre d’entr’elles conftruifent la voute de cire qui recouvre les gateaux; ceft ordinairement a la bafe Kk 2 des 252 Mr. P. Huser’s Odfervations des coques antérieures qu’elles fixent l’origine de cette enveloppe; elles la commencent d’abord d’an feul cété; elles attachent pour cela quelques parcelles de cire a pluficurs coques contigues; elles en apportent d’autres qu’elles placent entre les premiéres, ce qui forme une ligne plus ou moins courbe; cette ligne, fort étroite, eft la bafe de leur premier travail: elles vont enfuite chercher de la cire dans leur nid; et lorfqu’elles reviennent, on voit a leur bouche un petit morceau de cette matiére, qu’elles pofent et qu’elles arrangent avec Jeurs dents fur les premiers brins. Leur nombre augmente, et l’on voit bientét s’élever un mur de cire plus haut dans fon milieu qu’a {cs extrémités, et dont l’épaiffeur n’excéde pas un huitiéme de ligne : cependant le nombre des travailleufes eft aflez grand pour que Youvrage avance a vue d’ceil, le mur s’éléve déja au deffus des coques, d'autres ouvricres en conftruifent de femblables de tous les cétés a la fois. Ils ont leurs bafes fixées fur le fond du nid fur les feuilles, ou méme fur le terrain; ces murs font attachés aux coques des gAteaux, qui leur donnent toute la folidité dont cet ouvrage eft fufceptible. Tous ces murs font bientét joints enfemble par d’autres murs femblables, et conftruits de l'un a l’autre; on voit déja un cintre irrégulier d’un pouce de hauteur ou d’un pouce et demi autour des gateaux. Jufqu’ici le travail des Bourdons avoit été vertical; leurs jambes antérieures et leur téte pofée fur le bord de l’enveloppe étoient occu- pées 4 augmenter fa hauteur, tandis que les pattes poftérieures étoient fixées fur les coques les plus voifines; on voyoit leurs antennes placées aux deux cétés du bord de la petite muraille, comme pour diriger le travail des dents; celles-ci placées de la méme maniére en arricre des antennes paitriffoient la nouvelle cire qu’elles ve- noient d’apporter, et qu’elles méloient avec la vieille: leur téte faifoit un petit mouvement en avant; les dents dépofoient alors une petite on Humble-bees. 253 petite bande de cire fur le bord de cette enyeloppe, et donnoit au tout une épaiffeur parfaitement ¢gale. ‘Les pattes antérieures fervohent: pour ainfi dire, de bras a ces in- feétes ; c’eft avec ces membres qu’ils tenoient en fituation le bord de cire qu’ils travailloient; leurs jambes de la feconde paire fervoient a les fupporter ; ils les cramponnoient dans la cire, et cette attitude fembloit faciliter.leurs diverfes mancéuvres. A cette époque le travail devient horizontal; les Bourdons, au lieu d’ajouter de nouvelles bandes au deffus du bord de leur muraille, Jes entent un peu de cété, comme font les maffons lorfqu’ils com- mencent 4 conftruire le cintre d’une votte; bientdt ils quittent enticrement le travail vertical, et font au deffus du nid un toit plus oa moins horizontal; on les voit fouvent alors a califourchon fur le bord de la voite a laquelle ils fe cramponnent et fe fufpendent au moyen des crochets dont leurs pieds font munis. Ils font repréfentés dans cette attitude Tas. XXVI. Fig. 2. Les Bourdons travaillent alors de cdété, mais c’eft avec la méme dextérité que lorfqu’ils élévent le mur qui eft la bafe de leur véute; elle s'étend en tout fens avec une grande rapidité, et bientdt elle eft entiérement formée, tous les bords ont été joints enfemble, et les Bourdons n’ont laiffé que quelques ouvertures fort irréguliéres, deftinées 4 leur fervir de paffage. Ces infectes font véritablement alors fous une tente d’une toile de cire;: elle eft foutenue en plufieurs endroits par de. petits pilliers. de forme irrégulicre, qui partent de deffus les coques, et qui arrivent ala furface inférieure de la voite. Un pouce quarré de cette toile de cire péfe a peu prés quatre grains; les plus grandes enveloppes que j’ai vii avoient ordinairement quatre pouces quarrés, et pefoient par conféquent environ 64 grains. J’enlevai un jour Penveloppe d’un nid de Bourdons.rouges et noirs, trés peuple, et au bout de deux jours ils en eurent conftruit une nouvelle qui pefoit 55 grains, ellé pouvoit avoir 3 pouces 2, quarrés de 254 Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervations de furface: jenlevai encore plufieurs fois leur enveloppe fans ‘les décourager ; ils en firent quatre en neuf jours; je les pefais, et leur poids réuni montoit a 272 grains, ce qui équivaut a celui d’une toile de cette matiére qui auroit huit pouces quarrés de furface; ils en firent une nouvelle en 4 4 5 jours, qui pefa 93 grains. Les Bourdons dans 1’état de nature couvrent leurs nids de mouffe, et, comme Mr. de Réaumur l’avoit obfervé, ils la folidifient au moyen dune couche de cire fort mince qu’ils conftruifent au deflous: mais lorfqu’on leur refufe les matériaux néceffaires, ou lorf{que la nature les a placé trop loin de la mouffe et des brins d’herbe, ils favent s’en pafler, et conftruifent leur toit en cire feulement comme je viens de le raconter. - Le hazard m’a fait découvrir un trait de leur induftrie que la nature ne m’eut certainement jamais offert. J’avois recouvert un nid de Bourdons avec une cloche de verre, comme je le fais ordi- nairement; les bords de la cloche ne pofoient pas exa¢tement fur la table ot elle étoit placée; il y avoit méme certains endroits ow le plateau étoit fi fort voilé, qu’un Bourdon auroit pt paffer fous les bords de la cloche avec la plus grande facilité. Je remplis les vuides avec de la toile grofficre ; je la fis méme entrer fort avant dans la cloche, afin de la fermer plus furement. La ruche étoit établie dans mon cabinet; un long canal vitré, adapté a la porte du nid, conduifoit les Bourdons hors de la fenétre par une ouverture que javois pratiquée dans le bois méme de la croifée, et au moyen de ces préparatifs je pouvois obferver fans rifquer d’étre piqué. Je vis bientét les Bourdons attaquer les morceaux de toile qui fermoient leur ruche; ils en arrachoient les fils les uns aprés les autres ; ils les cardoient avec leurs dents, et les coupoient auffi menus que des brins de coton; ils réuniffoient enfuite ces brins avec leurs jambes ; ils en formoient des floccons qu’ils pouffoient derriére eux, a méfure qu’ils les avoient cardés. Plufieurs Bourdons étoient continuellement occupés on Humble-bees, 255 eccupés a ce travail, tandis que d’autres individus de la peuplade s’occupoient a pouffer avec leurs jambes ces petits monceaux de coton contre le nid méme; ils travailiérent a éfiler cette toile pendant prés d’un mois; ils en entourérent leur nid d’un tas épais au moins d’un pouce et demi en certains endroits, et qui s’élevoit jufqu’a la moitié de la hauteur du nid. Quand ils eurent éfilé une plus grande quantité de toile, ils en couvrirent entiérement l’enveloppe, comme ils auroient fait avec de la moufic, et méme ils en firent entrer fous l’enveloppe une affez grande quantité pour fermer tous les vuides qu'elle pouvoit laiffer entre fon bord et celui du gateau. D’autres Bourdons déchirerent la couverture d’un livre dont je m’étois fervi pour recouvrir la boéte ot je les avois logé; ils coupé- rent ces lambeaux de papier en fort petits morceaux, qu’ils réunirent au deffus de l’enveloppe de leur nid. I] paroit donc que ces infeétes favent profiter en de certaines | occafions des matériaux que la nature ne pourroit leur préfenter : on verra dans le chapitre dixiéme ce qui peut avoir donné lieu aux Bourdons de déployer un talent et un inftiné& auffi extraordinaire. Si on met des morceaux de toile ou de papier dans une ruche d’Abceille, elles les déchirent avec leurs dents, et en emportent les débris hors de leur habitation. A quelle caufe pourroit-on attribuer cette différence de mceurs, entres des infectes dont l’inftin& paroit fi raproché? Ne feroit-ce point que les Abeilles inftruites a déchirer, 4 enlever'les tiffus de foie filés par Jes teignes dans l’intérieur de Jeurs gateaux, prennent la toile et le papier pour l’ouvrage de leurs ennemis? tandis que les Bourdons, fujets aux mémes fléaux, ne favent point s’en défendre, et qu’ils n’enlévent jamais les galeries _ que les teignes ourdiffent dans-leurs giteaux? - Les infectes qui vivent en focieté ont cela de commun avec les hommes, que leur induftrie augmente en raifon de leur nombre. Il femble qu’une grande population facilite les travaux de toute efpéce ; 256 Mr. Po Huser’s Odfervations a efpéce; et c’eft dans les nids les plus peuplés qu'il faut obferver les ouvrages des infectes, pour connoitre le plus haut point de leur induftrie. J'ai obfervé plufieurs fois que les Bourdons de méme efpéce n’exécutoient pas aufli bien les mémes travaux lorfqu’ils | étoient en petit nombre, que lorfque leurs nids avoient plus d’habitans. J'ai remarqué que ceux dont les familles étoient moins nombreufes ne doubloient point de cire leur toit de mouffe, comme le font ceux qui habitent des nids bien peuplés; les premiers n’allongeoient pas leurs pots a miel, tandis que le befoin forgoit les autres a ufer de cet artifice. } Tl eft cependant vrai, que pour commencer des obfervations il vaut mieux fe contenter des familles les moins confidérables ; elles font plus faciles a examiner, le tableau en eft moins confus, et l’on - y peut fuivre plus exaétement les principaux traits de leur hiftoire; mais fi l’on défire de connoitre un plus grand nombre de faits, il ne g faut plus s’en tenir aux ébauches de Ja nature, il faut chercher des détails nouveaux dans des nids bien peuplés. C’eft Ja qu’on pourra rectifier fes erreurs, et qu’aprés avoir généralifé fes idées, il fera aifé de les reduire 4 de juftes bornes. CHAPITRE VI. De la Ponte. LORSQUE la femelle a achevé la cellule qui doit recevoir fes ceufs, elle fe met 4 pondre; mais elle effaie auparavant fi le bout de fon corps peut y entrer:* quand elle la trouve trop étroite, elle en fort et revient l’aggrandir; elle effaie une feconde fois, et fi les a ee ee 5 ¥ Le DT IN ES” — on Humble-bees. 2 5 7 jes dimenfions de la capfule ne font pas exactement celles qui con- viennent au bout de fon ventre, elle évate plus ou moins les bords de l’alvéoles elle réuffit enfin, a leur donner une mefure exacte, ct on la voit alors s’etablir fur la cellule. Cependant elle fait de vains efforts pour pondre, les lévres de fon anus ne s’ouvrent pas aflez pour laifler fortir fes ccufs ; mais elle a été inftruite a faire ufage d’un inftrument qui favorife fes efforts, et dont j’ai longtems ignoré lutilité. Cet inftrument eft l’aiguillon dont le bout de fon-corps eft armé, et dont elle ne fe fert prefque jamais comme d’une arme offenfive. Laiguillon chez ces infectes n’a d’autre iffue que l’anus, et cet anus eft compofé de deux levres horizontales, quis’ouvrent et fe ferment lune fur autre. Lorfque la femelle eft établie fur l’alvéole, et qu’elle eft réte a pondre, elle entr’ouvre avec effort les lévres de fon anus, en fait fortir fon aiguillon, et le pouffant fortement en arriére, elle l’enfonce dans le bord de la cellule, qu’elle perce de part en part; la lévre fupéri- eure de l’anus fe trouve donc prife entre Vaiguillon et le bord de Valvéole; fes pattes poftérieures embraffent en méme tems la cellule, et preflent contre l’aiguillon la cire molle dont elle eft formée: au moyen de cette derni¢re opération elle y tient affez fortement. Voyez Tas. XXVII. Fig. 6. Si fofois donner une explication de ce fait, voici ce que je dirois: Les levres de l’anus ont une tendance naturelle 4 fe rapprocher ; il faut une force extraordinaire pour rompre cette force mufcuylaire ; "effort fe fait du dedans au dehors; et fi quelques mufcles agiffent dans ce fens en cette occafion, il leur faut un point d’appui, pour que l’anus puiffe s’ouvrir; il faut que fes lévres ne fe fuivent pas l’une autre; mais elles fe fuivront, tant que lune des deux ne fera pas retenue par quelques moyens extraordinaires ; car rien n’eft plus mo- bile que les derniers anneaux du ventre de la femelle. Mais ot feroit Vor. YI. Lt cette 258 Mr, P. Huser’s Obfervations cette pince? ow feroit ce point d’appui? La nature a inftruite les femelles des-Bourdons a le chercher fur les bords de la cellule qui doit recevoir leurs ceufs, 2 engager la lévre fupérieure de lanus entre la cire de l’alvéole et leur propre aiguillon ; et 4 former ainfi une efpéce de pince, qui en leur donnant une affiette convenable force leur anus de refter entr’ouvert, et facilite leur accouchement. Lorfque Jes femelles fe font fixées fur leur cellule, comme je viens de le dire, elles pondent fix ou fept ceufs de fuite, fans changer .d attitude. Il n’y a point d’exemple d’une ponte de ce genre chez les Abeilles et chez les Guépes. Les infeétes qui different encore plus des Bourtede! leur reffem- bleroient-ils A cet gard? Cela n’eft pas vraifemblable ; il exifte une variété infinie dans toutes les opérations de la Nature, et plus ies claffes font différentes, moins les détails fe rapprochent. Les ceufs des Bourdons font d’une ligne de longueur, un peu re- courbés, et plus gros aun bout qu’a J’autre. Ils paroiffeat au microfcope en quelque forte femblables 4 du cha- grin; ils font d’une couleur laiteufe et remplis de liqueur. Swammerdam dit que ces ceufs font plantés dans Ia cire de leur cellule par leur bout le plus pointu; ce fait n’a pas été confirmé par mes obfervations ; j'al toujours trouvé les ceufs de Bourdons couchés les uns 4 cdté des autres; ou les uns fur les autres, fans aucun ordre; la dé{cription qu’il en a donnée eft d’ailleurs exactement conforme a ce que j'ai vu. A peine la femelle a-t-elle achevé de pondre, qu’elle fonge a ren- fermer fes ceufs ; elle rabat fur eux les bords de leur petite loge; elle va ramaffer fur les coques de foie et fur les pots 4 miel une fuffi- fante quantite de cire, pour enfermer fes petits; elle remplit avec le plus grand foin Jes moindres interflices; elle achéve ainfi la cloifon fupérieure de leur logement, et fe couche fur la cellule, en remuant 6 trés on Humble-bees. 259 trés vivement le bout de fon corps au deffus de leur berceau, comme {i elle vouloit les couver ; elle refte quelquefois vingt minutes fur la cellule; elle la quitte pour quelques inftans, et y revient bientdt apics. Faire une cellule, la garnir de pollen, pondre des ceufs, les ren- fermer—voila bien des opérations—elles font faites en une demi- heure: fi l’on s’etonne de cette rapidite, ’on ne fera pas moins fur- pris de la caufe qui oblige cette mére a fe hater fi fort. Au moment ot: fes on font pondus, et lorfqu’elle commence a les renfermer, on voit les ouvrieres fe précipiter fur leur cellule, et eflayer d’en dérober quelques- uns; elles attaquent méme ces ceufs, lor{que la mére eft occupée & les pondre; mais celle- ci a donné de {i exadtes dimenfions aux bords de l’alvéole, que les ouvriéres ne réufliffent point a les enlever pendant qu'elle refte fur la cellule; ces ouvriéres harcellent cependant de telle maniére lextrémité de fon ventre, qu’elle fe retourne en fureur, et les pourfuit jufqu’au bas du nid, battant des ailes. D’autres Bourdons profitent du moment ot la mére sett écartée; ils viennent fur la cellule avec les mémes fignes d’avidité, et en tirent a la dérobée un ceuf, dont ils boivent le fuc laiteux, et dont ils rejettent la coquille, qui n’eft qu’une membrane tranfparente. Quand la femelle revient pondre de nouveaux ceufs, et qu’elle voit les Bourdons dévorer ceux qu'elle a déja pondu, elle leur tombe deffus a coups de dents, les pourfuit au fond du nid, et chafle tous ceux qui veulent approcher de fa cellule; jamais le voleur n’é- prouve d’autres effets de fa colere ; elle ne fe fert point contre lui de fon aiguillon; car, individus pour individus, ils font tous €gaux pour la nature, et celui qui eft déja parvenu a l'état de perfection vaut a fes yeux celui qui ne fait que de naitre. Lors méme que ces ceufs font fermés ils ne font point a l’abri de la gourmandife des ouvriéres; elles favent entr’ouvrir la cellule, et Ll 2 attaquer 260 Mr. P. Huser’s Odjervations attaquer fes habitans ; la furveillance de la mére peut feule les en garantir. v Celle-ci fait alors la garde autour de fes petits, avec une vigi- Jance étonnante, pendant fix ou huit heures. Il paroit que les vieux ceufs font moins recherchés des ouvriéres que ceux qui font nouvellement pondus; en effet, j'ai rarement vu Jes ouvriéres les attaquer le fecond jour. J’effayai une fois de leur offrir de vieux ceufs, au moment ow elles attaquoient les nouveaux; elles renfermérent foigneufement les pre- miers, fans tenter de s’en nourrir. Que penfer de la Nature, quand elle femble donner aux infectes Ja faculté de détruire leur propre efpece, lorfqu’elle permet aux Abeilles de tuer leurs males, et qu’elle laiffe aux Bourdons Ie droit et Yenvie de dévorer les ceufs nouvellement pondus ? Ne fembleroit-il pas naturel d’en conclure, qu’elle veut opérer- une déftruction totale? Cependant les efpéces fe confervent, les familles fe multiplient, les loix ne font point changées; et il paroit au contraiwe, que ¢’eft par le facrifice de quelques individus que la confervation de l’efpéce eft affurée. Des obfervations particuliéres. nous apprennent, que les Abeilles ne tuent leurs males que lorfqu’ils font devenus inutiles 4 leur peuplade; ils confommeroient une grande partie des provifions, dont les Abeilles ont befoin pour fe nourrir pendant l’hiver; et la Nature a préféré la confervation des individus induftrieux, a celle des males qui ne font plus d’aucun fervice aprés le tems de la fécondation. Quand au pillage des eeufs de Bourdons, il, faut en chercher la caufe plus loin. I] ne paroit d’aucune utilité ala peuplade méme ; car les ceufs qui font expofés 4 la gloutonnerie des ouvriéres font auffi bien des ceufs d’ouvritres que des ceufs de miles et de femelles. Mais on Prapite Bids, 261 Mais peut-étre |’Auteur de la nature a-t-il voulu diminuer par 14 le nombre des mellivores. Les Bourdons font les plus grands des infectes qui fe nourriffent de miel; et fi leur nombre étoit triple et quadruple, d'autres infectes ne trouveroient plus de nourriture, et peut*étre leur efpéce feroit- elle détruite. Cet argument prendra alte de force fi l’on remarque avec quel foin la Nature a mis des entraves a4 la trop grande population des Bour- dons. Ces infeétes ont plufieurs fortes d’ennemis; entr’autres une efpéece de fauffe teigne, et un gros ver blanc, qui fe nourriffent de leur cire, de leurs nymphes, et d’eux-mémes quelquefois 5 ; ils font méme chargés d’une nombreufe famille de poux, qui s’attachent a leur corfelet, et quils emportent avec eux dans les airs. CHAPITRE VII. Des Vers de Bourdons, et de la Manicre dont ils fe nourriffent, SWAMMERDAM n’ignoroit pas que les Guépes donnent la bé- quée a leurs petits ; que ceux de |’Abeille magonne fe trouvnt en- tourés, au fortir de Pceuf, des alimens que leur mére a préparé ; il favoit enfin, que les Mouches 4 miel préparent une bouillie particu- liére; qu’elles la mettent dans les cellules qui fervent de berceau a leurs petits ; qu’elles les nourriffent jour a jour; et, ce qui eft plus re- marquable, qu’elles proportionnent la quantité et Ja qualité de cet aliment a Page et au fexe de chaque individu. Il paroit qu’il n’avoit pas obfervé les mceurs et l’induftrie des Bourdons; rejettant les lumiéres que l’analogie pouvoit lui offrir, il veut que les petits de ces infectes fe nourriffent de la maticre méme dont leurs berceaux font compofes. ; e 262 Mr. P. Huser’s Ob/ervations Je fais tout ce qu’on doit de confiance aux lumieres de ce grand anatomifte; mais il ne parle point ici d’aprés fes propres obferva- tions, et je me trouve heureux de n’avoir a combattre qu’une con- jecture, a laquelle il n’attachoit pas un grand prix. ' Le fimple récit des faits prouvera, je l’efpere, que les vers de Bour- dons ne fe nourriffent point comme ceux qui habitent nos fruits; qu’ils ne mangent pas Ja cellule qui leur fert de berceau; que leurs nourrices connoiffent linftant ou leurs petits font éclos, et ot ils ont befoin de leurs fecours; qu’elles ouvrent alors leurs cellules pour leur donner a manger; qu’elles le font avec trop de délicatefle pour pou- voir leur nuire ; et qu’elles ferment aprés cela louverture de I’al- véole; on verra enfin que les Bourdons nourriffent en certain tems leur petits comme les Abeilles magonnes, et en d’autres comme les Guépes et les Mouches a miel. Les vers de Bourdons font apodes et de couleur blanche ; Mr. de Réaumur dit qu’ils ont fur les cétés des taches noires de figure ir- reguliére, plus longues que larges, et difpofées tranfverfalement : je n’en ai vi aucunes fur le corps des vers que j'ai obfervé. . On diftingue aifement la téte de ces vers, dont la lévre inférieure eft fort avancée. Leur corps eft compofe de treize ou quatorze anneaux. Le coeur de ces infeétes paroit au travers de ]a peau: quand on les regarde du cété du dos il eft remplid’une liqueur tranfparente, et s’étend en ligne droite de la téte jufqu’a l’'anus; j'ai toujours vi ces vers courbés ou en cercle ; leur grandeur varie fuivant l’age, le fexe, ét ’efpéece; ceux des femelles font toujours les plus grands. I,es vers de Bourdons fortent de leurs ceufs au bout de 4 4 § jours; ils fe nourriffent d’abord du pollen préparé dans leur cellule ; mais la provifion qu’on leur en a fait n’étant pas confidérable, ils n’ont pas des vivres.pour fort longtems, ils dépendent alors des foins des ouvrieres. Celles-ci on Elumble-bees. 263 Celles-ci viennent fur la cellule; elles font avec leurs dents un petit trou dans la cire du couvercle; elles parcourent aprés cela les giteaux, pour chercher du miel eu du pollen; on les voit enfuite re- venir fur le berceau de leur petits, mettre leur téte dans l’ouverture qu’elles ont pratiquées, pénctrer jufques aux vers, refter quelques in- {tans dans cette attitude, retirer enfuite leur téte, et fermer la cellule. Pendant que les Bourdons font les fonctions de nourrice, il eft im- poffible de voir quelle matiére fort de leur bouche ; mais j’ai obfervé quwils font alors avec les anneaux de l’abdomen les mémes mouve- mens que pour dégorger le miel dans les réfervoirs qui lui font de- ftinés; les anneaux de leur abdomen rentrent Jes uns dans les autres, et le ventre fe raccourcit confidérablement ; leur bouche s’ouvre au méme inftant, et on voit découler dans les réfervoirs une partie du miel qui étoit dans leur eftomac ; hors puifqu’ils font le méme mou- vement lorfqu’ils mettent leur téte dans la cellule, ce n’eft point apparemment par une fimple curiofité qu’ils l’avoicnt ouverte, il eft bien plus probable que c’étoit pour nourrir les jeunes vers; et les ob- fervations fuivantes confirment cette conjecture. r Quand ils nourriffent leurs vers on ne peut appercevoir fi c’eft avec du miel ou avec du pollen; il eft 4 croire que c’eft avec du pol- len, puifque c’eft une nourriture qui leur convient dés l’enfance, et que les Bourdons eux-mémes en mangent avec paf_ion ; j’ai chaffe de deffus une cellule une ouvriére qui venoit de nourrir un ver, avant quelle eut eu le tems deboucher louverture qu’elle y avoit faite; jai écarté les parois de la cellule; le ver y étoit couché en cercle 4 peu prés horizontalement ; le centre du ver etoit rempli d’une liqueur jaune retenue par les peaux de fon ventre; je goutai cette liqueur, et jy reconnus le gout du pollen mélé avec le miel des Bourdons, Jai réuffi a nourrir pendant plufieurs jours un ver de femelle avec du pollen et du miel de ces infeétes; ce qui me confirme encore dans mon opinion c’eft que j’ai toujours trouvé l’eftomac de ces vers rempl¥ 264 Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervations rempli d’une matiere jaune friable, tres compatte, et femblable au pollen. Les Bourdons ne préparent jamais de pollen dans les cellules qui doivent fervir de berceau aux males et aux femelles ; les uns et les autres ne naiflent ordinairement qu’au mois d’Aotit et de Septembre ; les ouvsicres paroiffent dés les mois de Mai et de Juin. Quelle peut étre la raifon de la différence des foins que les ouvri- éres donnent aux mouches des trois fortes ? Ce n’eft pas qu'il y ait moins de pollen fur les fleurs au mois d’Aoit qu’il n’y en a au mois de Juin; car les ouvriéres en apportent tous les jours, dans les mois d’Aout et de Septembre, et d’ailleurs elles en ont fait provifions confidérables 4 cette époque: mais voici l’explica- tion que je pourrois donner de cette négligence apparente. Le nombre des. ouvrieres eft beaucoup plus grand au mois d’Aoat qu’il ne l’eft au mois de Mai; a peine trouve-t-on au printems quel- ques ouvriéres dans les nids de Bourdons; la mére commence feule- ment alors a n’étre plus folitaire; dans les mois d’Aout et de Septembre, au contraire, leur nombre eft trés confidérable. Les vers qui font nés dans les mois de Mai et de Juin courroient le rifque de manquer de nourriture s’ils n’avoient pas des provi- fions dans leurs cellules; car le petit nombre des ouvriéres ne per- mettroit peut-étre pas qu’elles apperguffent le moment ob ils éclofent, et celui ov ils ont befoin d’alimens, tandis qu’a la fin de l’été leur nombre peut fuffire a furveiller et a nourrir tous les vers, La nature devoit donc pourvoir au défaut du foin des ouvricres dans les tems ou elles font en plus petit nombre; mais cela étoit moins néceflaire i la fin de la faifon, quand les foins et les fecours étoient plus faciles ° a obtenir. Lorfqu’en automne les teignes et les autres ennemis des Bour- dons viennent attaquer leur nid, et quils mangent les provifions journaliéres de la peuplade, un grand nombre d’ouvriéres périt, et les Ee ee oe rd on Humble-bees. f 265: . les vers ne font que trés mal foignés; ils n’ont pas de vivres dans leurs cellules, et ne recoivent aucun fecours du déhors, ils meurent de faim dans leurs loges de cire, qui ne peuvent donc point leur fervir de nourriture comme le croyoit Swammerdam, Je ne puis terminer ce qui regarde la nourriture des vers, fans m’arréter fur une obfervation qui fembleroit contredire en partie ce que j’ai écrit fur cette matieére. Jai trouvé au printems, dans tous Jes nids de Bourdons, des boules de cire plus groffes qu’aucunes de celles dont j'ai parlé; lorf- que jenlevai la fuperficie de ces boules, je reconrius qu’elle étoit, en effet, une pellicule de cette matiére a laquelle j'ai confervé le nom de cire ; je croyois devoir trouver au deffous de cette pellicule un affez grand nombre de gros vers, mais je n’y vis qu’une couche épaiffe, ou plutét une maffe d’une matiére jaune et compatte, que je recon- nus pour du pollen empilé et ferré; jouvris ce maflif de pollen, et je trouvai dans {on intérieur quantité de petits vers de Bourdons raf- femblés ; les vers s’y nourriffoient du pollen qui les entouroit, ainfi que les vers du fruit, et du fromage, fe nourriffent des parois de leur habitation ; bientét toute leur provifion étoit confommée, et ils fe trouvoient fous la cire expofés 4 mourir de faim ; mais les ouvri- éres appercevoient en paffant fur leur logement, peut-étre, qu’ils n’etoient plus environnés de pollen, et quils étoient a nud fous la cire; elles les nourriffoient donc a leur maniére ordinaire, et dés lors le fort de ces infectes ne différoit plus de celui des vers dont j’ai parlé. Ces détails fuffifent pour donner une idée affez exaéte de la mani- ére dont les Bourdons nourriffent leurs petits ; je vais paffer a ce qui regarde leur accroiffement, Voi. VI. Mm CHAPITRE 266 Mr. P, Huser’s Obfervations CHAPITRE VIII. De? Accroiffement des Vers du Bourdon. LES vers de Bourdons enfermés enfemble dans de petites loges de cire, avoient 4 prendre plus d’accroiffement en tout fens avant de fe transformer en nymphes; ces loges étoient bien proportionnées a leur petiteffe actuelle, mais je ne concevois pas comment ces vers, preflés Jes uns contre les autres, pourroient fe mouvoir, ou fe déve- lopper dans un efpace aufli étroit: l’obfervation m’apprit ce que je n’avois pu diviner; je vis, en fuivant ces loges avec beaucoup d’at- tention, et en Jes mefurant de jour en jour, que leurs dimenfions n’étoient plus ce qu’elles.avoient été dans lorigine. Ces loges, que javois vu groffes au plus comme un pois lorfque la mére leur avoit confié fes ceufs, etoient devenues par dégrés aufli groffes que des petites noix. Mais comment ces loges s’agrandiffoient-elles? c’étoit un nou- veau probleme; il n’auroit pas été difficile a réfoudre, fi opinion de Swammerdam fur la nourriture des vers avoit été plus fondée qu’elle ne l’étoit réellement; car s'il eut été vrai que les vers de Bourdons fe nourrifflent en mangeant la cire de leur. alvéole, il au- roit été permis de fuppofer que leurs nourrices fe feroient appergues de leur nudité comme de leurs befoins, qu’elles fe feroient hatées de les entourer d’une nouvelle couche de cire, et qu’en reconftruifant leur berceau, elles l’auroient proportionnée a leur Age et a leur groffeur. Mais on a vu dans le chapitre précédent, que les vers de Bourdons ne mangent point leur propre*cellule ; je fus donc obligé de cher- cher une explication plus fatisfaifante, et qui s’accordat mieux avec les faits que Pavois obferve. L’agran- PO LS eee on Humble-bees. 267 L’agrandifiement des loges de cire n’avoit été remarque par aucun naturalifte. Un trait auffi neuf, et auffi intéreffant, piqua ma curio- fité, et je réfolus de ne rien negliger pour Ja fatisfaire. Cette recherche fut longtems infruétueufe; malgré tous mes ef- forts, je ne parvenois point a faifir le moment ot les loges s’agran- diffoient ; celles que j’avois mefurées l’inftant d’auparavant n’avoient plus les mémes dimenfions quand je revenois les obferver. . Les traits les plus intéreffans de Vhiftoire naturelle ne font. pas d’abord fur nous tout l’effet qu’ils devroient produire, et ce n’eft qu’aprés bien des obfervations qu’on peut efpérer de voir ce qu'ils ont de plus faillant: on regarde fouvent le premier appergu comme un fait douteux ; s’il fe préfente encore il devient plus digne d’atten- tion ; mais il n’a tout fon interét, et il n’excite vraiment notre cu- riofité, que lorfqu’on en foupconne le principe et le but. Ce n’eft que d’aprés un appercu auquel je ne m’étois pas ariété que je fuis parvenu a découvrir la maniére dont s’agrandiffent les loges des vers. Javois vu dés le mois de Juin de grandes cellules de cire ouvertes par deffus, et qui laiffoient appercevoir dans leur intérieur pluficurs vers de Bourdons reftés 4 découverts; j’avois remarqué que les ou- vriéres en enlevoient quelques-uns et les emportoient hors de leur ruche ; je m/intéreffuis a ces infeétes, et je les fuivis pour connoitre leur fort ; je negligeois de regarder ce qui fe paffoit fur le nid; et lorf- que je revenois a l’obferver, je remarquois feulement que ces loges étoient refermées. Ce ne fut que lorfque je m’occupai particuli¢érement de recher- cher la maniére dont ces loges s’etoient agrandies, que je me rap- pellai ces obferyations, et que je foupgonnai leur importance ; je me condamnai donc 4 vifiter ces cellules de quart d’heure en quart d’heure, et a ne les quitter que lorfque j’aurois pris la nature fur le fait. Mm 2 Le 268 Mr. P. Huper’s Obfervations Le 13 Aout jobfervai plufieurs loges de cire de différente gran- deur; une deces cafes fe fendit fous mes yeux ; la fente étoit longue de plufieurs lignes, parceque la loge entr’ouverte étoit déja d’une groffeur confidérable. Comme il n’y avoit point de Bourdon fur cette loge, je ne pts douter que l’ouverture obfervée a fa furface ne fut la fuite naturelle d’un mouvement, ou d’un effort, qu’avoient fait les vers dont elle étoit remplie ; la preflion latérale de des vers, dont Ja taille croiffoit chaque jour, devoit enfin obliger la légere cloifon de cire qui les génoit, a fe fendre et a s’entr’ouvrir et ce qui me prouva que c’étoit leur feule preffion qui avoit occafionné la déchirure dont je viens de parler, ceft que le ver qu’elle laiffoit appercevoir dans toute fa longueur ne montroit que fon dos a l’obfervateur 3 s’il eut rongé la cellule pour Yentr’ouvrir, ¢auroit été fon ventre et fes dents que l’on auroit appercu. oJ I] reftoit 4 voir de quelle maniére cette loge feroit renfermée. Je n’attendis pas Jongtems: une Ouvriére s’approcha de la loge entr’ou- verte, et dés qu'elle eut appergu la fente, ou le ver qu'elle laiffoit a nud, je la vis chercher de la cire fur différentes parties du gateau, la prendre avec fes dents, la porter fur la loge, et la placer entre les bords de fon ouverture: quand elle eut employé toute la cire qu’elle avoit apporté, elle alla en prendre de la nouvelle fur les cellules voi- fines; elle revint bient6t avec fa charge, de nouveaux brins de cire furent ajoutés a ceux qu’elle avoit placé précédemment ; et quand elle eut répété trois ou quatre fois cette manceuvre la fente fe trouva fermée, et la cellule agrandie de toute la largeur de la peice qu’elle avoit fabriquée; elle fit & peu prés comme cette teigne, qui, aprés avoir coupé longitudinalement fon fourreau, l’élargit en y mettant une piéce, ou comme la couturiere qui élargit la manche d’une robe. ; Chez les Bourdons, les ouvriéres ne coupent point une piece de cire we eC OC CU | ae a te ie ae ES ————— ee on Humble-bees. 269 cire pour lajufter fur l’ouverture de la cellule; elles conftruifent entre les deux bords de la fente) une plaque quiine fe forme qu’a mefure qu’elles apportent de nouveaux brins, et qu’elles les magonnent avec les autres;)mais quoiqu’elles ayent a faire bien plus d’ouvrage que les teignes, la cléture et |’élargiffement d’une cellule ne leur prend pas beaucoup de tems; celle que je fuivis dans:cette obfervation n’em- ploya qu’une minute a ce travail. Voil’ comment ces alvéoles, qui ne contiennent ordinairement que fix ou fept vers, peuvent devenir de la groffeur d’une noix. La‘ forme de’ ces grandes loges eft quelquefois irréguli¢re; leur augmentation graduelle ne left pa moins, ‘Le 21 de Juin je vis une femelle pondre des ceufs dans une cellule ; le 24, ou le 25 je trouvai des vers de Bourdons a la place des ceufs; le 27 ‘ils avoient 3 ou 4 lignes de longueur, et leur cellule s’étoit agrandie;de fix ‘a fept lignes; le r Juillet les Bourdons la reunirent a deux petites cellules voifines occupées par des ceufs, ou par des vers qui venoient d’éclore; ce logement étoit d’une forme extraordinaire. Sa longueur étoit 4 peu prés de dix-fept lignes; fa largeur varioit fui- vant la partie ot on Ja mefuroit ; elle avoit en quelques endroits cing lignes, en d’autres deux ou trois feulement; fa hauteur dépendoit auffi du nombre et de la groffeur des vers qui habitoient les diffé- rentes parties de la loge, car ils étoient fouvent placés les uns au def= fus des autres fans fe deranger mutuellement. Le 2 Juillet la loge avoit regu quelque accroiffement a l’une ae fes extrémités, elle avoit fept lignes en cet endroit. Le 3 la méme extrémité eut onze lignes de largeur, ce fut le terme de l’accroiffement de cette partie; la cellule ne groffiffoit pas par tout également, ni méme en proportion, parceque les vers étant plus ou moins nombreux,.ou plus ou moins agés, dans les divers points de fa longucur, la faifoient élargir de maniére différente dans une progref- fion plus ou moins rapide. . 4 Sa 270 Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervations Sa plus grande longueur fut de deux pouces; et tandis que les vers d’une extrémité filoient leur coque, ceux de l'autre commen- coient a peine a prendre quelque accroiffement ; la cellule prit enfin la forme d’une poire, bien différente des autres, qui étoient ordinaire- ment circulaires, et un peu bombées. Je remarquai a peu prés dans le méme tems une autre fingularite rélative 4 un cellule de ce genre. Les Bourdons d’une de mes cloches avoient con fess horizontale- ment un pillier de cire, qui partoit du bord du gateau, et qui alloit foutenir l’enveloppe du nid; ils formérent une petite cellule fur le pillier méme; elle fut bientdt peuplée de petits vers, qui groffirent, et qui firent Sue. les dimenfions de leur habitation ; comme elle s’accrat & la manieére ordinaire, elle pouffa l’enveloppe a une plus grande diftance des gateaux, et devint fi maflive, que les Bour- dons furent obligés de la folidifier, au moyen de plufieurs pilliers fort larges et fixés d’une part au gateau, et de l’autre a fon enveloppe cireufe. Voyez Tas. XXVI. Fig. 1. Lorfque les vers ont pris tout leur accroiffement, ils ont un demi- pouce de longueur ; c’eft a cette Epoque qu "ils ont un véritable rap- port avec les chenilles; ils favent, comme elles, fe filer une coque de ae ; on en verra les détails dans le chapitre fuivant. CHAPITRE IX. Des Cogues de Soie que filent les Vers de Bourdons avant leur Métamorphofe. LES vers qui avoient jufqu’alors habité la méme cellule vont paf- fer une partie de leur vie dans la folitude ; chaqu’un d’eux fe con- ftruit un logement a part fous le toit de cire ot ils vivoient en commun. ; : La on Humble-bees. 27% La nourriture ne leur eft plus néceffaire; leur logement fera impé- nétrable pour les ouvriéres; la foie dont ils le conftruifent eft fi fo- lidement tiffée, que les dents de ces infectes n’ont aucune prife fur elle ; cette foie eft blanche, et d’une fineffe fingulicre. La forme des coques n’eft pas la méme en tout tems; elle eft d’abord celle d’une boule applatie. Tas. XXVI. Fig. 2.a. Le ver y eft couché en cercle, elle deviendra oblongue. Tas. XXVIL. Fig. I. a et le ver s’ ¥ tiendra de bout. Le ver n’a plus befoin d’aliment lorfqu’il a filé fa coque; et quand les ouvriéres ou la mére viennent lui donner la nourriture, elles trouvent fous la cire un tiffu difficile 4 rompre, et renoncent a le foigner. Les vers enfermés d’abord dans la méme cellule filent a peu prés dans le méme tems; les ouvriéres dégarniffent peu 4 peu leurs coques de foie de la cire qui les recouvre, et l’employent a differens ufages. Ce n’eft qu’alors qu’on peut appercevoir la forme de ces nouveaux loge- mens; les Bourdons en enlévent la cire, l’étendent fur toute leur furface ; la vodte qui cachoit la forme des loges conftruites dans l’in- térieur céde fous leurs pas; elle fait voir en bofles et en creux ces coques, et leurs intervales. Au bout de deux ou trois jours ces coques ont entiérement changé de couleur, prefque toute la cire a difparu, et ce qui en refte n’a qu’une légere teinte de j Jauns, Les vers n’ont plus qu’une opération a faire avant de paffer a Pétat de nymphe; la pofition circulaire qu’ils ont gardée n’eft point celle qui leur convient pour fe transformer. Avant de perdre leur peau, chaqu’ un d’eux fe redreffe dans fa cellule, qui n’étant plus garnie de cire fe préte a tous fes mouvemens ; il lui fait prendre alors la forme d'un ovoide alongé, dont le grand axe eft vertical; et fi Pon fend la loge de foie de haut en bas, on trouve le ver dans la fituation ot il eft repréfenté dans la Tas. XXVII. Fig. 1. ) Monfieur 272 Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervations Monfieur de Réaumur n’a point vi ce changement de forme des coques ; il dit méme que les vers ont la téte tournée en-:embas dans leurs loges de foie, et qu’ils fortent enfuite par deffons. Ces deux aflertions ne font pas confirmées par Yobfervation ; mais avant de la prouver, je vais raconter les expériences qui ¢tabliffent la réalité de ce changement de forme. J'ai longtems cherché 4 voir cette transformation ; elle fe pafle dans un moment fi court, que je n’ai jamais pu en étre le témoin ; je me contentai donc de m’affurer du fait par deux experiences. Premicre Expérience. Je mis un nid de Bourdons dans une boéte vitrée; au haut du nid étoit une coque de femelle nouvellement filée; elle étoit encore applatie, et cylindrique; fon diamétre étoit de fix lignes, et fa hau- teur de quatre; la forme et les dimenfions de cette coque indi- quoient le fexe de l’individu qui Vhabitoit; je mefurai la diftance qui étoit entre la coque et le cryftal; il étoit bien aifé de favoir fi elle s’a- longeroit en mefurant enfuite cette diftance. . Au bout de deux jours cette coque fut entiérement dégarnie de cire; le troifiéme, j’appercus un changement confidérable dans fes dimen- fions; fa forme étoit a peu prés celle dun ceuf; elle avoit cing lignes de diamétre dans fa partie inférieure, et trois feulement a fon autre extrémité; fa longueur me parut d’environ huit lignes; elle touchoit alors a la glace dont la boéte étoit recouverte, et les Bourdons effay- érent del’attacher au verre avec de la cire : mais ce fut inutilement; leurs dents ne pouvant paffer entre la coque et la glace, ils y re= noncerent. 10 Seconde Expérience. n ; Je voulois m’affurer que les! vers ne fe fileroient pas deux coques, Vune platte et l’autre alongée; je marquai donc avec de V’encre le mai- lieu d’une coque applatie;.au bout d’un jour elle avoit changé de forme, et la marque que jy avois fait pouvoit encore fe diftinguer. Ces on Humble-bees. if 273 Ces deux expériences ne me laifsérent aucun doute fur ce change- ment de forme. C’eft de la réunion d’un nombre, plus ou moins grand, de coques femblables que fe forment les gateaux des Bourdons ; chaque cellule de cire donne lieu a la formation de fept 4 huit coques de foie, qui adhérent enfemble, parceque les vers, en les filant, les ont attachées _les unes aux autres: lorfque tous ces petits gateaux font réunis, ils n’en forment plus qu’un feul, qui paroit a caufe de cela trés irrégulier, quoiqu’il foit compofé de parties affez réguliéres. _ Qn voit quelquefois deux ou trois grands giteaux de coques rangés les uns au deffus des autres, et qui ne font liés enfemble que par un peu de cire. C’eft dans ces coques oblongues que les vers paffent a I’état de nymphes (Tas. XXVII. Fig. 1. 6.);. quils perdent la peau, ou la robe, dont la nymphe étoit recouverte, et qu’ils fe montrent fous la forme de Bourdon; il ne leur manque que la couleur, la force, et le “mouvement: au bout de quinze jours ils ont acquis tous ces avan- tages, ils font des infectes parfaits. . Leurs membres fe font durcis, et font devenus écailleux : ces in- fectes font armés de dents également écailleufes ; leur corps eft cou- vert @un duvet gris, qui fe colorera lorfqu’il aura été expofe a la lumiére. : Ces Bourdons commencent alors A fe fervir de leurs dents ; chacun deux ronge fa prifon aux deux tiers de fa hauteur; des qu'il a commencé, d’autres Bourdons viennent l’aider; ils la déchirent hori- zontalement un peu au deffus du renflement; au bout d’un quart @heure le nouveau Bourdon commence 4 fortir de fa coque, et le premier ufage qu'il fait de fa liberté eft d’aller aux provifions. © Vor, VI. Nn CHAPITRE 274 Mr, P. Huzer’s Od/ervations CHAPITRE X. Sur "Usage des Coques de Soie lorfque les Bourdons en font fortis. PLUS je compare les Bourdons avec les Abeilles, plus je trouve les loix par lefquelles ils fe gouvernent adaptées a la oe & Vétat de ces peuplades. . La, c’eft un peuple fi nombreux, que la peine et les travaux n’y font point épargnés; la matiére feule y eft précieufe, parcequ’elle doit fervir de berceau A un infinité d’individus; cette matiére doit étre d’ufage pendant plufieurs années; auffi, avec quelle adreffe les Abeilles ne la travaillent-elles pas! et quels foins n’apportent-elles pas pour donner a a ouvrage toute la folidité ib ote il eft fuf- ceptible! Chez les Bourdons, la cire groflicre dont ils fe fervent eft fouvent plus abondante qu’il ne faut, mais le nombre des individus eft fort petit, par conféquent la main d’ceuvre trés précieufe: on reconnoitra par tout, combien la nature a eu foin de ne leur donner que des ouvrages faciles a ex€cuter. . Toutes les coques de foie que les jeunes Bourdons ont habité ont été coupées dans un plan horizontal, un peu au deffus de leur renflement; le ver ne fongeoit pas vraifemblablement, en filant fa coque, a l'utilité dont elle pouvoit étre ala peuplade, quand elle ne feroit plus néceffaire a fon propre perfectionnement ; mais celui qui dirige tout dans la nature dirigeoit auffi fes opérations. La foie dont ces coques font faites, le tiffu ferré que les vers leur eit donné, la couche de cire dont elles fontenduites, et dont tous les fils font imprégnés; la forme d’ceufs tronqués qu’elles ont prife quand les on Humble-bees. 275 les Bourdons en font fortis, tout femble annoncer que ces coques doivent étre d’un autre ufage pour la communauté. C’eft a contenir leur miel, et leur pollen, que les Bourdons favent Jes employer; toutes les circonftances dont je viens de parler les rendent propres a cet ufage; mais avant de leur confier leurs provi- fions, les ouvriéres viennent-enleyer de deffus leurs bords les lam- beaux de foie que les jeunes Bourdons y ont laiffé; elles egalifent de leur mieux les contours de ces coques, et les enduifent d’une épaiffe couche de cire. Chaque efpéce de Bourdon perfe&ionne fes pots d’une maniére différente. Les uns élévent au deflus du bord des coques de longs tubes évafés, et compofés de cire. (Tas. XXVIIL Fig. 8.) D’autres y con- ftruifent des efpéces de tubes, renflés au milieu, et retreins 4 ’ouver- ture, comme dans la figure g.: Quelquefois ils fe contentent d’ajouter a leurs bords intérieurs un anneau de cire, comme dans Ja figure 1o. : D’autres fois ils rendent a la coque fa forme originale, et ils ne laiffent.qu’une petite ouverture a fa partie fupérieure. Voyez fig. 11. Enfin ilsmontrent qu’ils ne font pas inférieurs aux Abeilles dans art de l'économie; entre quatre pots alongés au moyen de ces tubes il fe fait néceffairement un vide ; les Bourdons favent en pro- fiter ; ils en forment un cinquiéme pot, luidonnent un bord, Parron- diffent comme celui des autres, et s’en fervent comme d’un refervoir. ll n’eft pas de laméme forme que ceux qui l’entourent, il eft quelquefois un peu quarré; s'il étoit régulier, il ne rempliroit pas tout le vide qu’on a laiffé entre les autres pots; d’ailleurs, la groffi- éreté et Virrégularite de Vouvrage laiffent peu de champ a la géo- meétrie. Fig. 12. Les Bourdons regardent alors toutes les coques comme de folides Nn 2 réfervoirs, 276 Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervations réfervoirs, auxquéls ils peuvent confier leurs provifions; quand’ ils. reviennent de la campagne, ils cherchent a l’inftant a décharger leur eftomac du miel qu’ils ont recueilli fur les fleurs; ils vifitent les pots comme pour s’affurer qu’ils font biens conftruits ; puis ils y font entrer leur téte, et une partie deleur corfelet, (fig. 73.) ils ouvrent leur bouche, et raccoyrciffent leur corps, comme je lai dit ailleurs, le miel tombe dans Je refervoir, et les Bourdons retournent a la campagne. On voit fouvent prés de istics de ces pots dans un feul nid; j’en ai compté, au moment de la floraifon des tilleuls, plus de quarante, qui furent remplis de miel dans un feul jour; quand ils font pleins, _ les Bourdons en rétréciffent Pouverture, mais ils ne la ferment prefque jamais. Ces infectes ne favent pas fe nourrir les uns Jes autres, comme le font les Guépes ct les Abeilles; c’eft dans ces pots toujours ouverts que chacun d’eux puife a fon tour le miel dont il a befoin.: Les Bourdons favent auffi conftruire des pots de cire, fans ‘le fecours des coques; ils leur donnent ordinairement un fond de cire,. d’autres fois ils ne font qu’élever des tubes de cette mati¢re fur le parquet ou fur les bords de leurs gateaux. Le miel dont ils rempliffent leurs magazins eft auffi doux que celui des Abeilles; il eft plus coulant et ‘plus clair, il a auffi un gotit particulier, mais il ne laiffe pas de faveur pre at Te gorge. ati ; Ces provifions ne fervent guére qué pour la nourriture journaliere; d’ailleurs il eft rare que tous les pots foient pleins, et les vivres font bientédt confommeés. Aux mois de Mai et de Juin on ne trouve des pate qu’au mi- licu du g&teau; parceque c’eft la que font nés les premiers Bourdons. Quand la mére pond enfuite les ceufs de males et de femelles, c’eft fur on Humble-bees. 277 fur les premicres coques qu’elle établit les petites cellules ot elles fes enferme; ils y croiffent et font agrandir chaque jour leur loge- ment; ils y filent des coques, dont la réunion compofe un fecond gateau. Ces coques fervent enfin de magazin aux Bourdons, comme celles des fimples ouvricres. Je dois faire obferver ici, que les males et les femelles font élevés dans les mémes cellules de cire, et qu’ils y font nourris de la méme maniére. Les coques foieufes des femelles fe montrent au milieu des coques de males, et elles fervent enfuite de refervoir comme les autres; ils ont l’avantage d’étre plus grands. Ces coques fervent auffi de magazin pour les poufficres d’etamines que les Bourdons apportent dans leur nid; je n’ai point va de quelle manicre ces infectes recueillent cette matiére fur les leurs, mais Mr. de Réaumur a vii les Abeilles fe charger de leur pouffiére, et en former des pelottes, qu’elles appliquoient a leurs jambes poftérieures. Les jambes des Abeilles, ainfi que celles des Bourdons, font com- pofées de_plufieurs parties, dont une, que Mr. de Réaumur appelle pallette, eft platte, et parfaitement liffe, mais entourée de poils; ces poils, courts et forts chez les Bourdons, et longs chez les Abeilles, ont fait donner 4 cette partie de la jambe le nom de corbeille. Dés que les Mouches-a-miel font arrivées fur les fleurs ot: elles veulent faire des provifions de cette efpéce, elles ouvrent avec leurs dents les anthéres des étamines, ces petites bourfes qui contiennent les pouf- fieres fécondantes; elles frottent leur ventre fur la fleur, ramafflent avec leurs jambes les pouffieres quife font attachées aux poils de leur corps, les portent 4 leur bouche, forment de petites maffes de cette matiére, et les font paffer de jambe en jambe, jufqu’a celle qui doit s’en charger; elles les preffent alors dans leur corbeille 4 l’aide de - leurs pattes, et un grand nombre de ces petites maffes forment en- fin une pelotte de pollen, dela groffeur et de la fo d’un grain de poivre applati. Les 278 Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervations Les Bourdons viennent dela campagne chargés de pelottes fem- blables, tant6t vertes tantét jaunes, quelquefois noires d’autres fois blanches, et fouvent de la groffeur d’un pois ordinaire. On voit fouvent des Bourdons chargés de leurs pelottes. Tas. XXVIL. Fig. 13.repréfente le Bourdon qui s’en décharge dans un des petits refervoirs dont j’ai parle; il monte fur ce pot, il cramponne {es jambes de la premiere paire fur le bord convexe de la coque ; il y fait entrer celles qui font chargées de pouffiére, ainfi que celles de la feconde paire; il ferre et prefle les jambes chargées entre les deux autres; celles-ci pouffent en méme tems les deux pelottes en avant ; ces pelottes gliffent le long des jambes, et tombent dans le réfervoir. Le Bourdon retire alors fes pattes hors du pot ; il fe retourne, et defcend la téte la premiére dans le réfervoir, il ¢tend avec fes dents le pollen fur le fond du vaiffeau, et y méle quelquefois un peu de miel, qu'il a rapporté dans fon eftomac. Les Bourdons deftinent Jes nouvelles coques a leur fervir de magazins: dés qu’elles font vides ils abandonnent les anciennes, qui fe trouvent au fond des gateaux, parcequ’elles font trop éloignées du lieu ot ils fe tiennent, ceft-a-dire, des gateaux nouvellement con- ftruits, ot ils foignent et rechauffent leurs petits; peut-étre auffi les negligent-ils, parcequ’elles font plus expofées 4 la voracité de leurs ennemis: ils favent, cependant, encore en tirer parti; ils les effilent avec leurs dents, et en font un boure, ou une efpéce de vouatte, dont ils recouvrent leur nid en guife de mouffe. C’eft peut-étre par une fuite du méme inftinét que ces infeétes charpiffent et cardent la toile que l’on met a leur portée, et qu’ils la font fervir aux mémes ufages. On voit donc, en général, que les Bourdons favent profiter de tous les avantages que la nature leur préfente, et quils favent faire fervir les mémes chofes a des ufages differens. Monfieur Linn. Trans. VI. tab. ey jt. x78. (i), qi (| | \ . ’ F b)Soes 4 A | kee, 3 ‘ ! . ; ‘ on Humble-bees. 279 Monfieur de Réaumur croyoit que les jeunes Bourdons fortoient de leurs coques de foie par en bas, ou par deffous. Je ne comprends pas comment ils l’auroient fait, puifqu’ils auroient toujours rencontré ta terre, ou les gateaux inférieurs; d’ailleurs, lorfqu’on retourne un giteau fens deffus deffous, les nymphes qui s’y trouvent enfermées deviennent noiratres, et périfient en peu de tems; mais de quel ufage auroient été toutes ces coques, lorfque les Bourdons en feroient fortis parle bas? Ils n’auroient pas pi s’en fervir pour y tenir leurs provi- fions, ils auroient été obligés de conftruire en cire un grand nombre de petits vafes, ce qu’ils ne font que trés rarement. Je ne fais ot cet obfervatear a pt fonder cette conjecture; toutes les coques que j'ai vii dans mes nids de Bourdons étoient ouvertes par le haut, et elles ne l’étoient en deffous que lorfque les teignes, ou d’autres ennemis de ces infetes, venoient dévorer les nymphes dans leur afyle. Ce. pendant, Monfieur de Réaumur a vi, fans doute, les ouvertures de ces coques tournées en bas, car il Va dit, et l’on ne peut douter de fon exactitude. II faut donc que ceux qui lui ont apporté des nids de Bourdons ayent renverfé leurs gateaux; les ouvertures des coques auront été ainfi tournées en bas, et cet obfervateur aura pu prendre pour une difpofition néceffaire, ce qui n’étoit qu’un effet du hazards°" CHAPITRE XI. Des Males et des Femelles, et de leur Sort aprés la Fécondation. LA Providence, qui laiffe 4 certains animaux la liberté de fe re- produire en toutes faifons, ne détermine point celle de la génération de quelques efpéces, mais fixe Je laps de tems qui doit s’écouler entre 280 Mr. P. Huzer’s Obfervations entre une portée et celle qui lui fuccéde, tandis qu'il en eft pour qui les époques font déterminées, et que parmi-quelques infectes elle dirige encore l’ordre de la ponte. C’eft ainfi que l’Abeille ne peut donner le jour aux males que dans une feule faifon, quoiqu’elle ponde conftamment des ceufs d’ouvriéres; qu’on ne voit point la Guépe élever les males et les femelles avant ’automne; et que le Bourdon ne produit pas fes femelles avant le tems ou elles peuvent recevoir les foins multipliés qu’elles attendent des neutres. Les femelles de Bourdons ne naiffent pas dans toutes les efpéces au méme moment; les unes paroiffent au mois de Juin, d'autres au mois de Juillet, et celles des Bourdons rouges et noirs ne fe montrent ordinairement qu’au mois d’Aott. ; Les males naiffent auffi a différentes époques; on verra dans la fuite la caufe, ou du moins l’utilité, de cette difpofition. Les femelles portent leurs ceufs jufques au printems, et ne les pondert point dans le nid qu’elles habitent pendant le premier été. I] refte A décider,, dans quel lieu elles pafflent ’hiver, comment elles fe préfervent des grands froids, omment elles fe nourriffent alors. Si elles ne prennent pas de nourriture, feroit-ce l’engourdiffement qui les rendroit capables de s’en paffer ? Ce font 1a autant de problémes que Mr. de Réaumur avoit laiffé a réfoudre ; il imaginoit ‘¢que les femelles de Bourdons fe retiroient “ dans des trous de muraille, ou dans quelques cavités fouterraines, *‘ et qu’elles s’y engourdiffoient pendant l’hiver, jufques a ce que le “ foleil du mois de Mai ett rechauffé le terrein, et les efit rappellé “4 Ja vie et a leurs occupations.” Une obfervation faite par un homme dont l’exaétitude ne peut étre mife en doute, fembloit confirmer cette conjecture. Le fecrétaire de mon pére avoit découvert un nid de Bourdons dans une prairie; il le vifita en automne, et il ne trouva plus d’ouvriéres ni de males fur les gateaux 5 mais, en examinant la cavité, if appercgut une cellule creufée 4 on Hlumble-bees | 281 creufée en terre, et habitée par une,feule; femelle de Bourdon. Cette mouche n’étoit point encore engourdie ; elle prit le vol dés qu'elle appercut le jour, et s’éloigna a perte de vue. J'ai fait ace fujet une obfervation, qui.appuye encore |’opinion de Mr. de Réaumur, et qui nous apprend que les grandes femelles -de Bourdons furvivent,feules a tous les individus dont leur famille ¢f compofée ; qu’elles fe font un logement particulier aupres de leur nid, et qu’elles s’y enferment aux approches de l’arriére faifon, Le 21 Aoat je, pris un nid de Bourdons de la fixiéme efpéce ; quand jeus 6té la mouffe dont ils etoient entourés, jenlevai les gateaux ; ils paroiffoient abandonnés les ouvritres et les miles ayoient difparu ; il y reftoit feulement quelques femelles que j'enfermai avec leur nid dans une boéte faite expres: en examinant plus attentive- ment la cavité fouterraine, je découyris une autre loge, qui. com- muniquoit avec la premiere parune gorge affez étroite ; jenlevai dé- licatement le gazon qui la recouvroit; je vis alors une grotte, ou plutét une galeric, longue d’un pied au moins, et TOBE de deux pouces et demi. Je remarquai, encore, Bue cette grotte étoit jonchée de mouffe et de brins @ ‘herbe,. mais je n’y vis rien qui put fervir d’aliment aux in- dividus qui ’habitoient. Au moment od je foulevai le gazon qui Lui fervoit de toit, j’appercus trente ou quarante femelles: je ne fais fi elles furent alarmées du dégat que je fis dans leur retraite, ou de la lumiére qui y pénétra, mais dés qu’elle fut découverte, toutes ces femelles prirent Veffort,. quelques-unes s’éloignerent beaucoup trop pour que je puffe les fuivre: néanmoins, le plus grand nombre fe préci- pita dans la cavité d’ou les gateaux avoient été tirés ; il me fut aifé de les Saifir, « et de m’affurer que c’étoient de jeunes femelles: fi je ne les avols pas dérangées, elles fe. feroient engourdies dans la loge ou elles étoient enfermées, elles y auroient paffé |’ hiver, et n’en espe ‘oi Vor. VI. Oo forties 282 Mr. P. Huper’s Ob/ervations forties que lorfque le foleil du printems leur auroit rendu la chaleur et le mouvement. Les males et les mulets de Bourdons vivent moins de tems que les femelles, car ceux qui naiffent au printems ou dans le courant de l’eté périffent tous dans l’automne de la méme année ;' mais les femelles qui naiffent au mois d’Aotit, pour le plus tard, paffent Vhiver a V'abri des injures de l’air, ménent une vie laborieufe dés les premiers jours du printems, et meurent ordinairement a lage d’un an. Les miles et les ouvriéres des Guépes et des Frelons ne vivent qu’un été, comme ceux des Bourdons; ils périffent comme eux avant Phiver ; les femelles feules furvivent : elles fe tapiffent a Ja fin de P'au- tomne dans quelques trous, ou bien elles fe mettent 4 l’abri fous des tas de feuilles féches, et dans les paillaffons de jardins; les premiers froids les font tomber dans un engourdiffement, qui dure tout l’hiver, et quine effe qu’au retour du printerhs. . Dés le mois de Mars on voit les femelles de Bourdons reparoitre, et voltiger fur les fleurs; c’eft alors qu’elles commencent leur nid dans la folitude, mais on ne connoit leur hiftoire qu’au mois de Juin: elles vifitent feulement au printems un grand nombre de trous, comme je Vai dit ailleurs ; on peut croire qu’elles y cherchent un logement tel qwil le faut pour établir leur famille. pied CHAPITRE XI. Sur les petites Femelles des Bourdous. LA fécondité n’a “point été accordée 4 tous les individus d’une ruche d’Abeille; cette apparente caftration, dont la nature femble ‘€tre coupable, eft peut-étre un des chefs-d’ceuvre du Créateur; l'ha~ . bilité on Humble-beess 283 bilité des individus ftériles femble fi bien compenfer le défaut des organes de la génération, qu’on ne fauroit dire lefquels font les plus utiles ; de ceux qui donnent le jour a toute la peuplade, ou de ceux qui logent, nourriffent, foignent, et élevent les petits. Qu’arriveroit-il fi toutes les Abeilles étoient reines, fi toutes les Abeilles pouvoient pondre quinze a vingt mille ceufs? Telle eft ce- pendant la fécondité de cette mouche, qui entretient feule la popu- lation d’une ruche d’Abeille; et la nature lui a refufé non feulement lart de, conftruire une cellule, mais celui d’éléyer ct de nourtir un feul des. petits. qu’elle. pond chaque jour. Ces infectes font cependant du méme fexe ; le méme ceuf contient le germe d’une ouyriére et celui d'une reine; et. education du ver,, c’eft-a-dire, le genre de fa nourriture, et la forme de fon logement peuvent ¢ en faire un individu Atérile, ou un infecte dont les organes de la. génération foient parfaits 4 tous égards ; elle peut méme en faire un individu totalement dépourvu d'induftrie, ou une mouche douée de l’art le plus étonnant que la nature ait confié aux in- fectes. Il eut été bien fingulier, qu "entre les deux extrémités de cette chaine, ; dont l'un des bouts eft occupé par la fécondité, et l'autre par Pin- duftrie, la nature n’eut mis aucun intermédiaire ; ; auffi connoiffons- nous chez les Abeilles deux fortes de mouches, qui femblent tenir le milieu entre les reines et les ouvricres ; ce font les petites reines, et les onyricres, fécondess, les premieres avoient été appercues par Need- ham; leur exiftence a été prouvee par. plufieurs obfervations de mon pere. Ces infeétes, que l’on trouve rarement en vie dans les ruches, naiffent dans des cellules royales auffi grandes que celles des autres . reines 3 - cependant, ils J eur. font beaucoup inférieurs par leur taille ; Titi leur couleur, la ‘forme de eurs machoires, et des articulations de leurs jambes, font autant d ‘des’ rapports qu elles ont avec les Reines Abeilles ; _autant de caraéteres gui les diftinguent des fimples ouvri¢res : on ne ree Jes 284 ” Mr. P. Hoser’s Ob/vivations les a jamais vd pondre, elles ont cependant des ovaires$ voila ou fe bornent nos connoiffances rélativement aux mouches de cette forte. Mais ‘les individus qui ont plus de rapport avec les ouvricres qu’avec les pines: et qui cependant femblent tenir le miliew entr ‘elles, .ces mouches qu’on appelle fécondes, font’ femblables aux ouvriéres par leurs caraétéres extérieurs ; méme couleur, méme taille, mémes dents propres a cifeler la cire, mémes jambes capables de porter des pouffiéres d’étamines; mais fi elles ne font pas ftériles, elles ne font que demi-fécondes ; elles ne pondent jamais que des ccufs de’ males. © On ne trouve de ces individus a dans les ruches qui ont’ ‘perdu leur reine; la ponte de ces ouvriéres entretient pour quelque tems Vintérét et occupation dans la peuplade, qui ne tarderoit pas a périr ‘fans cela: tandis que les Abeilles font occupées a foigner et-4 nour- rir les vers de males, elles ne fongent point 4 déferter leur ruche’; mon pére penfe auffi que les males provenus de la porite de ces ou- vriéres font peut-étre deftinés a féconder les reines, qui ne fe font trans- formées qwapres le maffacre des faux Bourdons, parceque les males iffus des ouvriéres naiffent ordinairement apres cette époque. Chez Ies Bourdons, Yinduftrie n’a pas été accordée exelufivement aux mouches infécondes $ au contraire, la‘femelle qui natt au mois a Aott, qui paffe Phiver en terre, et qui reparoit au printems, eft la plus habile ouvriére dont fa famille fera compofée; elle creufe une cavité dans la terre, y conftruit des cellules, nourrit et éléve fes petits’ dans la folitude ; une ouvricre feule ne feroit point fés travaux, fa taille fembleroit déja s’y oppofer; et @ ‘ailleurs, on voit rarement \ une ouvtiere ifolée s’occuper d’aucune efpece de travail. sit La conformation des machoires de la. femelle eft ‘entigrement fem. blable a celle des ouvriéres; fes jambes font également capables de fe charger des poufliéres d’étamines, les couleurs des unes et des autres font pour l’ordinairé diftribuées de la méme maniére fur toutes les parties de leurs corps: il femble qu’a tant de rapports fi l’on ajoute celu: atlas Dace ek ieee te ee il ™ é on Humble-bees. 285 celui de la fécondité, on fera des ouvriéres autant de petites femelles ; car la difference de la taille eft le feul caractére extéricur qui puiffe les faire diftinguer, Or c’eft ce que la nature a fait, mais les petites femelles chez les Bourdons différent encore 4 d’autres égards des femelles en titre. C’cft au commencement du printems que les grandes femelles pon- dent les ceufs qui doivent donner des ouvriéres et des males, mais elles pondent plus tard ceux qui doivent donner des méres aux peuplades futures. Toutes les ouvriéres qui naiffent au printems ne font pas neutres, comme on l’a cru jufqu’a préfent; il en eft de fecondes; onen voit plufieurs dans chaque nid. Ces mouches font toutes les fonctions des méres ; elles font quelquefois trés petites, et & caufe de celale nom de petites femelles peut fervir a les diftinguer; elles font entourées dés leur naiffance d’un petit nombre de miles provenus des ceufs de la mére commune; ces males les fécondent dés le mois de Juin; elles pondent bientot apres; et ce qui eft bien remarquable, c’eft qu’elles n’engendrent que des males, comme ces ouvriéres que l’on obferve quelquefois dans les ruches d’Abeilles, et qui ne pondent que des ceufs de faux Bourdons. Mais fi l’utilité de ces derniéres eft problé- matique, il ne paroit évident que les petites femelles des Bourdons font deftinées a fournir un-plus grand nombre de males aux jeunes et grandes femelles, puifqu’aprés les avoir pondu et foigné, elles périffent comme les ouvrieres au commencement del’automne. Les males, auxquels elles donnent naiffance, fervent, comme je m’en fuis affuré, 4 féconder les grandes femelles qui paroiffent a la méme époque, et qui fans ce fupplément auroient courru le rifque de ne plus trouver de males dans leur habitation, et de refter infé- condes. Si lon j juge par analogie, Von pourra conje&turer que c ‘ett a a Pefpéce -@aliment qu’on prépare aux vers de Bourdons que font dues ces dif- ferences qu’on peut remarquer dans :eur nftin&. Chez les Abeilles il a été prouvé par des expériences bien faites que ; des 286 Mr. P. Wuser’s Obfervations des vers d’Abeilles communes étoient, a l’age de trois jours, {ufcepti- bles de devenir reines, s ils étoient dés lors nourris avec de la bouillie royale, et sils étoient ees dans des cellules femblables a celles des reines. L’on aura donc peu de peine a comprendre comment le méme moyen peut étre employé avec fuccés chez les Bourdons, car les mesurs de leurs ouvricres ont bien du rapport avec celles de leurs fe- melles. De méme l’on comprendra que ce moyen, employé avec quel- ques nuances, pourra faire de ces vers des vers de petites femelles. C’eft ici un des plus beaux traits de la puiffance de la Nature, le fait eft frappant chez les Abeilles; elle convertit a fon gre des mouches " fiériles en des mouches fécondes, des infectes aababies et mal-adroits en d’autres infectes pleins d’adreffe et dinduftrie; mais quelle peine n’auroit-on pas attribuera des caufes en apparence éloignées, et fipeu dignes d’attention, des effets auffi finguliers, des effets auf frappans ! Cependant, il n’eft pas impoflible qu’un certain genre de nourri- ture puiffe étre plus favorable qu’un autre a l’accroiffement et au per- feS&tionnement des organes {éxuels, et des membres d’un individu ; mais comment concevoir qu'il puiffe changer les paffions, l’inftin& et les moeurs dinisties, prigmarement fomblables concevoir qr une fe- vengeance, a vivre dans I’ Fak tities Ca a germe des cette femelle, ou plutot le fétus d’un tel infecte, puifle devenir celui d’une ouvriére zelée pour la defence commune, privée d’un plaifir que la Nature n’a refuflé a aucun de fes safenss mais délivrée des mene de Vaccouche- ae ke miel fur les fleurs, capable de faire ae i cire, de conde des rayons dont les cellules hexagones ayent des fonds pyramidaux, de foigner les reines, dont elles auroient été les rivales fi les organes de la génération eutlent étédéveloppés chez elles, et chargée de tuerdans uncertain tems les méles, qui,n’auroient point alors excite fa jaloufie? 6 Voila ee Bs ———s eee a re Pe SoA Vn gee ey eS on Humble-bees, 287 Voila une veritable métamorphofe. La chimiel’expliquera-t-clle? Nous apprendra-t-elle jamais, par quel fecret la différence des nour- ritures peut produire un changement fi complet dans linftinét, les gouits, et les habitudes de ces infeétes? Il eft permis d’en douter ; qu’ici done la raifon et la philofophie nous fervent de flambeau. Ou feroient ces chefs-d’cuvres de larchite@ure, ces colonnes, dont le fuft eft élevé fur les proportions de’ homme; ces ftatues qui repréfentent 4 l’efprit les actions des héros; ces monumens de la gloire, ces tableaux, dont Jes couleurs font illufion, et qui nous repréfentent les plus belles formes de la nature? Que deviendroit cette préférence de ’homme pour tout ce quieft parfait dans fes propor- tions, dans fes contours, dans fes couleurs, fi cet étre intelligent edt été privé de lorgane dela vue? fidés fon origine homme n’ett connu que par fon toucher, par fon ouie, par l’effet des odeurs, et par la différence des faveurs? L’eGt on va découvrir de nouveaux mondes, mefurer les cieux, calculer la diftance, le poids refpectif et Vétendue des planettes, et découvrir enfin la loi du mouvement, celle de la gravitation, le fecret de Punivers? Voila quels peuvent étre les effets d’un fens, d’un organe, fur l’induftrie, et fur les habi- tudes.de homme; ils n’ont pas moins d’influence en proportion fur l’inftin& des infe@tes; et quoique nous ne puiflions pas prouver que la Reine Abeille pofféde plus ou moins de fens que l’ Abeille com- mune, cela eft cependant vraifemblable; la nourriture et le logement font bien la caufe premiere de toutes les différences que l’on remarque dans leur inftin&; mais ils n’ont fait proprement que développer des organes de fens différens, et des membres plus ou moins, parfaits, dans des infectes originairement femblables ; des fens nouveaux ont fait naitre chez les uns des plaifirs et des befoins que les autres ne connoitront point, les organes s’y font prétés, les pote apie ie ont fatisfaits, Chez 288 Mr, P. Huser’s Obfervations Chez les autres peut-étre de nouveaux fens ont-ils produit cet in- ftin&t qui répond fi bien 2 notre raifon? Il a exigé des travaux ; ces travaux ont été exécutés par les membres doués d’une - adrefle infinie, et c’eft ainfi quetout femble étre dirigé chez ces petits animaux. La nature n’a pas eu un auffi grand effort a faire avec les Bour- dons; il ya bien moins de différence entre les mceurs des meres Bourdons, comparées a celles de leurs ouvriéres, qu’entre l’inftin& des Abeilles et celui de leurs reines. Car, comme je l’ai dit, la mére d’une famille de Bourdons peut faire tous les ouvrages qui fe font chez elles, et il n’en eft pas de méme dans les ruches d’Abeilles. Ainfi la nature n’a eu que pet de peine a convertir des vers de fe- melles en vers d’ouvricres, et encore moins a en faire des petites fe- melles. La ponte et les paffions de ces petites femelles doivent attirer par- ticuliérement nos regards; voici de quelle maniere je découvris leur fécondité, et les détails de leur ponte. Je ne les diftinguai point d’abord des ouvrieres, tant elles leur ref- fembloient par leurs caractéres extérieurs, de forte que je fus trés fur- pris lorfque je les vis pondre pour la premiere fois. Je tranfcrirai ici mon journal des derniers jours de Juillet, et des premiers du mois d’ Aout. Copie du ‘fournal de Juillet 1796. Le 26. Le vent a renverfé la cloche qui étoit fur ma fenétre, et le nid de Bourdons qu'elle renfermoit eft tombe, avec tous les infeétes qui Vhabitoient. : Les ouvriéres font revenues ala place of étoit leur nid; je leur ai donné une autre cloche, pour les garantir de la pluie ; je ne leur ai point i , ’ on Humble-bees. 289 point rendu leur gateau, qui étoit déja rongé par les teignes depuis fort long tems. La mere n’eft point revenue, et je l’ai cherche vainement autour du gateau. / Le 27. J’ai donné du miel aux Bourdons refugiés; ils commencent déja a faire de la cire. Le 28. Ils continuent @ faire de la cire. Le 2g. Ils ont conftruits un pot-a-miel fur le bord de la carte ot je mettois leur miel. Le 30. Un des plus petits individus de la peuplade, & mon grand étonnement, vient de conftruire une cellule decire, ovila pon- du deux ceufs, en faifant fortir fon aiguillon au travers dela cellule. Jai de la peine a le diftinguer des autres, foit par la taille, foit par la couleur, foit par la forme de fon corps; feulement fon agitation femble plus grande, et il empéche les ouyriéres de s’approcher de fa cellule. - Cependant, il n’eft pas toujours le plus fort, et d’autres montent © fur l’alvéole; ceux-ci ne cherchent point 4 enlever les ceufs qui y font renfermés, ce qui eft fort fingulier; au contraire, ils les foignent avec plus de zéle que celui qui les a pondu, et les défendent auffi contre les autres Bourdons. © Le 31. Seconde ponte du méme Bourdon; mémes circonftances qu hier. - t Aott. La petite femelle continue a pondre; elle batit toutes fes cellules les unes a cdté des autres. Le 2. Continuation fans aucune différence; je remarque feulement gue JesBourdons n’ont point apporté ni préparé de pollen dans les cellules ou vient de pondre la petite femelle. Le 4.. Les Bourdons ont apporté du pollen fous la cloche ; ils Pont mis au fond d’un nouveau pot-a-miel; on os voit aller et Vou. VI, Pp venir 290 Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervations venir fur le tas des cellules, et faire des creux en divers endroits, comme lorfqu’ils nourriffent les vers, C’eft qu’en effet quelques vers font éclos. Le 5. Les Bourdons nourriffent encore un peu les vers; ils n’ont point apporté de pollen aujourd’hui. Mon journal du onze m’apprend que ces vers périrent a défaut de nourriture, peut-ctre parceque les Bourdons s’étoient accou- tumés a la ration de miel que je leur donnois chaque jour; ils ne vouloient plus aller chercher leurs vivres 4 la campagne, en forte qu’ils negligeoient enti¢érement d’apporter la nourriture des vers; j'y vois auffi, que lorfque les Bourdons n’apportoient point de pollen, ils ne nourriffoient point leurs petits, et que lorf{que je leur, en avois donné, ils leur en faifoient part fans balancer. Je vis enfin le tas de cire diminuer chaque jour, et de nouveaux pots conftruits 4 cété des premiers. : Jignore ce que les Bourdons firent des petits vers; iln’en reftoit qu’un lorfque je leur enlevai la carte fur laquelle ils avoient été _ pondus. Mon journal du mois d’Aott m’apprend qu'une autre petite femelle d’une efpéce de Bourdon différente pondit auffi dans fon nid. } Mais je raconterai en détail ce quis’y paffa le fepti¢me jour du méme mois; c’étoient des Bourdons rouges et noirs. Le nid étoit fort peuplé ; il poffédoit un bon nombre d’ouvricres, plu fieurs j jeunes femelles de lagrande taille nouvellement transformées, Vancienne mere, et beguepup de miles. Parmi les ouvriéres il y avoit affurement des petites femelles, que jaurois reconnues fi j'avois fou leur trouver un caractere diftin@if ; mais les fcénes fuivantes prouvérent ce fait d’une manicre- indubitable, Le on Hlumble-bees. Le7 du mois d’Aotut a minuit fappercus une grande agitatly le nid; il s’agifloit d’une ponte extraordinaire. Plufieurs Bourdons étoient occupés a faire une cellule de cire;~ cette cellule étoit bien moins grande que les alvéoles ordinaires, et fes bords étoient bien moins élevés ; ils y travailloient encore quand la femelle, mére dela peuplade, vint fur la cellule, les chafla, et donna quelques coups de dents au bord de la petite coupe; elle fut contrainte de fe retirer 4 cafe de la fureur de quelques-uns d’entr’eux, qui s’approchérent d’elle en battant des ailes, et quila pourfuivirent jufques au bas du nid: ils achevérent alors la cellule; et quand ils lui eurent donné les dimenfions convenables, je vis l’un d’entr’eux sétablir fur ’alvéole, comme s’il eut eul intention de pondre: un autre y inferra de méme l’extrémité de fon corps; et tandis qu’ils étoient ainfi occupés 4 pondre conjointement, je vis revenir la vieille mere: le bruit et le battement de fes ailes annongoient d’avance fa colére; elle fe jetta fur l'une des petites pondeufes, lui monta fur le dos, et réuffit ala chaffer 4 coups de dents: elle chaffa l’autrede la méme maniére. Dés que la cellule fut vacante elle y enfonga fa téte, prit les ceufs qui venoient d’étre pondus, et partit les manger avec avidité. Bientot lune des petites femelles revint fur la cellule, lui rendit fa premiére forme, et fe mit a pondre: la vieille mére revint en- core avec fa jaloufie ordinaire, chaffa la pondeufe, et enfonca fa téte dans lacellule: jignore fi la petite pondeufe crit avoir pondu, ou fi elle n’appergut pas le larcin de la vieille femelle, mais le fait eft, qu’il ne refta point d’ceufs dans la cellule, et qu’elie la referma dés que la femelle fe fut retiré: elle s'écarta pour chercher de le cire, et fermer plus foigneufement fa cellule ; mais d’autres individus, qui étoient vraifemblablement auffi de pe- tites femelles, vinrent auffitét, et lui rendirent fa propre forme. Pp2 Je 292 Mr. P. Huser’s Odbjfervations Je crus reconnoitre alors cette petite pondeufe que j’avois pris fur le fait le 2 d’Aout ; elle étoit la plus grande des petites femelles de ce nid JA; elle monta fur Ja cellule, élargit fon orifice, ¢leva fes bords, fe mit A pondre, et fit deux ceufs devant moi. Peut-étre en eut-elle “fait d’avantage fur la vieille mére, qui revint en battant des ailes, la pouffa hors de la cellule, la chaffa bien loin, et finit par manger fes ceufs. Celle-ci fut aidée dans ce travail par une des petites femelles dont j’ai parlé plus haut, et que j’avois marquée avec de la couleur loriqu’elle étoit occupée a pondre dans la méme cellule. La petite femelle qui venoit de pondre reparut a fon tour avec tous les fignes de la colére; elle chaffa toutes les ouvricres de deffus le gateau, referma fa cellule quoique vide, et fit la garde autour Welle avec une activité étonnante : elle fe coucha fur fon ouvrage; et _ quand je Ja vis bien refolue 4 ne plus pondre, je l’enlevai avec la vieille mére, et je les enfermai dans un poudrier pour favoir fi tous les Bourdons qui fe mettroient fur ces cellules étoient de véritables pondeufes: mais je ne pts pas m’en affurer, parceque les ouvrieres détruifirent cet cellule; et comme il ¢toit trois heures du matin, je me retirai, et je renvoyai au lendemain la fuite de mes obferva- tions. A fix heures du matin il ne reftoit plus de veftige de la cellule, et je rendis & leur nid les deux individus que j'avois fait prifonniers: ce jour 1a, a fix heures du foir, Pagitation recommenga ; une large et épaiffe cellule fe faifoit remarquer fur les gateaux; la vieille mere, qui ne pondoit plus depuis fort long tems, et qui étoit devenue {térile a force de pondre, étoit montée fur la cellule; elle en déchi- roit les bords avec acharnement, fans avoir pour but d’enlever les ceufs qu’elle pouvoit contenir, car elle étoit ouverte, et d’ailleurs elle n’en contenoit pas un. _C’étoit donc par jaloufie, et non pas par befoin. I} Os Ae = st eo eo 3 ee on Humble-bees. 293 Il m’importoit de favoir fi les ceufs de ces petites femelles viendroient 4 bien; et pour fatisfaire ma curiofité, j'enlevai pour la feconde fois la vieille femelle, et jobfervai encore les manoeuvres des individus qui reftoient dans le nid. L’agitation monta a fon comble. Les petites femelles fe pourfuivoient les unes les autres; trois ou quatre d’entr’elles vouloient pondre 4 la fois; elles fe difputoient la cellule avec une rage étonnante: celle qui parvenoit 4 la pofféder un inftant pondoit quelques ceufs, et devenoit l’objet de la jaloufie des autres ; celles-ci fe jettoient fur elle, harceloient le bout de fon ven- tre, et la faifoient enfin déguerpir a coups de dents. La plus groffe d’entr’elles parvenoit toujours a s’emparer de la cellule; mais elle n’en pouvoit jouir que foiblement, car les autres s'acharnoient & T’en chaffer; et comme elle. fe fentoit la plus forte, elle fe retournoit, et les précipitoit au bas du gateau avec la rage des vieilles méres: quand elle avoit pondu, elle étoit obligée de garder fa cellule—plutét peut-¢tre par jaloufie que par amour pour fes petits. ; Cette fuite d’obfervations fut dérangée cette année la par les teignes; elles mangérent les cellules ott les. petites femelles avoient pondu, et je ne pus favoir de quel fexe auroient été les individus qui en feroient fortis, mais depuis lors j’ai mis tous mes foins a le dé- couvrir. Dés le 21 de Juin de l’année 1797 les petites femelles m/’offri- rent les mémes {cénes: elles furent quelquefois encore plus animées; le 22 jenlevai la mére; le 23 je la replagai dans fon nid; elle paroif- foit robufte et bien portante, mais un quart d’heure apres je la trouvai expirante fous le gateau. ‘Ses rivales continuérent a pondre pendant plus d’un mois. Le 26 de Juin de petits vers naquirent dans une cellule oti elles avoient pondus le 21. Le 4 Juillet ces vers filerent 294 Mr, P. Huser’s Obfervations filérent leurs coques ; le 6 ces coques changerent de forme; le 18 leurs habitans les ouvrirent pour en fortir; je les obfervai avec foin, ct je les reconnus tous pour des miles. Les grandes et jeunes femelles ne fe méloient pas aux fcénes finguliéres dont on a parlé, et n’étoient point en butte a la jaloufie des petites femelles. Tandis que la mére commune en étoit quelque- fois la victime, la nature, en privant les jeunes femelles de Ja faculté de pondre dans le nid ot elles étoient nées, les fouftrayoit 4 la fureur toujours dangereufe de leurs rivales; et c’étoit peut-étre a cette feule précaution qu’étoit attachée la confervation de l’efpéce. Les males de la derniére ponte fécondoient les grandes femelles pendant ce premier période de leur vie: celles-ci deftinées 4 fonder de nouvelles colonies n’étoient cependant pas inutiles 4 celles qu’elles habitoient encore; elles travailloient comme de fimples ouvriéres dans le nid ot elles avoient pris naiffance ; elles s’occupoient comme elles a recolter le miel et le pollen; je les ai vues chargées de pelottes a leurs jambes, vuider dans Jes pots-d-miel celui qu’elles avoient re- cueilli fur les fleurs; elles faifoient de la cire, elles favoient la fculpter, elles devoient méme favoir conftruire des cellules quand elles auroient 2 commencer de nouveaux nids; mais avant ce terme elles ne fai- foient jamais d’alvéoles. Elles paroiffent donc ignorer art de batir, et cette faculté refle fufpendue jufques au retour du printems: a cette époque le fentiment de leur maternité leur rend tout leur infin, et reveille en méme tems chez ces jeunes méres |’idée des ceufs qu’elles ont a pondre, et celle des cellules dans lefquelles ils doivent étre dépofés. Si les ouvriéres conftruifent quelquefois des cellules, ce n’eft que lorfqu’elles ont été commencées par la mére commune, ou par de petites femelles; elles ne les conftruiroient peut-étre jamais d’elles- mémes. 6 CHA- ok oS on Flumble-bees, 295 CHAPITRE XIII. Conjectures. ME permettra-t-on de hazarder quelques conjectures fur ‘l’ori- gine des giteaux, fur la formation des premiéres cellules, et fur les premiers travaux de la femelle lorfqu’elle eft encore feule 4 l’ouvrage? Si l’on doit croire que la Nature ait donné aux infeétes des loix - uniformes pour diriger leur conduite, je pourrois fuivre l’analogie fans trop m’écarter de la vraifemblance. ‘La Nature femble déja avoir tracé une ligne qu’il ne faut que con- tinuer pour arriver ala vérité; un plan qu'il n’y a qu’a fuivre, et ce plan on vient de le lire dans les obfervations précédentes. La mére Bourdon, aprés avoir creufé d’une maniére quelconque la cavité dans laquelle elle a pofé les fondemens de fon nid, aura amaffé dans le fond du creux une aflez grande quantité de cire pour former une cellule; car elle a, comme je l’ai dit, la faculté de produire cette matiére en plus grande abondance que les ouvricres; elle aura faconné cette petite maffe en forme de coupe; elle aura été fur les fleurs chercher des pouffiéres d’étamines; elle les aura placées dans le fond de l’alvéole, et ce fera le premier aliment de fes petits, Ce n’eft qu’aprés ces préliminaires qu’elle y aura dépofé fes ccufs ; felon fon ufage, elle en aura pondu fept ou huit a aide de fon ai- guillon; et pendant fon travail elle n’aura point été inquicte pour leur fureté, puifqu’ils n’auront pas été expofés 2 la voracité des autres Bourdons. Des vers feront éclos; ils fe feront nourris des provifions qu’on avoit préparé dans leurs cellules; ils les auront bientot confommeées ; leur corps aura pu prendre de plus grandes dimenfions avant de rem- plir le vide caufé par la diminution du pollen ; et leurs forces s’étant accrues avec leur grandeur, ils auront fait éclater la pellicule de cire qui Jes enfermoit. La 296 Mr. P. Huser’s Odb/ervations La femelle aura pris quelques brins de cette matiere fur la fur- face de l’alvéole, et aura joint, au moyen d’une bande de cette fub- ftance, les deux hémifpheres creux dans lefquels la cellule aura été transformée. Le logement des vers aura donc ste augmenté au moyen de l’effort qu’ilsauront fait pour le rompre, et par les foins de leur mere. Elle doit alors avoir éte obligée de les nourrir chaque jour, car ils ne devoient plus avoir de pollen dans leur magazin. Ces petits ayant pris tout leur accroiffement, chacun d’eux fe fera conftruit fous la cire un logement a part, dont és lambris auront été de tentures de foie. La mére aura peut-étre alors réuni la cire qui couvroit les nouvelles loges de fes petits, et laura fculptée en cellule pour y pondre de nouveaux ceufs. Mais remarquons déja que voila un gateau tout formé; les loges de foie, qui d’abord étoient applaties, fe feront redreffées, et auront pris la forme d’un ceuf, et les petits qu’elles renferment a cette époque auront fubi toutes leur métamorphofes. C’eft dans cet etat que j’al trouvé au mois de Juin un petit gateau de Bourdon dans une cavité fouterraine; ce nid n’etoit habité que par trois individus parfaits, une mére et deux ouvrieres. Ce gateau n’étoit compofé que de huit coques réunies; les deux coques qui occupoient le milieu étoient ouvertes, les fix autres étoient encore fermées; on voyoit fur fes bords deux mafles de cire quicon- tenoient des ceuts. Ce giteau entre parfaitement dans le plan que je viens de cray- onner; il eft d’accord en tout avec les idées que j'ai données pour des conjectures; il femble prouver que je ne me duis point écarteé de la vraifemblance. On concoit facilement que de nouvelles cellules conftruites fur les premieres coques donneront lieu 4 de nouveaux gateaux, et que les premieres on Humble-dees. 297 premicres coques ouvertes ferviront auffi les premiers de pots-ii-micl a la famille. Voila donc la femelle en fociété, et le lecteur exactement au point d’ot il étoit parti. La route que je lui ai fait parcourir conjectu- ralement me paroit affez naturelle pour l’adopter, en attendant que de nouvelles obfervations nous apprénnent fi c’eft 1a réellement: la marche dela Nature. - La fcéne change quand les premiéres mouches font transformées; la meére, qui avoit vécu jufqn’alors dans une folitude profonde, fe voit entourée de mouches induftrieufes auxquelles elle a donné la vie. Elle n’eft plus obligée d’aller aux champs pour recolter le miel et le pollen; elle eft difpenfée de ces courfes toujours dangéreufes; fes enfans adultes fe chargent auffi de la nourriture des vers, de la cloture et de la défenfe du nid; et s’ils lui laiffent le foin de perpétuer l’efpéce, ils Vaident encore a conftruire et a perfectionner les berceaux de fes petits. : Lété offre des eabteag plus piquans 4 Vobfervateur. Le privilege de pondre n’appartient plus exclufivement ala mére commune; un peuple de petites femelles paroit alors; elles lui difputent ce droit qu’elles partagent avec elle. Elles fe chaffent les unes les autres, fe combattent fouvent, fe tuent quelquefois, et donnent le jour 4 un grand nombre de males. Ceux-ci fécondent les grandes femelles qui naiflent & la meme époque, et les dehors du nid font le théatre de leurs amours. Lorfqwils ont affuré la confervation de Pefpece, ils périffent, et Pau- tomne voit auffi difparoitre la- vieille mére, les ouvriéres, et. les petites femelles. ‘ Les jeunes femelles de la grande taille furvivent feules 4 toute Ja peuplade, mais elles s’enferment dans un tombeau qu’elles ont creufé dans V’arriére faifon; les premiers froids les engourdiffent; Vor. VI, Qq elles 298 Mr. P. Huser’s Od/ervations on Humble-bees. elles bravent dans cet état les rigueurs de Vhiver; elles ne fortent de leur léthargie qu’au retour du printems, et lorfqu’elles peuvent trouver fur les fleurs le miel et Ie pollen qui fervent @ les nourrir. Elles ne fentent donc les befoins que lorfqu’elles peuvent les fatis- faire, et ce dernier trait n’eft pas le moins intéreflant de leur hiftoire. eee ane ——- ~ ' SS. eee ( 299 ) XX. Botanical Characters of four New-Holland Plants, of the Natural Order of Myrti. By Fames Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S. P.L.S. Read Fuly 7, 1801. SINCE the publication of a paper in the third volume of the Lin- nean Society’s Tranfactions, the aim of which was to fix the botanical characters of feveral genera and {pecies of the natural order of Myrtt, hitherto not well determined; I have become acquainted with a few more of the fame tribe, four’of which it is my defign to defcribe at prefent. The number might appear too inconfiderable to be the fubjec&t of a paper, nor ihould I, f{carcely, have offered them in this form to the Society, were it not as a kind of neceffary fupplement to the former treatife; and had I not a few particular obfervations to propofe refpeéting one of the plants. 3. * LeprosPERMUM grandifolium, foliis lanceolatis mucronatis fubquinquenervibus fubtus pubefcentibus, calycibus villofis: dentibus membranaceis coloratis. A fingle fpecimen of this new fpecies of Lepto/permum, gathered by Dr. White in New South Wales, has’been communicated to me by A. B. Lambert, Efq. It is much larger than any other I have feen of the genus, efpecially the leaves, which are above an inch long, and near a quarterof an inchbroad. Their form is lanceolate, tapering more towards the bafe than towards the extremity, and they are tipped with a {mall prominent, fharp point; their margin is en- Qq2 tire, 300 Dr. Smitu s Botanical Charaéters tire, a little revolute; upper furface {mooth and fhining; lower paler, opake, downy, punctate, marked with two obfolete longitudinal ribs on each fide of the principal one. Flowers terminating the fhort lateral branches, folitary, feffile, furrounded with a few leaves; white, large and handfome. Calyx clothed all over with white filky down; its teeth membranous, whitifh, lefs filky on the infide, moft fo externally about-the tip. The germen is found to confift of only five cells; otherwife the appearance ofthe plant, and large fize of all its parts, would have led me to fuppofe it a Fadricia, nearly allied to Gertner’s myréifolia. As a Leptofpermum it fhould be in- ferted between the third and fourth fpecies, being next akin to the lanigerum. s.* L. imbricatum, foliis obovatis imbricatis enervibus, ramulis calycibufque glabris; dentibus membranaceis coloratis carinatis. Gathered near Port Jackfon, New South Wales, by the late Mr. David Burton, and communicated to me by the Rt. Hon. Sir Jofeph Banks. It is clofely allied to the fifth fpecies, L. parvifolium, but differs at firft fight in the imbricated appearance of its numerous leaves on the long lateral branches; and the flowers will be found on examination totally diftiné, being not half the fize of thofe of L. parvifslium, ftanding two or three together about the extremity of each branch, not folitarily: their calyx moreover is in every part perfectly {mooth, and its teeth fharply carinated, which in the other are only a little convex, and entirely deftitute of any keel. 4.* Mevareuca /quarrofa, foliis fparfis oppofitisve ovatis muticis quinquenervibus, floribus lateralibus, dentibus calycinis levibus. M. fquarrofa, Donn, Hort, Cant. ed, 2. tot. \ am of four New-Holland Plants. - 301 I am indebted to the Rev. Mr. Davies, F. L. S. Vice-Matter of Trinity College, Cambridge, for {pecimens of this {hrub, which was raifed in the Botanic Garden of the Univerfity by Mr. Donn, frora feeds brought from Port Jackfon, and flowered in 1799. It fhould ftand next to the M. fypheloides, to which its leaves bear fome re- femblance; but they are neither twifted nor pungent, neither have they more than five, or at moft feven ribs; they are allo more in- clined to be oppofite than in that fpecies. The flowers are white, encircling the branches in longifh clufters. Calyx-teeth blunt and without nerves, as in moft of the other fpecies, and totally unlike the ribbed acuminated teeth of M. fypheloides. Stamina collected to- gether into bundles, but imperfeCtly, and never to any confiderable diftance from their bafe, fo that it would fearcely be taken for 4 Me/a- Jeuca till the filaments in decay are found to fall off (for the moft part) in clufters, The ftigma is fimple, as in Metrofideros. The very imperfect connection of the ftamina in this. plant leads us to remark how little the diftinétion between Melaleuca and Metro- fideros, and: confequently even the charaéter of the Linnean clafs Polyadelphia, are founded in nature. Moft plants indeed, of that clafs, like moft fpecies of Melaleuca, have the filaments fo ftri@ly united, for a confiderable part of their length, into feveral (moftly three or five) Phalanges or bundles, and thofe bundles fall off {0 entire, that the chara¢ter derived from fuch a circumftance feems no lefs natural than convenient for the fyftematic botanift. In the Mel- leuca nodofa, on the contrary, the union of the ftamina is continued but alittle way from the bafe, and it is even more flight in the plant now before us, many of the filaments being quite fimple, and uncon- nected with their neighbours. The cafe is the fame in the genus Citrus, of which Linnzus could not but be aware when he efta- blifhed this clafs, and indeed he alludes to the variablenefs of the character in his Genera Plantarum in defcribing Citrus. Neither is this 302 Dr. Smitu’s Botanical Characters of four New-Holland Plants. this character, flight as it is, conneéted with any peculiarity of habit by which a Melaleuca can be known from a Metrofideros; nor, I believe, would any botanift venture to guefs at a Me/aleuca without feeing the ftamina, in which the only peculiarity of the genus refides. What then is to be done, when even this peculiarity feems eluding our grafp? We can only retain the genusas an artificial one, along with many other fuch, till the fcience be arrived ata greater degree of perfection; keeping, in the mean time, matura/ orders in view as the grand object of our fyftematic inquiries, and cherifhing every truly natural genus aS a fixed point, on which we may found the principles of future difcoveries. 1.* EucaLyrtus marginata, operculo conico magnitudine caly- cis, umbellis lateralibus, foliis ovatis margine incraffatis. E. marginata. Donn. Hort. Cant. ed. 2. 101.? Mr. Aiton favoured me with {pecimens of this plant three years ago from Kew Garden. The feeds were brought from Port Jackfon. Its leaves agree very much in form with thofe of E. robu/ta, (next to which it ought to be placed,) but the footftalks are fhorter, veins more prominent, and the margin more thickened, fomewhat carti- laginous, and reddifh. The umbels are folitary, axillary, and fimple. Flowers {carcely one-third of the fize of the robufa, and their covers are neither broader than the calyx, nor longer; neither are they contra@ted in their middle. The flowers much refemble thofe of my E. pilularis, but the leaves are totally different, XXI. Addi- ee eee ee - ' . € 303 ) _ XXII. Additional Obfervations,on Some remarkable Strata of Flint in the Ile of Wight, ina Letter from Sir Henry Charles Englefield, Bart. F.R.S. to John Latham, M.D. F.R.S. and L.S. of Rom/ey. j Read Fuly 7, 1801. | DEAR SIR, I FEEL much flattered by the notice taken of my Paper* on the — Chalk Pits of. the Ifle of Wight by the Linnean Society; and as I with to render my account of the very curious appearances obferved by me in them as perfect as I can, the following additional obferva- ‘tions on the fubject, made during a fecond vifit laft year, are, by your favour, fubmitted to the Society. _ The pits I laft year infpected are as follow, beginning from the eaft. Brading pit, which is at the eaftern point of the great ridge, where the valley of Brading Haven interfeéts it, and feparates it from the Yaverland hill, which terminates in the fea at Culver and Bembridge. A road cut into the chalk above Knighton. Afhey-down pit, about three miles eaft of Newport. A pit very near to, and fouth of, Carifbrook cattle. The cliffs and caves of Frefhwater bay, both eaft and weft of the valley, which interfeéts. cee sel and runs from Frefhwater to Yarmouth. The Yaverland chalk is, therefore, ttle aly part bier I have *P. Loz. . 4 not — 304 Sir H.C. Encterigiy’s Additional Obfervations on not examined, and little doubt can be entertained of its fimilarity to the reft of the range, to which it evidently belongs. In Brading pit fome flints appear in detached nodules, and thefe are found and unbroken. The inclined ftrata of flint are vifible, but not to advantage, ow- ing tothe manner of working the pit. In thefe ftrata the flints are univerfally fhattered, fome into abfolute powder, others into groffer powder and fragments mixed. But befides thefe ftrata, the chalk in this pit is divided by vaft perpendicular fiffures, as {mooth as plaifter walls, and in fome of thefe fiflures Sint has formed, which appears broken like that in the ftrata. The road above Knighton only juft cuts into the chalk ftratum, but all the ints vilible in the banks are extremely fhattered. The pit at the weft end of Afhey- -down, near two large barrows, is the moft extenfive and fatisfaétory of any I have feen. The per- pendicular face of the chalk, where worked, is not lefs than fifty or fixty feet, and its direction is at right angles to that of the ftrata, and parallel to their line of dip :—of courfe, they are feen to very great advantage. ‘The ftrata feem to dip northward more rapidly than in any other place where I could obfervethem. The angle of inclination is from 75 to 80 degrees.. ‘There are not layers of flint between every layer of the chalk. Some of the chalk is peculiarly folid, and rifes in.very large maffes, affeéting a cubic form. © Their folid ven is from twenty-five to thirty feet thick, and is in {trata ftom three to four feet. In all this folid part there are very few flints. / Both above and below this harder bed (fpeaking ar the original poGtion of the ftrata) the chalk is fofter, and has more flints in it. The ftratified fints in this pie are full as much fhattered as any I A Sy had fome remarkable Strata of Flint in the Ife of VAght. 305 had feen. The nodules are not at all broken. Many of the flratified flints are much defaced in this pit by an admixture of pyrites, fo as to be quite opaque, like a coarfe jafper; and thefe flints are much fofter than the others, as is always the cafe in the impure flint. In the chalkpit near Carifbrook the ftrata are not fo vifible as in the pit north of the caftle, (defcribed in the firft paper,) but the flints are to the full as finely, though perhaps not fo generally, broken. In one flint I obferved, that though it lay in its bed undifturbed, chalk, - as if in a fluid ftate, had run into one of the fiffures; Every ap- pearance in this pit indicates that the chalk, fince its ftratification, has received a moft violent fhock. | The chalk at Frefhwater bay appears in high perpendicular cliffs, particularly on the weftern fide of the bay. Both on the eaft and weft the ftrata dip northward near 80 degrees, and the dip feems to run eaft and weft very regularly. The weftern cliff has a very regular and perpendicular face to the eaftward; and here the parallel direction of the ftrata, each feparated by a thin line of black flint, prefents a moft curious appearance. The flint here is often found in thin plates of confiderable extent, fometimes not above an inch thick, and feems formed from each fide of the fpace which it fills; as the ex- terior parts (or thofe neareft the chalk) are the pureft and blackeft, and it is gradually whiter towards the middle, where there is often a line of foft chalk included between the two plates of flint. All the ftratified flints are more or lefs fhattered, and fome are reduced to very fine powder. The cave at Frefhwater, which is really a beautiful as well as a curious one, is formed by the action of the fea on thefe nearly vertical ftrata. They are of different hardnefs, and all interfected with fiffures at right angles tothe ftrata. When the fea aéts on and wears away a foft ftratum, a gallery is formed, and Vor, VI. Rr the 306 Sir H. C. ENGLEFIELD’s Additional Obfervations on the upper parts of the ftratum between fiffure and fiffure drop out, much in the fame way as bricks are apt to do out of the flat arch over a window}; the harder contiguous ftrata ferve as walls to the gallery, but are by degrees perforated in different parts, and become irregular pillars, fupporting the vaft weight of the hill above, until the aétion of the fea weakens them fo far, that they fail, and a part of the face of the hill goes with them: fo that the cave is con- ftantly, although flowly, changing its form. Large maffes of the harder ftrata, defended by their flint coating, alfo ftand up in the bay as infulated rocks of different fhapes, and much refembling the Needle rocks, which are exactly of the fame materials, and formed by the fame procefs. In this part of the chalk ftratum I faw feveral foffil remains, which I had fought in vain in the pits I had vifited. One was fingular. It had the ap- pearance of part of a very large fhell, regularly ftriated, and almoft flat. 1 have often feen fmall fragments apparently of a fimilar fhell, in chalk, but never a large piece. It was fo firmly fixed as not to be removed without a chifel; which I had not. To thefe obfervations on the chalk of the ifland I muft add, that this whole range, although really chalk, is much harder than the chalk of the South downs; infomuch that the carpenters cannot ufe it for drawing lines, but import chalk for that purpofe from Portf{down hill, above Portfmouth. They alfo call the ifland chalk by the name of marle, which is, however, only the Breton name for chalk, and appears in many compound names, fuch as Mar/-borough on the Wiltfhire chalk hills, and the very fignificant one of J/be- marle, or white chalk. As I made fome further obfervations on the fouthern range of hills which form the back of the ifland, I will trefpafs on your pa- tience a little longer, particularly as they in fome degree contradic, or Some remarkable Strata of Flint in the fle of Wight. 307 or rather correct, what I had advanced on that fubje& in my former letter. When the northern front of thofe hills is viewed from Afhey down, the ftratum of {tone mentioned in my former letter, as lying directly under the chalk of St. Catharine’s and Dunnofe hills, ap- pears every where to maintain an horizontal pofition; and {fo in its general difpofition, particularly in its northern front, it certainly does; but juft behind the village of Ventnor, the ftratum entirely difappears, as if it had been ingulphed in a great chafm; andadeep! and narrow valley runs winding into the chalk hill of St. Boniface, though it does not penetrate through it, which feems the remains of the fiffure into which the ftone had funk. The appearances of the great ftone flratum, from Niton eaftward to Ventnor, are noted as follows in the journal made on the {pot : On an attentive infpection of the ftrata of the under cliff, it appears that the great ftratum of rugged and laminated ftone, which firft appears at the weft fide of St. Catharine’s, and, thence ranging eaft- ward, forms the front of the cliffs overhanging the Underway, dips in its fouthern face gently to the eaftward. The cliffs at Mirables are much higher above the fea than thofe of St. Laurence; and from thence they decline till at the opening in the hill above Ventnor they totally difappear. A fmall crag juft peeps out of the eaftern face of this dell, and the whole hill of St. Boniface is, as far as can be feen, compofed of chalk. As, however, this, like all other chalk hills, is in the ftate of a fteep flope covered with turf, “ perhaps by digging into its face the ftony ftratum might be dif- covered. It is alfoto be obferved, that the chalk, which is not vifible above the rock at Mirables, begins to appear foon after, and grows gradually thicker as it proceeds eaftward. At St. Laurence, it forms a thick cap to therocks; and at Steephill fhute its thick- Rr2 nefs, 308 Sir H, C. ENGLEFIELD's Additional Obfervations, &c. nefs is very much increafed, awd foon after nothing but chalk ap- pears in St. Boniface’s hill. In what form the rock re-appears at Dunnofe to the eaft of St. Boniface, I have had no opportunity of examining. I fhould not, dear Sr trouble you with thefe defective ob- fervations, but that every notice, however imperfect, may be of ufe when connected by future obfervations, and that they may ferve as a ftimulus to other travellers who often go over this beautiful line of country, to turn-their attention to its fingular natural phe- nomena. ; I fend you two fpecimens of the broken flints ; one from above Brading, the other from near Carifbrook; but the tickets are miflaid, and [am not fure which is which. IT remain, &c. ‘Tilney Street, May 26, 18or. XXIL, Deferip- ( 309 ) XXII. Defcription of a new Species of Viola. By Thomas Furly Forfter, E/9, F. L. S. Read Fuly 7, 1801. VIOLA coONcOLOR. VIOLA caulibus erestis, foliis lato-lanceolatis {tipulifque lanceolato- linearibus integerrimis; Habitat in uliginofis Americz Septentrionalis. » DESCRIPTIO. Radix fibrofa, ramofa, alba, perennis, Caulis herbaceus, erectus, flexuofus, fulcato-angulofus, fimplex, hifpidus, pedalis et ultra. . Folia alterna, lato-lanceolata, acuminata, integerrima, rugofa, cili- ata, dilute virentia; variant fepe argute dentata aut lacera. Petiolus breviffimus, femiteres. Stipule quatuor; duz majores, duz minores; lineari-lanceolatz, arcuate, integre, ciliate. Pedunculi duo, minimi, ex axillis foliorum; unus ferens florem abortivum. Braéiee due, minimz, lineares, obtufz. Flores 310 Mr, 'T. F. Forsver’s Defcription of Flores parvi, dilute virides, plant concolores. Calyx: Perianthium pentaphyllum, concavum, hamofum. Corda: Petala quinque viridia: duo /uperiora minima, linearia, recurva, integra; duo /ateralia \inearia, dentata, recurva; infimum bipartitum. Calcar breviflimum, obtufum. Stamina quinque, fubulata, breviffima. Anthere. viridi-purpures, bafi bifid. Piftillum breve. Stigma non urceolatum, fed hamofum, perforatum, duplo longius anthera. OBSERVATIONES. Culta rariffime floret, In horto meo jam annos plus quatuordecim exftitit ; at cum fepius ex America repetita effet, bis folummodo, primum duntaxat anno, hoc tanto temporis {patio floruit. Nufquam alias virefcentem nifi in Horto Regio Kewenfi vidi. Specimen ficcum inde decerptum in Herbario egregio Dom. Jof. Banks, Bart. exftat, fed nondum in aliquo (quod fciam) de hac re fcriptore hee fpecies notata eft; nec pro certo habeo quod vere fit Viola, forfan cum multis aliis {ub novo genere melius diftinguenda. Cum omne hoc genus (Violam) femper magno ftudio excoluerim, fpecies haud minus fexaginta notavi; et cum per otium licebit, li- benter genus, nunc plurimis mendis laborans, expedire conabor. Duas tantum obfervationes {peciminis loco huc afferam. Viola lanceolata Gmelin ex Siberia defcripta non eft eadem quam fub eodem nomine Kalm ex Canada propofuit. Hec foliis peranguttis lanceolatis nitidis, radice fibrofa, ftolonifera; illa follis oyato-lance- elatis pubefcentibus, radice fufiformi, acaulis. . a 6 Viole. | WOU gT) Sua any anew Species of Viola. 311 Viola grandifora hortorum non eft eadem que Viola grandifiora Linnzi, fed omnino fpecies nova, cui Viole Pallas nomen dare velimy ut a Pallas primo in Siberia inventz. EXPLICATIO TAB. XXVIII. Fig. 1. Planta magnitudine naturali, 2. Calyx. 3, Petala fuprema. 4. Petala lateralia. 5. Petalum infimum. 6, Stamen. 7. Piftillum. 8..Antherz. g. Anthera. 10. Capfula. ti. Semen. XXII. Deferife (312 ) XXII. Defeription of the Fruit of Cycas revoluta. By James Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S. P.L.S. Read November 3 1801. THE Cycas revoluta, Thunb. Fl. Fapon. 2.29, Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 3. 475, having, for the firft time in England, produced fruit in the colleétion of the Honourable and Right Reverend the Bifhop of Winchefter, at Farnham Caftle, Surrey; his Lordthip was pleafed to requeft that an account of it might be laid before the Linnean Society. For this purpofe I was induced to go to Farnham in November 1799, ac- companied by Mr. Sowerby, in order to make the requifite obferva- tions. We found the fruit then ripe, and exhibiting a moft magni- ficent fpectacle. The plant was much larger than-any I had feen of the fame fpecies, and feems to be one of the oldeft in England. We learn from the Hortus Kewenfis that this Cycas has been about 40 years in our collections. It is not known that the Farnham plant was larger at its firft introduétion than fuch as are ufually brought from abroad, perhaps 2 or 3 feet in the diameter of the circle formed by the expanded leaves; that diameter is now io or12feet. Suppofing it therefore to have been one of the very firft introduced, it has grown much more rapidly than ufual; for there are few to be feen in England, even the oldeft, that are half fo large. I fhall proceed to defcribe its appearance and ftructure. The ftem is about 2 feet in height, and g or 10 inches in dia- meter. Thunberg defcribes the fame as rifing in Japan to the height of 6 feet or more, with nearly the abovementioned diameter. Its furface is brown, and very fcaly with the remains of old leaf- ftalks. Dr. J. E. Smrtu’s Defcription of the Fruit of Cycas revoluta. 313 ftalks. A fimple circle of about 40 evergreen pinnate leaves crowns the fummit, forming a magnificent bafon, whofe margin meafures ~ go or 12 feet acrofs, and 5 or 6 feet in height above the level of the bark bed of the ftove... On mounting a ladder we beheld in the bot- tom of this verdant and fhining amphitheatre a circular clufter, per- haps 18 inches wide, of above an hundred orange-coloured downy oval fruits, intermingled with innumerable palmate, pale brown, thick and woolly leaves or fronds, each of whofe finger-like fegments was tipped with a fharp fpine. With refpeét to its earlier ftate, the Bifhop has informed. me, that on his arrival at Farnham early in September, the gardener informed his lordfhip the Cycas ** had borne a fingular appearance during fummer.” On infpeétion, the crown of the plant was found occupied by the abovementioned woolly leaves, then beautifully laciniated though not fpinous, and having the appearance of a ffrobilus or cone, hollow like a bird’s neft, and filled with a quantity of green drupe, about the fize of half-grown apricots, and intermixed with the fame kind ‘of downy greyifh leaves that furrounded them. The changes which had. taken place from that time to the period of my arrival were, that the whole clufter of fronds and fruit had become rather convex than concave, the fronds were browner, fpines had grown at the tip of each of their length- ened fegments, and the drupe were become nearly as large as a mo- derate fized apricot, and further refembled that fruit in their rich orange hue and downy furface. On feparating fome of thefe woolly leaves, they were found to be true fronds. .Each was from 6 to 8 inches long, flefhy, entirely clothed with pale brown woolly down; their lower part a flattith ftalk; their middle bearing on each margin a row of 3 or four feffile drupe; their extremity dilated into a pinnatifid, or rather palmate, many- fingered leaf, whofe lobes were generally curved inwards, and tipped with a {pine as before mentioned. When wounded, thefe fronds Vou. VI. ) Ss diftilled 314 Dr. J. E. Smitu’s Defcription of dililled agreat quantity of thick clear infipid mucilage, which foon hardened into a fubftance refembling gum-tragacanth, in which probably refides the nutritive quality for which this Palm is fo cele- brated in the Fiera Japonica. We are there told that a very {mall morfel of the pith of its {tem is fufficient to fuftain life a long time, and on that account the plant is jealoufly preferved for the ufe of the Japanefe army. The drupe are alfo faid to be ufed as food. We roafted fome, and found in their kernels the flavour of chefnuts, with lefs {weetnefs and a more watery confiftence. Each drupa is elliptical or fomewhat obovate, a little comprefled, tipped with a minute rigid point formed of the permanent ftigma, which is umbi- licated at its fummit. The outer coat is coriaceous, bright orange red, clothed with woolly down which eafily rubs off This coat is not eatable. Nut folitary, elliptical, even, hard, whitith, tipped with a point conneéted with the ftigma, and internally lined with a loofe brown membranous integument clofely enfolding the kernel, which is alfo elliptical, white, firm, uniform, completely occupying the fhell, and confifting entirely of a/bumen*, In its upper part, immediately under the ftigma, we difcovered a {mall round cavity where the embryo fhould have been, but no traces of it were to be found, for want of impregnation by the male pollen, which is produced on a feparate tree. Probably the flavour of the nuts might have been improved had they been impregnated. Enough has been faid to fhow the near affinity of this genus to Zamia, (fee Gzrtner, tab. 3.) from which it is chiefly, and indeed fuf- ficiently, diftinguifhed by its drupe growing on a true frond, con- trafted with the amentaceous fruit of Zamia. ‘The two genera per- haps, conftitute an intermediate order between Palme and Filices, but are furely moft akin to the former. ta * Gertner rather choofes to call it vitel/us in Zamiia. The a (7 J Pe Zs eR a Wah tg WH Aa, Stimunis ye | | i 289 = tao —— ss — i i fe ay & ) a yy i ae) 2 2008 ——= vg Pass r Linn Trans VI. tab. 30. p33. Oycas vevoluta the Fruit of Cycas revoluta. 315 The annexed figure (Taz. XXIX.) is taken from a fine drawing ~by Mifs North, prefented to the Society by the Bifhop of Win- chefter. It reprefents as much of the plant as was poffible, fome- what under the natural dimenfions, nor could the full number of furrounding leaves be conveniently admitted. Tas. XXX. exhibits one of the fronds of its fullfize. Fig. 1.is an abortive drupa; 2. aripe one; 3. a drupa cut longitudinally; 4. all the integuments of the fruit; 5. albumen; 6. cavity deftined to con- tainthe embryo. - , Ss2 XXIV. Species { 316 ) XXIV. Species of Erica. By Richard Anthony Salifoury, E/y: F. Ri, ty Es ve i] ‘Read Qétober 6, 1801. ERICAS, in abfoluta monographia nunc illuftrare, minime mihi propofitum eft. Attamen, quandoquidem in hoc genere nonnihil defudaverim, et multe ejus pulcherrime fpecies, fub ineptis ne dicam falfis hortulanorum titulis, iterum a Wi//denow evulgantur, meos Charatteres, et Nomina, demum profero. - Species ordinavi fecundum. earum affinitates, adeo ut inter fe proxime collocentur fimillime: cuivis diverfe methodo parum ami- -cus. Etenim, fie numero foliorum feparas, hunc non folum in una eidemque ftirpe mire ludentem offendes, fed tales divifiones magnitu- dine {uA laborantes fere nihil juvant: idem fortius objiciatur fe@tioni- bus ex antheris muticis calcaratisve petitis, quippe quz valde propin- quas {pecies, imo ipfas varietates diftrahunt: nec magis naturalem diftributionem, vel e bracteis, vel ex inflorefcentia, vel e filamentis, vel e fruétu, adhuc extorquere potui. Jamdudum nos docuit Linné, in Regno Vegetabili nove prolis Herbany fequi patrem, Florem vero matrem: inde Clavis vaftifimorum generum, ut mihi videtur, haud ita difficilis. Quamobrem cohortes e ftritCtura corolle antherarum- que potiffimum defumpfi, gradumque affinitatis per comma, femi- colon, rariusve colon, pone fingula nomina appofitum, indicavi: ubi nullum vidi prater communem generis nexum, ifta {pecies peri- odo notatur: multas enim fimilitudines oculis con{picimus, quas tamen verbis exprimere admodum difficile fit. Nihilominus in Diffe- rentiis Specificis, puras certiffimasque notas eligere conatus fum, haud Magis Mr, R. A. SALispuRy’s Species of Erica, 317 magis quod opus effet dicere, quam quod non opus. effet, non dicere, folicitus. , Mirum fortaffe nonnullis videatur,. Ericam vulgarem defiderari in fequentibus paginis: fciant autem velim, hancce ftirpem, {i que alia in toto Ordine, proprium conttituere genus: jure antiquiore profecto fuum nomen retinuiffet, fed cum tot alix ftirpes, apud omnes Bota- nicos jam eodem cognomine gaudeant, fatius duxi hanc unam novo infignire titulo: itaque Gullunam appellavi, ob ufunt éjus frequen- tiffimum in fcopis conficiendis: effentia generis, qua differt ab Ericd, eft in pericarpii valvis ad latera loculorum dehifcentibus, feptis axi relictis: habitus, abfque ullo rudimento petioli pedunculive, omnino feflilis. Alterum genus, cum illo pariter confufum, ob ftigma - grande Salaxis mihi audit, cujus’ calyx irregularis, et pericarpium drupaceum,. triloculare,. trifpermum: quatuor {pecies innotuere, faciem Ericx /coparia pre fe ferentes. Paucas obfervatiunculas, in editione Differtationis Erice a Thun- berg, quam nuper typis mandabam, inferui. Hallucinationes gravi- ores in tam va{to genere pene inevitabiles, Synonyma infra tacite in- dicabunt : cxterum hac non -nifi ex fpeciminibus ipfis anétorum un- quam citavi. Maxima profeéto beneficientia fua Herbaria mihi pa- tefecerunt omnes, atque fraftula vel rarifimorum exemplarium com- municaverunt: adeo ut ducentas et quinquaginta legitimas fpecies nunc poffideam, quarum dimidiam circiter partem in vivis alo. Hafce omnes, numerofiffimis-varietatibus miftas dignofcere, et prout verum Botanicum decet. exponere, haud labor erit paucorum an- norum: nimis felix fi qua haétenus videar vettigiis inftitiffe admi- randi Linné, qui non abfque divino quodam afflatu, cum Vegetabi- lium differentias tradidit, longiffimo intervallo omnes fuperavit. Synepi 318 Mr. R. A. SALISBURY’s Species of Erica. Synopjis Specierum, fecundum earum Affintates. Scoparia. 3. m.i,p: ax. Spiculifolia. 3, 7. i. ax. Virgularis, 3. m. i. t. Afperifolia, 3. mc. #. te PeroxXe. 3) Maite ts Oxycoccifolia, 3. ¢. i. ax ? Thymifolia. 3. c. 7. ax. Axillaris. 3:4. ¢. i. ax. Sicefolia. 3..¢. 7. t. Urceolaris, 3. ¢. 4. 7. Faufta, 3. ci. t. Pallida, 3. c. % t. Tomentofa, 3. ¢. i. ¢. Auticularis, 3. ¢. fe te Lamellaris, 3. ¢. 4 t. Marifolia, 3. ¢. 2. 7. Helianthemifolia. 2. ¢. 7. 7. Calathiflora. 3. c 4%. Procera, 3:5. Ci t. Polytrichifolia. 3:5. ¢. & t. Tenuis. 3. ¢. 4. te Humilis: 3. ¢. 2. 7. Peduncularis : 3. c. i. ¢. Ameena. 3. ¢. i. Glomiflora, 3.¢. 7 #. Formofa. 3. 4 f Carduifolia. . ¢. 7% ¢. Tubercularis. 3. m. i. t. Campanularis. 3. 2. 7. 7. Medioliflora. 3. m. 4. 7. Blanda, 3. m. 2. ¢. Hottonizflora, 5. ¢. %. ax. Seriphiifolia, 5. m. 7. ax. Lavandulefolia, 3. m. 1. t. Humifufa, 3. m. 4%. Crifteflora, 3. m. 1.4. Lyfimachizeflora, 3. m. 7. ¢. Pafferinefolia : 3. m, 7. ¢. Byffina, Mr. R. A. SALIsBuURY’s Species of Erica. 319 Byflina, 3. m, ic. ¢. Velleriflora, 3. 7. ¢. 4 Carbafina: 3. m. et. Scariofa,. 3. ¢. ¢. ¢. Sexfaria, 3. ¢. @ ¢. Corydalis, 3. ¢. é ¢. Azalezfolia, 3. m. ¢. t. Petiolaris, 3. m. z. Z. Veficularis, 3. c. 4. ¢. Verniciflua, 3..¢. i.¢. Lachnezfolia, 3. ¢.z. ¢. Voluteflora, 3.¢: mit. Lyrigera, 3.¢. 4 Salax, 3. ¢. 4. t. Gnidiefolia, 3. ¢. 7, ?. Cumuliflora, 3. 7. 7 t. Geniftefolia, 3, 7. i. 7. Periploceflora, 3..¢. t. ts Lucida, 3. c4.f. — Munda, 3. ¢. i. 7. * Gnaphaliiflora. 3. ¢. 4 ¢ Fabrilis, 3. ¢. 4 t. Dianthifolia, 2. c. 7. t. Brevifolia, 3.¢.1 ¢. Chlamydiflora, 3. c. i. f. Selaginifolia. 3. ¢. 7 t. Pannofa, 3: 5.04% Hirfuta, 4. m. 7. ¢. Plumofa, 4..¢. i. t. Ciliciiflora. 3.. m. @ ¢. Xeranthemifolia, 3. wm. ¢. t. Nodiflora, 3. m. ¢. t. Flofculofa, 4. m. ¢. t. Exilis, 4. m. ¢.t. Labialis, 3. m. ¢. t. Embolifera, 4. c.¢, ¢ Dumofa, 4. ¢. ¢.f. Barbigera, 4. m. ¢. f. Paleacea, 4. m. é. ¢. Brunizfolia, 6. ¢. e. ¢. Turmalis, 6. m. @ t.. ~ Equifetifolia. 3.m. ¢. % Diotzflora, 3. m. €. p:a. Sertiflora, 3. mm ¢. p: ai. Flexilis, 4. m.e, ax. Saxatilis, 3-5. m. ¢ p: ax, Lugubris, 4. 7 ¢.p: ax. _ Multiflora, 5-6. m. c. p: ax. Manipuliflora, 3.m.c. p:ax. Vaga. 5-6. m. c. p:ax. Lentiformis: 3. m. ¢. t. Pudibunda. 3-4. m. ¢.t. Filiformis, 3. ¢. ¢@ #. s Turgida, 320 _ Mr. R. A. SAttspury’s Species of Erica. ' Turgida. 3. ¢ ¢. t. Fufiformis ; 3: 4... ¢. Fragilis ; 3. m.e. % Veftifiua, 3. 7. @. Z. Baculiflora, 3. m. ¢. f. Cothurnalis, 3. m. e. t. Socciflora, 3. me. 7. Furfurofa, 3... ¢. ft. Follicularis, 3. m. @. . Penicilliflora, 3. m. ¢. t. Placenteflora, 3. m. ¢. ¢ Pyramidalis, 3. m. ¢. t. Squameflora, 3. m. ¢. t. Cefia, 3. m: e, ¢. Flexuofa, 3. m. @ ¢. Lafciva, 3. m. é%. Stylofa, 3. m. ¢. ¢. Spirzeflora, 3. m. é. ¢. Milleflora. 3. ¢. ¢. ¢. Diofmefolia, 3. ¢. i. t. Palliiflora, 3. ¢. 7. t. Fugax, 3. ¢.%. t.° Pyroleflora, 3: 4. Ci. 7. Tegulefolia, 3. ¢. 2%. Bacceeformis. 4: 3.67.7 Modefta 5 Qui iad Holofericea. 3.¢. 7. #. Glauca : 3. ¢ ft. ‘Variifolia..3. ¢. % ¢. Rupeftris. 3. c.7. t. Verficolor, 3. m. 7. %. Decora, 3. ¢. 1%. t. Cupreffiformis, 3. ¢.4 #. Melliflua. 3. ¢. 4. ¢. Nana, 4. ¢. 1. t Spiffifolia, 6. ¢. 7. 2, Sacciflora, 4. c. 7. ¢. Cylindriflora. 6. ¢. it Paludofa, 6. m. 2. #. Lituiflora. 4. m. 7.7. Obpyramidalis, 4M. te te - Cyrilleflora, 4. m. 4%. Velitaris. 4. ¢. i. f. Culcitzeflora, 4. ¢. i. t. Tubiflora, 4. ¢. # #. Curviflora, 4. ¢. 7. ¢. Cufpidigera, 4.¢. 7.4. Bibax, 4. c. 2.7. Sa Buccineformis, 4. ¢. 4, #. . Faftuofa, Mr. R. A, SArissury’s Species of Erica. 321 Faftuofa. 4. 6 é f. Stagnalis, 4. 1. 7. ¢. Confpicua, 4-5. m. i. te Longiflora, 6. m. 7. t. Verticillaris, 5-6. m. i. t. Floccofa. 5-6. m. 1.4. | adios: Gc kee” Lycopodiifolia, 6. m. 4 p: lat. Pharetreformis, 6. m7. i. p: ax. Grandiflora, 6, m.e. p: ax. Cerviciflora, 5-6. ¢..¢. ps ax? Pinifolia,6.c.npiax. Calamiformis, 6. 7.2. p: ax. Longifolia, 6. m: C. i. p: an. Coftzflora, 6. m. i. p: ax. _ Onofmeflora, 6. m.1..p ax. Pulviniformis, 6. m. 7..p : ax. Frondofa, 6. m. 2 ps ax. Phylicefolia, 6. m. 7. p: ax. Argutifolia. 6. m. 7p: aa Favofa, 6. ¢. 7. pt ax. Sceptriformis, 8. ¢. % p: ax. Claveflora, 6... 4 p: ax, Alveiflora, 6. c. % : ax. Mammofa. 4. cuie ps ax. Brachialis..4. 9. 7%. « Mor. V1. Hyftriciflora, 4. m? 4. t. Strigilifolia, 4. ¢. 4%. Pectinifolia, 4. ¢. 1. f. Crinifolia. 6. c. 7. 4. Cernua, 4. ¢ i,t. ‘Doliiformis. 6. c. i. t. Piftillaris 4. ¢. £. fo, Ciliaris : 3. #. 7 ax, Botuliformis, 4. c. % t. Multicaulis. 6, ¢. 4 te Mutabilis. 3. ¢. 7. Jat. Uncifolia. 4. ¢. 7. p: ax. Caduceifera. 3. ¢. # p: ax. Empetrifolia, 6.¢.#. p : ax. Malleolaris, 6. ¢. 2. p ‘ax. “Pyxidiflora, 6. ¢. 4. p: ax. Nolzfiora. 6. ¢. % p:.ax. Fefta, 4. c. i. p: ax. Fallax, 6. ¢, i. p: ax. Parilis, 6. ¢. 4. fp: ax. Vifcida, 6, ¢. 4 p. ax. Te Caterveflora; — 322 Mr, R, A. Satrspury’s Species of Erica. Caterveeflora ; 4. ¢.7. t. Pubigera, 4. ¢. 4%. ¢. Mitreformis, 4. ¢. 7. # Tardiflora, 4. ¢. i. t. Parviflora, 4. ¢. 7 7. Exigua, 4.¢.2. 4. Pufilla. 4.cq4% - Tragulifera, 4.c. i. t. Gutteflora, 4. ¢. 7. Curviroftris, 4. ¢. 7. ¢. Obefa, 4.¢. i. ¢. Gracilis, 4. ¢. #. #. Intervallaris, 4. ¢. 7. 2. Quadreflora, 4. ¢. i. Prolifera, 4.6. 7.4. Cyathiformis, 4. ¢. 7. 2. Pelviformiis. 4. ¢. %.¢. Turrigera, 4. ¢. 4. t. Lacuneflora, 3-5. ¢. 7. t. Florida. 4. c. i. ¢. Turbiniflora, 4. ¢. 2. ¢. Bullularis, 3-4. c. 2. ¢. Mucofa, 4-6. ¢. 2. 4. Piluliformis, 4-5. ¢. 4 4. Obliqua, 6. ¢. z. /at. Sequax, 4-6. 4.4 - Blenna. 4-5. c.f. 6 Verecunda. 4. ¢. i. lat. Glabella. 4. ¢.2. #4 Embothriifolia, 3. ¢. . lat. Glutinofa, a/t. c.7 Jat. Curvifolia: 3. ¢. 4. lat. Squarrofa, 6.¢. 4.2. Gorterizfolia, 4. m. 1. t. Ampullzformis, 4. m2 ¢. Capax, 4. 77, 7. 2. Lagenzformis, 3-4. m. i. ¢. Jafminiflora : 3-4. m. 4% Pavetteflora, 4. ¢. 7.4. Fafciformis, 4. m. zt. Fifttuleflora, 4. m. 1%. Fragrans, 4. ¢: m. 1. t. Galiiflora, 4.c. 4% Nidiflora, 4. ¢.#.¢. Denticularis, 4. 1. 7. z. Pulchra, 4. ™. 7. ¢. Daphniflora, 4. ™. i. t. Pellucida. 4. m. 4. t. Amabilis, 4. ¢. 7. ax. Venufta; 4. ¢. 2 ax. Imbellis, 2. ¢. # ax. Linifolia, 2. ¢. 7. ax. Borboniafolia, 2.¢. %. ax Corifolia, Mr. R. A. SAcisBuRy’s Species of Erica. 323 Corifolia, 3. ¢. 7. ax. Pugionifolia, 3. c.4. 6: ar. Obvallaris, 3. ¢. 7. ax. Viminalis. 3. c. % p: ax. Hyffopifolia, 3. c. 4 ax. Taxifolia: 3. c. 4. ax. Figure Arabice numerum foliorum in fingulis verticillis indicant: Litera c. filamenta calcarata, m. mutica; e. antheras exfertas, #. in- clufas; ax. inflorefcentiam axillarem, f:a%. pfeudo-axillarem, t. terminalem, /at. lateralem. ERICA. Charaéter Generis. . Corolla perfiftens. Anthere 4—10, ante anthefin per foramina duo lateralia connexz. Pericafpium membranaceum, 4—8-loculare: Valve 4—8, medio loculorum una cum feptis ab axi dehifcentes. Semina 10—100 in fingulis loculis, decidua. Differt ab Andromedé, corolla non decidua, et ftructura antherarum: a Menziefid, preter eafdem notas, necnon fruétu; ad quam Erica Daboecii referenda. : : Charaéteres Specierum. E. caule pubefcentulo: corolla 4-lineari, lavi; tubo Scoparia. cyathiformi: filamentis muticis: ftigmate peltato. E. fucata. Thunb. Diff. n..9. E. fcoparia. Linn: Mant. p-372. E. fcoparia. Linn. Diff n. 13. cum fig. floris. E, coris folio 1111. Cluf. Hit. Pi. lib. 1. p. 42. Cum fua Arbored in Horto Cliffortiano olim confudit Linné, neque poftea filamenta effe mutica un- quam animadvertit. : Tt2 E. pedunculis 324 Spiculifolia. Virgularis, Ajperifolia, Ferox, Oxycoccsfolia, Mr. R. A. Sarsssury’s Species of Erica, E. pedunculis ebracteatis: calyce breviter 4-fido: coe - rolla 1-lineari, lavi; tubo cyathiformi, 4-angulo: filamentis muticis. E. olympiaca. Sidth. MS. -§$ponte nafcentem in fummitate Montis Olympus, legit heu defunétus Sibthorpe. Perfingularis eft defectus bractearum. E. foliorum laminis plus minus ovatis : corolla 3—1-li- neari, vifcida ; tubo {phzrico: ftigmate peltato. Variat «: E, abfinthoides, Linn. Mant. p. 66. . B: E. virgata @. Thunb. Diff n. 18. 7: E. virgata y. Thunb. Diff. n. 18. 3: E. hifpidula. Linn, Suppl. p. 222+ e: E. hifpida.. Thunb. Diff. n. 20. Ab hifce, omnibus longe difcrepat E, virgata 5, Thunb. quz, ni fallor, Salawis eft. 4 __E. foliorum laminis linearibus: corolla 11-lineari, vifcida ; tubo fpherico: filamentis feepius calcara- tis: pericarpio lanato, E. fetacea. Andr. Er. n. 62. cum Ic. bona. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, ee Mulder. E. calcyce ferrato: corolla silinewis levi; tubo ventricofo, dein-iterum dilatato: pericarpio glabro, E. totta. Thunb. Dif. n. 17. Sponte nafcentem in Konde Bockveldt, Jegit F. Maffon. Bractez 3 juxta calycem. E. caule decumbente, ioral: foliorum Jaminis ovatis > ee Mr. R. A. SarisBury’s Species of Erica. ovatis: corolla r1-lineari, campanulaté, hirfuta: - filamentis muticis. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, folo humido, legit I. Mulder. Pulchella fpecies ; utinam ad vivam accuratius defcri- bere mihi quandoque liceat: tum caulis, tum folia Oxycoccum Pa/uftrem ad amuffim fimulant. KE. caule diffufo: foliorum laminis ovatis: corolla I—17-lineari: filamentis bafi valde dilatatis : peri- carpio hirfuto. Variat #: Corolla 1-linearis, vifcido-pubefcens. An- there inclufz. E, planifolia. Thunb. Diff: n. 60. E. plani- folia. Berg. Pl. Cap. p. 10. E. planifolia. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2% p. 508. 8: Corolla 13-linearis, minutiffime vifcido- pubefcens. Antherz exferte. E. planifolia. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 2p. 362. E. africana hirfuta, &c. Plukn, Mant. _p» 69. tab. 347. pl. I. ‘ y: Corolla 14-linearis, levis. Antherz ex- fertz. E. thymifolia. Wendl. Ob/f. p. 48. Margo foliorum in omnibus conftanter recurvulus. E, foliorum laminis fetulofis: bra@teis 2, minutis : co- rolla 14-lineari, levi: calcaribus fubulatis, hirtis. E. ftrigofa. Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 2ap- 17+ E, ar- borea. Thunb. Di if n. 63. Sponte nafcentem in Jaffelberg, legit F. Maffon. Variat floribus albis purpureifque. - _ 328 Thynifolia. Axillaris. _E. foliorum 320 Sicafolia. Urceolaris, Faujfia, Pallida, Mr. R. A. SatisBuRy’s Species of Erica. E. foliorum laminis mucronatis: corolla 12-lineari, extus hirfuta; tubo cyathiformi: calcaribus line- ari-attenuatis ¢ pericarpio glabro. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. Nulli mihi cognite affinis eft. E. foliorum laminis fetofis: corolla 3-lineari, extus pubefcente ; tubo urceolari: calcaribus lineari-at- tenuatis. E. dura. Soland. MS. E. hirta. lean Diff: 2. 56. Flores pallide purpurei. E, foliorum laminis fetofis: corolla 24-lineari, extus pubefcente ; tubo urceolari: calcaribus aurito-at- tenuatis, valde ferratis. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, folo humido, legit I.- Mulder. Valde fimilis- antecedenti: fed Foliorum laminz bafi Jatiores ; Pubefcentia alia; et Antheraz omnino di- verf, in hac lineares feu tote aqualis latitudinis, in i114 verfus apicem fenfim anguftate. E, foliorum laminis linearibus: calyce lateribus redu- plicato: corolla 2-lineari, utrinque. pepe calcaribus brevibus. E. pubefcens pilofa. Thunb. Diff. n. 61. E. pubefcens. Linn. Sp. P!. ed. 2. p. 506. auctoritate f{peciminis in- ejus herbario a Burman. Variat magnitudine et pubefcentia foliorum; fed, ni fallor, conftanter 3-na funt. E. foliorum a —e ss nee q Mr. R, A. Satissury’s Species of Erica. E. foliorum laminis angufte linearibus: calyce plani- ufculo: corolla 14-lineari, utrinque tomentofa: calcaribus longis, recurvis. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit I, Mulder. Bractez juxta bafin pedunculi fite, cum quo et ca- lyce corollz concolores. E. foliorum lIaminis lineari-lanceolatis: corolla 2-li- neari, extus pubefcente ; tubo ovato: calcaribus minutis, auricularibus. Sponte nafcentem in Hoitentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. Herba fequentis : caterum ab omnibus hujus cohor- tis, calcaribus minutis fere ut in Galiflord, di- verfa. E. foliorum laminis lineari-lanceolatis: corolla 3-line- ari, tubo pyramidali, extus pubefcente : calcaribus glabris. E. urceolaris. P/, Kew. ¢. 16. E. urceolaris. Berg. Pl. Cap. p. 107. E. pentaphylla. Linn. Sp. Pi ¢2.:2. p. 506. E. caffra. Linn, Sp. Pl. ed, 1. ef 2. auctori- tate {peciminis Cliffortiani. Nulla pars in hac fpecie urceolaris eft: a foliis longis planiufculis, titulum faltem non falfum offero. E, foliorum laminis late ovatis, planiufculis : corolla 12-lineari, utrinque pubefcente ; ‘tubo ovato: cal- caribus pubefcentibus. ai se 327 Tomento/a, Auricularis, Lamellaris, Marifolia, FE. marifolia, _ 328 Mr. R. A. SALIsBURY's Species of Erica. E. marifolia. Andr. Er. n.29. cum Ic. E. marifolia. ‘Pi. Kew. t. 14. optima. E. marifolia. Soland.in Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 2.p. 15. Sponte nafcentem juxta Con/lantia abunde, legit F. Maffon. . Helianthemifolia. K, foliis 2-nis; laminis obovatis planiufculis: corolla 2-lineari, utrinque pubefcente: calcaribus longis. E Promontorio Cap. Communicavit primum cum viginti aliis fpeciebus Georgius Hibbert, ob raras difficillimafque ftirpes quas introduxit, metito celebris. Calathiflora, ¥. calyce tomentofo: corolla 1-lineari, levi: calca~ ribus cuneatis, hirtis: pericarpio tomentofo: ftig- mate longe exferto. E. bicolor. Thunb. Diff: n. 57. Procera, E. caule tomentofo: brateis approximatis: calyce bafi medioliformi: corolla 1—2-lineari: ftigmate peltato, . ‘ E. {coparia. rari, Dif. 2.80. E. arborea. Linn, Dif. n. 14. cum fig. floris, E. caffra. Linn. Diff n. 22. cum fig. floris. au€toritate: {peciminum ad que ibi _defcripfit. E. triflora. Berg. Pl. Cap. p. 118. E. ar- borea. Linn, Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 502. E. fcoparia. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 1. p. 353, exclufis fynonymis. E. coris folio 1. Clu/: Hif. Pl. ib. 1. p. 41. Sponte nafcentem juxta Baia, legit amiciffimus Smith. Variat admodum in diverfis regionibus, figmate etiam inclufo, E. caule Mr. R. A. SALisBuRy’s Species of Erica. E. caule tomentofo: braéteis remotis: calyce bafi fenfim anguftato: corolla 1—2-lineari: calcaribus cuneatis. Sponte nafcentem prope Li/boa, legit Banks. Prioris nonnullis varietatibus fimilis, fed hec mihi videtur legitima fpecies. Foliorum laminz anguf- tiores, magis attenuate. Flores in noftra ftirpe culta plane inodori. Corolla oblonga: tubo pocu- liformi. Stigma fibule-forme, nec late peltatum. Pericarpium pyriforme. E, caule divaricato: foliorum laminis linearibus: ‘corolla 4-lineari, campanulata, levi: filamentis breviffimis: calcaribus lineari-attenuatis. E. divaricata. Hortulanis. E. caule glabro: foliorum laminis argute reduplicatis: corolla 23-lineari: calcaribus longis, fubulatis, hirtis. E, deprefla. Thunb. Di 2M. 50. cum Ic. E. foliorum laminis linearibus: corolla 3-lineari : tubo globofo: antheris longiffime foraminofis, la- natis. E.rubens. Thunb. Diff. n. 83. Sponte nafcentem in Koude Bockveldt, montibus, legit F. Maffon. Pedunculi pollicem longi funt. E. foliorum laminis lanceolatis : corolla 4—5- -lineari; tubo urceolari; limbo breviffimo: antheris bast viter foraminofis, glabris. Vor. VI. Uu 329 Polytrichifolia. Tenuis, Rumilis. Peduncularis. Ameena, E. incarnata, 330 Mr. R. A. SAuissory’s Species of Erica. E. incarnata. Thunb. Dif. un. 84. Toto ceelo diverfa ab E. incarnaté hortulanorum, et non nifi ex fpecimine Thunbergiano mihi cognita. Glomifora, ' E. foliorum laminis angufte cuneatis: calyce bracteis imbricato: corolla 22-lineari, vifcida ; tubo fphe- rico: calcaribus villofiffimis. E. veficaria. Soland. MS. Sponte nafcentem in ‘Ho/tentots Holland, legit F. Maflon. Formofa. E. calyce incurvo-deflexo: corolla 12-lineari, vifcida ; tubo {pheerico, 8-angulo: antheris bafi valde arcu- atis: f{tigmate lato. E. formofa. Thunb. Diff. n, 82. cum I. Sponte nafcentem in Lange Kloof, Wisi. orienta- libus, legit F. Maffon. ue Carduifolia. E. foliorum laminis fetofis: _pedunculis jatigis : corol« 1a 2:-lineari, levi; tubo globofo! filamentis bre- viffimis. Communicavit Hi ay: Hi Inflorefcentia adhuc mihi dubia: forte in rudimen- tis ramulorum terminalis. Stigma anguftum. Tubercularis, E. corolla 14-lineari, tuberculis afpera; tubo globofo: filamentis muticis: pericarpio longe ftipitato. E,inclyta. Scland, MS. Anthere minuta, tote laves. Campanularis. E. caule glabro: Sr aaebrca laminis anguftis: corolla 23-lineari, ve _ ' Mr. R. A. Sarispury’s Species of Erica. 3 24-lineari, campanulata, levi: filamentis breviffi- mis, muticis. E, tenuifolia. Hortulanis. Sponte nafcentem in Ho/tentots Holland, locis humidis, legit F. Maffon. Flos Convallariz majalis Linn. fed luteus. E. calyce tetraphyllo: corolla 4-lineari, levi; tubo Medioliflora. medioliformi ; limbo bafi integro: antheris papu- lofis. E. Thunbergii. Linn. Suppl. p. 220. Genus jam tanto nomini facratur, neccum {pecificis, hujufmodi titulos mifcendos effe cenfeo. E. floribus glomeratis; corolla 14-lineari; limbo tubo Blanda, + longiore, laciniis femiorbicularibus: {tigmate lato. E. cornuta. Roxb. MS. In hac pulcherrima cohorte, Antherz ipfe ultra fo- ramen in criftam plus minus producuntur. E. calycis foliolis ferrulatis: corolla 2:-lineari; limbo Ho/tonizeflora, bafi integro, emarginulato: filamentis calcaratis. E. cubica. Andr. Er, n. 39. cum Ic. mala. E. cubica. Linn. Mant. p. 233. E, calycis foliolis minute ciliatis: corolla 1+-lineari; Seriphiifolia, limbo bafi integro, obtufo: filamentis mufticis. E. cubica. Thund. Diff n. 46. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, montibus, le- git I. Mulder. : Nullam cubicam partem in his duabus fpeciebus un- quam detegere potui: preter notas autem fupra Uu2 memoratas, — 332 Mr. R.A. SarisBury’s Species of Erica. memoratas, difcrepant Proportione, fitu Bracte- arum, et colore Antherarum. Flores in utraque axillares. Lavandulefolia, E. caule incano: braéteis juxta calycem: corolla 2- lineari ; tubo 4-angulo; limbo incurvo; filamentis inferne Jatiffimis. ae Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, -legit, F. Mafion, ; Humifufa, . E. foliis 2-nis; laminis ovalibus; corolla 14-lineari, limbo amplo: ftylo longe exferto. _E. humifufa. Hibbert MS. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit I, Mulder, Herba tota glabra videtur. Criftaflora, E. calyce tetraphyllo: coroll4 2-lineari; limbo tubo triplo longiore, bafi integro: pericarpio levi. E. melanthera. Thunb. Diff. n. 12. Sponte nafcentem prope Con/ffantia, legit I. Mulder. Lyfimachiafiora, E. calyce quadrifido: corolla 2-lineari; limbo tubo duplo longiore, bafi integro: pericarpio fericeo, E. melanthera. Linn. Mant. p. 232, Stigma in hac longe exfertum, Pafferinafolia: EB. braéteis minutis: calyce breviter quadrifido, denfe tomentofo: corolla 23-lineari : pericarpio tomen- tale. 7% E. pafferine. Linn. Suppl. fp. 221. E. Cap. Coridis fol, Mr, R. A. SAtispury's Species of Erica, 333 fol. fl. rubello. Pet, Gaz. t. 3. f. 7. Cat. Tas, #. 469. Folia in noftris exemplaribus terna. E. calyce denfe fericeo, bracteis imbricato, quadri- By/fina, fido; corolla 2-lineari, calyce parum longiore; nectario cotyliformi, rare hirto. E. capitata. Andr. Er. n, 38. cum Ic. E. capitata, Linn, Mant. p. 373. E. capitata. Linn, Diff. n. 36. cum fig. floris. E. capitata. Berg. Pl. Cap. p. 94. E. africana calyce Januginofo &c. Seb, Thef v. 1. -p. 30.4. 20. f0 I. Flores pallide lutei: antheris fepius inclufis. E. calyce denfe fericeo, bracteis remoto, quadrifido: Velleriftora, corolla 13-Jineari, calyce parum longiore : nectario - cotyliformi, glabro. E. bruniades. Andr. Er. n. 61. cumIc. E. capitata. Thunb. Diff: n. 15. auctoritate ejus {peciminis. Erio- cephalos Bruniades xthiopica, Corios, &c. Piukn. Mant. p. 69. t. 347. f- 9. au&toritate ejus fpeci- minis. Sponte nafcentem in Drakenffein, locis humidis, legit F. Maffon. , Flores pallide purpurei. E. calyce denfe fericeo, braéteis remoto, tetraphyllo: Carba/fina. corolla 13-lineari, calyce multo longiore ; ne€tario aftragaliformi, fericeo. E. bruniades. Linn. Mani. p. 378. E. bruniades, Linn. Diff. n. 52. cum fig. floris. Flores albidi, pallide rofei, vel etiam lutei: dignofcas ; autem, 334 Mr. R. A. Sauissury’s Species of Erica. autem a Byfind, braéteis calyce remotis; aVelleriford, foliis latioribus et magis tomentofis. Scariofa, E. braéteis fuborbiculatis: corolla 1-lineari; limbo longitudine tubi; laciniis femilanceolatis: ftigmate an~ gufto. E. {cariofa. Berg. Pl. Cap. p. 102. _ E. fpumofa. Berg. Pi. Cap. p. 103. auctoritate fpeciminum, que amiciflimo Swariz debeo. E. fpumofa. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 508. Nullam differentiam extricare potui in fpeciminibus Ber- gianis: hoc modo ante plenam explicationem florum, illud diu poft, decerptum fuifle videtur. Filamenta rite calcarata funt. Antherz in herbariis cito caducex.- Sexfaria, E. foliis glabris ; corolla 14-lineari, calyce obtecta: calca- ribus longis, marginalibus: pericarpio levi. E. fexfaria. Pl Kew. f tr. E.f{pumofa. Thunb. Dif. n. 14. Anthere hujus quoque poft exficcationem mox cadunt, proculdubio exferte. Corydalis, E. foliorum laminis lanceolato-cuneatis: corolla 2-lineari, limbo bafi integro: antheris dorfo alatis. Communicavit Hibbert. Nomen ab antheris galeam aliquatenus referentibus. Azaleafeolia, E. foliorum laminis lanceolatis: corolla 14-lineari, hirta; -antheris exfertis, pene totis foraminofis. E. fpumofa. Roxd, MS. Sponte. nafcentem i in Hottentots Holland, legit [. Mulder. . Petiolaris, E. petiolis longis, cuneatis, PvE Lt : corolla o+-lineari, apice pubefcentula’: ‘pericarpio rare hirto. ° eyes E. petiolata.. Mr. R. A. Sauispury’s Species of Erica, 335 E. petiolata. Thunb. Diff. nm. 7, cum Ic. bona. Facies Rofmarini Officinalis, Linn. E. foliis veficulis nigris afperfis: corolla t-lineari, Vefcularis, vifcido-pubefcente: calcaribus parallelis, cuneatis : pericarpio fericeo. E. conacea. Hortulanis. Sponte nafcentem prope Stellenbofch inter montes, legit I. Mulder. Frutex 3-pedalis ; ramis ereétis, valde fafligiatis. E. foliis vifcidis : corolla 25-lineari, limbo recurvo: Verniciffua, calcaribus aurito-cuneatis, hirtis: pericarpio levi. E. glutinofa. Roxb. MS. Foliorum laminz obtufe acuminulatz, reduplicatura denfe glandulofe, unde nitent glutine effufo. E. foliorum laminis ovalibus, pubefcentibus: corolla Lachneafolia, 2-lineari, limbo recurvo: calcaribus longis, an- gufte cuneatis. E. lachnza. Hortulanis, Spontenafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Differt ab antecedente foliorum laminis penitus ob- tufis, nec vifcidis: calcaribus lavibus. E, foliis lucidis: calycis Jateribus inferne recurvis: co- Volu/eflora, rolla 14-lineari; limbo revoluto: filamentis fape muticis : pericarpio tomentofo, E, nigrita. Thunb. Diff m 53. E. nigrita. Linn. Diff. nm. 11. cum fig. floris, pefima. E, nigrita. Linn. Mant. p. 65.. E. laricina. Berg. Pl. Cap. p. 94. E. africana, &c. Seb. The/. v. 2, p. 11. t 9. ft 7- Calcaria Lyrigera, Salax, Gnidia folia, Cumulifiora, Mr, R. AvSauissury's Species of Erica. Calcaria brevia, parallela, cuneata, interdum omnino deficiunt. E, foliis Jucidis: coroll4 r3-lineari; limbo recurvo: calcaribus ferratis: antheris lyrzformibus, hirtis: pericarpio tomentofo. E. nigrita. Rowd. MS. Hujufce fpeciei diagnofis pulcherrima, antheris ante anthefin tot lyras referentibus. . F. foliis lucidis; calyce adpreffo: corolla 13 lineari: filamentis breviffimis: pericarpio levi: ftigmate lato. : E. ramofiflima, Roxb. MS. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, montibus, legit F. Maffon. “Facies Voluteflore, fed preter differentias fupra datas, corollz laciniz in hac, ni fallor, bafi diftin@e. E. foliorum laminis lineari-lanceolatis, pubefcentulis : calyce late obcuneato: corolla 2-lineari: calcaribus auricularibus. E. vefpertina. Linn. Suppl. p. 221. E. calycina. Thunb. Diff. n. 78. E.calycina. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 507. E. fafciculis 7—12-floris: calyce incano: corolla 2:-li- neari; limbo inferne ciliato: pericarpio hirto: ftig- mate angutfto. E. aggregata. Roxb. MS. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit 1. Mulder. E, fafciculis Mr, R.A, Savisaury’s Species of Erica. E, fafciculis 3-floris: calyce vifcido: corolla 2-lineari ; limbo inferne ciliato: pericarpio levi: ftigmate lato. E. tetraloba. Rox. MS. Species ab antecedente penitus diftinéta; huic femina levia, minute alveolata; illi lucida, equata. E. folioram laminis lanceolato-cuneatis: pedunculis longis: calyce brevi, orbiculari: corolla 14—2-li- nearl: ftigmate angufto. Communicavit Hibbert. Flores in ficcis faturate purpurei. Filamenta fxpius calcaribus brevibus cuneatis armata, interdum vero prorfus mutica. E. calyce minute ciliato, lucido: corolla 1-lineari: Lucida, calcaribus auricularibus, incifo-ferratis ; {tigmate an- gufto, inclufo. Sponte nafcentem in Hoftentots Holland, legit 1. Mulder. E. braéteis calyceque integerrimis: corolla 1-lineari calcaribus auricularibus, ciliatis: pericarpio hirfuto. Sponte nafcentem in Hoftentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Specimen noftrum imperfectum eft, ante explicationem florum leétum. E. calyce patente, margine exquifite glandulofo: co- olla r-lineari, calyce. vix wig pericarpio levi: {tigmate grandi 4-fido. EK. gnaphalodes. Thunb, Diffs m.75. E. gnaphalodes. Linn. Diff. n. 25. cum fig. Joris, peflima. ~ E. gnapha- lodes. Berg. Pl. Cap. p. 119. ‘Vor. VI. X x 337 Genifiefolia, Periplocafiora, : Munda, Gnapbaliflora, E. foliis 338 Fabrilis; Dianthifolia; Brevifolia, Chlamy diflora, Sclaginifolia. Mr, R. A. SALISBURY’s Species of Erica. E, foliis denfe imbricatis; corolla :-lineari, calyce vix longiore; calcaribus integerrimis: antheris minutis, pene didymis. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon, Herba recta, quafi Fabri manu artificiole impofita. E, foliis 2-nis, longis: calyce ovato-cuneato: corolla 3-lineari: calcaribus ferratis: pericarpio glabro. Communicavit Hibéert. Flores pallidiffime purpurei. E. foliorum laminis ovatis: corolla 13-lineari, calyce 2 longiore: calcaribus lineari-attenuatis : feminibus ftriatis. E. brevifolia. Soland. MS. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, \egit F. Maffon. E. foliorum laminis linearibus, hirfutis; corolla 2-li- neari, calyce vix longiore: calcaribus auricularibus: feminibus xquatis. E. vifcaria. Roxb. MS. Sponte nafcentem in Hoftentots Ho/land, legit F. Maffon. Calycis foliola fere diftinéta, ere@to-recurva. 7 E. caule tomentofo: corolla 12-lineari, levi: tubo globofo: calcaribus latiffimis, orbicularibus. Sponte nafcentem in Lange Kloof, legit G. Paterfon: Omnium fpecierum, quas detexerunt Roxburgh, Pater- fon, Maffon, largo fuo more copiam mihi fecit, fum- mum noftre zxtatis decus, Banks. E. foliorum Mr. R. A. SALispury’s Species of Erica. 339 E. foliorum laminis parum reduplicatis: corolla 2-line- Panno/a. ari, lanata: filamentis latis, breviter calcaratis: ftylo exferto. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Affinitatem nefcio: confer cum By/find, fed folia vi- dentur 4-na et anthere diverfiflime. E. braéteis calyceque pilofifflimis: corolla 2-lineari, Hir/uta, hirta, 4—5s-andra: filamentis apice latiffimis, mu- ticis. E. hirfuta, Thunb. Prodr. p. 72. E. foliis 4-nis, minutis: calyce pilofiffimo: corolla P/umofa, r4-lineari, hirta, 4—5-andra: filamentis calcaratis. E. plumofa. Thunb. Prodr. p.73. Bleria ciliaris. Linn. Suppl. p. 122. Nomen peffimum eft, verum ex fruftulo noftro aliud aptum excogitare nequeo. E, foliis 3-nis, minutis: calyce pilofiffimo, braéteis Ciicisflora, diftinéto: corolla 14-lineari, hirté, 4-andra: fila- é mentis muticis. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Anthere pene didyma, valde barbate. E. foliis 3-nis: laminis valde incurvis: calyce lanato, Xeranthemifola, imbricato: coroll4 13-lineari, lanata, 4-andra. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Ba pig folo arido, legit F. Maffon. Facies diverfiffimi generis. Xx2 E. foliis 340 Nodiflora, Filofculofa, Exilis, Labialis, Embolifera, Mr. R. A. SarisBury’s Species of Erica. E, foliis 3-nis: calyce infundibuliformi, villofiffimo : corolla 14-lineari, hirta, 4-andra; antheris breviter foraminofis, Communicavit Hibbert. Folia villofa, nec lanata. > E. calyce fimbriato : corolla -lineari; tubo anguftiffimo, fuperne repente dilatato ; 4-andra: filamentis anguf- tiffimis. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, \egit F. Maffon.. Corolla refert flofculum difci in Ordine Naturali Com- pofitarum,. E. foliis 4-nis: calyce infundibuliformi, glabro: corolla -lineari, glabra, 4-andra: filamentis muticis. E. fcabra. Thunb. Prodr. p. 72. Inflorefcentiam non rite intelligo, fpecimen enim uni- cum dilacerare nolui : videtur axillaris braéteis duabus in pedunculo breviffimo. E. foliis 3-nis; Jaminis glabris: calyce 2-labiato, fimbri- ato: corollé 14-lineari, 2-labiata, 4—s-andra. Bleria labiata. Soland. MS. ig Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit ¥. Maffon, FE. brateis folitariis : calyce infundibuliformi, quadran- _gulo: corolla 2-lineari, 4-andra; calcaribus reCte de- fiexis. - E, glabella. Thunb. |Prodr. p. 73. Bleria pufilla. Linn. Mant. p. 39. auctoritate ejus {fpeciminis, Blceria pur- purea. Berg. P/. Gap. p. 34. Folia,, Mr. R. A. SArispury’s Species of Frica. Folia, in numerofiffimis qux vidi, tam cultis, quam indi- - genis exemplaribus, funt hirfuta. Inflorefcentia, ut in aliis hujufce cohortis eft fpica fafciculum mentiens, pedunculis. breviffimis verticillatis,; brated loco folii fingulis fubje@a, E. foliorum laminis fimbriatis, fubtus glabris: corol!4 14-lineari, 4—5-andra : calcaribus rete exftantibus. E, Bleria. Thunb. Prodr. p. 72. Blexria ericoides. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 162. E. calyce braéteis imbricato, profunde 4-fido, barbato: corolla 2-lineari, glabra, 4—5-andra: filamentis mu- ticis: ftylo anguftiffimo. Sponte nafcentem in Hortentots Holland, \egit F. Maffon. E, bracteis folitariis: calyce infundibuliformi, toto hir- futo: corolla 14-lineari, 4—5-andra: filamentis mu- ticis. E, articulata. Thunb. Prodr. p. 71. Bleria articulata. Linn. Mant. p. 198. Sponte nafcentem in Ho/tenfots Holland, legit F. Malina: Herba valde ludit 3 foliorum verticillis nunc diftinétis quafi caulis articulatus effet, nunc approximatis ; laminis nunc brevibus, nunc longis et linearibus. -E. foliis longis : braéteis juxta calycem, exteriore lon- giffima: corolla 1 baie ttuate 6-andra: filamentis cal- caratis., ~ 4 FE. hemifphzerica. Soland. MS. Sponte nafcentem in Hoftentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. 34! Duma, Barbigera, Paleacea, ~ Bruniafolia, E. pedunculis: 342 Turmalisy _ Eqiifetifolia, Sertiflora, Drotafiora. Fiexilis. Mr. R. A. SALisBurRy’s Species of Erica. . pedunculis breviffimis: calyce minuto, adpreffo: corolla 9-lineari, 4—5-andri: filamentis muticis: antheris latis. Sponte nafcentem in Aotteatots Holland, \egit I. Mulder. Facies antecedentis, fed penitus diftinéta, calyce triplo minore. E. foliis 3-nis : fafciculis 3—5-floris : pedunculis longis, glabris s coralla 13-lineari, 4—5-andra: filamentis muticis. E. articularis. Hortulanis. Herba ut in Jméell:, fed etiam gracilior. E. calyce angufte cuneato: corolla 14-lineari; tubo urceolari : antheris totis exfertis: pericarpio levi. E. nudiflora. Smith Pl. Ic. ined. n. 57! E. nudiflora. Linn, Mant. p. 229. Sponte nafcentem in Taffélberg, legit G. Paterfon. Braétex, minute quidem, pro certo adfunt in exem= plare Linnzano! E. calyce late cuneato: corolla 13-lineari; tubo am~ phoreformi: antheris parum exfertis: pericarpieo pubefcente. E. pifiillaris. Soland. MS. Sponte nafcentem in Hoftentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Flores in rudimentis ramulorum axillaribus. E. pedunculis yifcidis, axillaribus: corolla 13-lineari ; tubo ovato: filamentis muticis: pericarpio lanato. E. racémofa. Mr. R. A. Sarispury’s Species of Erica. E. racemofa. Thunb. Diff: n. 47. cum Ie. Inflorefcentia in axillis fimplex, nec racemofa. E. foliorum laminis argute reduplicatis : corolla 24-line- ari; tubo pyramidali: antheris a medio foraminofis. E. carnea. Curt, Bot. Mag. n. 11. cum Ic. mediocri. E. cat- nea. facq. Fl. Aufir.v. 1. p. 21.7: 31. E.carnea. Scop. Fil, Carn. ed. 2... 1. p. 275. E. purpurafcens. Linn, Dif: n. 55. E. herbacea. Linn. Diff: n. 57. cum fiz. floris. E. foliis, &c. Hall. Hift. Helv. n. 1013. E. herbacea. Linn, Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 501. E. carnea. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 504. FE. purpurafcens. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. pf. 503- exclufis omnibus fynonymis preter fequens. E, procumbens foliis in fummitate, &c. Seg. Ver. v. 2. p. 280, auctoritate fpeciminis a Fabroni, cui folia 5-na. E. procumbens, ternis foliis, carnea. C. Baub. Pin. p. 486. E. procumbens herbacea. C. Bauvb. Pin, p- 486. Ez. coris folio vii. viii. ix. Clu: Hift. P?. lib. 1. p- 46. Foliorum numerus certe ludit, adeo ut non amplius dubi- taverim omnia fupra citare fynonyma. E, foliorum laminis angufte cuneatis; floribus fecundis 3 corolla 1}—2-lineari; tubo urceolari: antheris ab in- fra medium foraminofis. . E. mediterranea. Curt. Bot. Mag. n. 471. cum Ic. E. me- diterranea. Linn. Mant. p. 229. E. mediterranea. Lim. Diff. n. 59. cum fig. floris. ¥. major florib. &c. C. Baub, Pin. p. 485. — E. coris folio 111. Cluf: Hift. Pl. tb. 1. p. 42. A faturo colore foliorum jamdudum diftinxit Clufius. 343 Saxautts, Lugubris, E. fcliorum 344 Mr. R. A. SALIsBuRY’s Species of Erica. Multfflora, ¥E. foliorum laminis linearibus : corolla 1!—2-lineari 5 tubo urceolari: antheris justa apicem foraminofis. FE. multiflora, Linn. Diff n. 58. cum fig. floris, E. mul- tiflora. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 1. p. 355. E. juniperifolia, &c. Garid. Pl. Aix. p. 1603 t. 32. EE. foliis corios multiflora. L Bauh. Hiff. Pi. lib. 10. p. 356. E. coris folio altera. 2. qua Narb. &c. Cluf. Hifi. Pl. lib. 1. p. 42. E. juniperifol. &c. Lob. Ob/: p. 620. Flores quoquoverfi, pedunculis longiufculis. Manipuliflora, E. caule incano: floribus in axillis interruptis ;. corolla 1i-linearis; tubo cyathiformi; antheris in fertum erectis. E. verticillata. For/k. Fl. p. 210. Juxta Bujuchrar a fe lectam mifit amicifimus Sibthorpe. Vaga. E, caule glabro: floribus in axillis contiguis: corolla 14-lineari ; tubo cyathiformi: antheris in fertum erectis., E, vagans. Smith in Engl. Bot. n. 3. cum Ic. E. multi- flora. Bulliard Fl. Par. t. 203. E didyma. Stokes im With. Arr. ed.2. p. 400. E. purpurafcens. Lamarck in Encycl. Bot. v. 1. p. 488. E. vagans. Linn, Mant. p. 230. E.-vagans. Linn. Diff. n. 56. cum fig. floris. E, foliis corios multiflora. Ray Syn, ed. 3. p. 471. E. procumbens dilute purpurea. C. Bauwh, Pin. sit 486. Antherz non revera didymie. Lentiformis. Ex fees calyci adpreffis : corolld 14-lineari; tubo lentiformi, bafi 8-angulo: antheris juxta gap fo- raminofis. E. eects, Mr, R, A. SALisaury’s Species of Erica. E. umbellata. PA Kew. t. 5. E. umbellata. Linn. Sp. ‘Pl ed. 2.p. 501. E. umbellata. Logf. Ref p. 138. E. coris folio v. Cluf, Hift. Pl. lib. 1. p. 43. Flores ramis ultra folia productis terminales, nec um= _ bellati. E, follis 3—~4-nis : corolla 2-lineari, vifcida ; tubo ova- to: antheris latis, exfertis, hirtis: pericarpio tur- binato, hirto. E, nutans. Wendl. Er. fafc. 3. p. 5. cum Ic. Hanc unice omnium quas. propofui, Ericarum, non vidi: icones autem a, Wendland, firudes, fideliffime. E, bracteis juxta calycem: coroll4 1-lineari, glabra; ,, limbo recurvo: antheris longe foraminofis: {tigmate angufto. _ Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit I, Mulder. Caulis-tenuis, diffufus. Folia 3-na, verticillis remotis.: Laminz angufte, recurve, vilcido-pubefcentes. Flo- resterminales. Filamenta ad apicem Iata.. Pericar- pium leve, She yyirsg A OE aber see E. pedunculis -breviflimis: corolla 14-lineari, hirt4; _ tubo modiali : iyo Sie cuneatis : _antheris :brevit= fimis. E, fufco-rubens, Rost. MS. E.. -calyce bracteis remoto, cuneato, longitudine mire vario: corolla 4—7-lineari, wici tubo ovato-py- ramidali, Be abi ss I fatreiior 5 Vou. VI, ¥ y 345 Pudibunda. Filiformis ; Turgida, Fujfiformis ; Variat 246 Fragilis; Veftifiua, Mr, R. A, SArisBury’s Species of Erica, Variat «: Calyx r4-linearis. Corolla punicea, 6—7- linearis. E. Pluknetii. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 1. p. 356. 8: Calyx 24—3-linearis. Corolla punicea, 6—7-linearis. E. Pluknetiana. P/ Kew. 4. 9. optima. E. Pluknetii. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed.2. p. 506. exclufis fynonymis. y: Calyx 1-linearis. Corolla albida, 3—34-li- nearis. E. Petiverii 8. Thunb. Dif? n. 21. 3; Calyx 23-linéaris, Corolla albida 3—3$-li- nears. In noftro horto, ceteris elatior. e: Calyx 5-linearis. Corolla albida, 5-linearis. Poftrema varietas maxime infignis eft. . E. foliorum laminis acute mucronatis: corolla 7—9-li- neari; limbo recurvo-horizontali: pericarpio barbato. ~ E. Bankfia. Andr. Er. n. 26. cum Ie. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, locis rupeftribus, - legit F. Maffon, E. foliorum laminis incurvo-patentibus, junioribus pi- Jofis : floribus folitariis: corolla 7—9-lineari; tubo cylindraceo. E. Petiveriana. Roxb. MS. Corolla rufa. Baculiflora, , folioram laminis recuryo-patentibus : floribus fo- litariis : 1 | Se Tee Mr. R. A. SAuissuRy’s Species of Erica. litariis : corolla 6—8-lineari ; tubo cylindraceo: peri- carpio ovato. Variat a: Corolla lutea. E. Petiveri. Linn. Mant. p. 235. E. Petiveri. Linn, Dif n. 50. cum fig. floris. 8: Corolla fordide rufa. E. Petiverii « Thunb, Diff. n. 21. Limbus Corollz obtufus, et inftar affinium crenulatus in ipfo {pecimjne Linnzano. E. foliorum laminis recurvo-patentibus ; corolla 7—9- lineari; tubo cylindraceo bafi ventricofa: pericarpio ovali. Variat «: Bractez et Calyx glabriufculz, E. Sebana. P/, Kew. t. 10. optima. E. cocci- nea. Linn, Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 505. E. afri- cana, &c. Seb. Thef. v. 1. pf. 32. t.21. fo dn &: Braétez et Calyx pubefcentes. E, Pluknetii. Berg. Pi. Cap. p. 92. Corolla in utraque lete rufa, et demum 4-angula. E. foliorum laminis recurvo-patentibus: corolla 4—6- lineari; tubo ovato-pyramidali: pericarpio ovato. Variat @: Corolla lutea. E. Sebana viridis. Andr, Er, 2. 59. cum Ic. bona. 8: Corolla fordidé rufa. E. Sebana fordida. Hortulanis, y: Corolla lete punicea. Yy2 347 Cothurnalis, Socciflora. E. Petiveri. 348 . Mr, R. A. Sarispury’s Species of Erica, i Psvet Hopi dane Limites, quibus ftirpes fub hoc et tribus preseedentibus titulis traditas diftinguerem, vix inveni: omnes for- fan rectius ral ae “eM Furfurofa, E, foliorum laminis incurvo-patentibus: corolla 4—6- lineari, vifcida : filamentis latis : nectario cotyliformi. E. monodelphia! dndr. Er. n. 22. cum Ic. Filamenta forte latiffima hujus generis. Fullicularis, €. foliorum ‘laminis patentibus : floribus folitariis : co- rolla 5—7-lineari, bafi inflata; ne€tario plinthi- formi. eee . : Variat «: Corolle limbus mox ferrugineus. - B, Petiveriana. Andr. Er. 2. 25. cum Ic. bona. By Corolle Limbus mox atrobadius. - E, melaftoma. Andr. Er. n. 43. cum Ic. Folia pepe ener bafi nonnihil a ait P Penicillifora. E. corolla i tie din! obduGta'; ‘tbo’ fphetricd : ‘ antheris in penicillum acutum convergentibus, ; E. Petiveri vera! Hortulanis: Sponte nafcentem in Hotientots Beliaed. legit 1, Mulder. Pulchra fpecies, braéteis calycequel nivels. ) Placenteeflora, E. foliis obtiiifimis: coroil calyce obdudta : tubo ra- pzeformi : filamentis fenfim dilatatis : a oa an- guito. ; Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Helland leat F. Maffon. Herba pallidiffime i incana, E. calyce Mr. R. A. Sarispury’s Species of Erica. E. éalyce bra€teis imbricato: corolla 1-lineari, longitu- dine calycis: antheris anguftis, longis: pericarpio late gigartoideo. Ss E. imbricata. Linn. Mant. p. 372. E. imbricata. Lina. Diff. ne 53. cum fig.floris. E. quinquangularis. Berg. Pl. Cap. p. 117. E. imbricata. Linn, Sp. Pl. ed, 2. ps 503- . E. braéteis fupra medium pedunculi fparfulis: “corolla 2-lineari, calyce breviore: antheris acuminulatis : pericarpio late ovato. E. imbricata. Roxd. MS. Sponte nafcentem prope Baay Fals, legit I. Mulder. E, calyce braéteis imbricato: corolla 3-lineari, calyce breviore: antheris obtufis, fepto lato: pericarpio ovato. . Communicavit Zhunberg, _ Stigma latiufculum, quod in antecedente anguftum. E. bra&teis fupra medium pedunculi fparfulis: corolla 1-lineari, calyce longiore: antheris obtufis fepto an- ~gufto: neétario grandi. . -E, flexuofa. Andr. Er.n. 33. cum Ie. Sponte nafcentem juxta Duyvelsberg abunde, legit I. Mulder. _ - Pericarpium in hac turbinatum. E. calyce bratteis imbricato: corolla 3-lineari, calyce 349 Pyramidalis, Squameflora, Cefia, Flexiuofa, Lafciva, parum Stylofas, Mr. R. A. SarisBury’s Species of Erica. parum breviore : antheris a bafi foraminofis : ftigmate peltato. E. imbricata, Thunb. Dif. . 11. ance te ejus fpe- ciminis. Facile dignofcas, Antheris longe eramsinaie E, pedunculis longis : bracteis juxta calycem {parfulis: corolla 1-lineari, calyce parum longiore: antheris acuminulatis: pericarpio oyali. E. bra€éteata. Roxb. MS. Stylus longiffimus. Spireaflora; E. pedunculis glabris: corolla 1—1}-lineari; limbo Millefiora. longitudine tubi, integerrimo: antheris juxta apicem foraminofis. FE. leucanthera. Linn. Supp/. p. 223. Variat caule vix pubefcente, et magnitudine florum. E. caule tomentofo: corolla 3-lineari; laciniis bafi im- bricatis: calcaribus linearibus, levibus : ee exferto. E. milleflora. Berg. Pi. Cap. p. 96. E. Sicitaa. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 508. Si que alia, legitima f{pecies: flores non paniculati, fed fafciculis trifloris terminalibus: a Cyathy iformi ftylo longe exferto dignofcenda. Diofmefolia. E. foliis lucidis: corolla 2-lineari; laciniis imbricatis : filamentis anguftiffimis : Pieabus exquifite attenu- atis, ferrulatis. E. fubferrata. Roxb. MS. Sponte Mr. R. A. SArtspury’s Species of Erica. Sponte nafcentem in Hoftentots Holland, legit 1, Mulder. Folia latiora quam in plurimis. FE. caule angulato: foliorum laminis lanceolato-cu- neatis: corolla 14-lineari, calyce parum longiore: calearibus auricularibus, glabris. E. candida. Soland. MS. Sponte nafcentem in Hoétentots Holland, \egit F. Mafion. E, foliorum laminis cuneatis: calyce obcuneato; co- rolla 1}-lineari; tubo parum 4-angulo, turbinato: _ calcaribus angufte cuneatis. E, triflora ariftata.. Wendl. Ob/f p. 47. E. triflora. Thunb. Diff. n. 79. cum Ic. E. triflora. Linn. Mant. p. 374. _E. triflora. Linn. Diff. n. 23. cum fig. floris. Hujus fpeciei florefcentia citiffime peragitur: non eft triflora, Linn. Sp. P/, quare nomen mutavi. E. foliorum lJaminis cuneatis: calyce ovato-cuneato: corollA 2-lineari ; tubo valde 4-angulo, {phzrico: calcaribus late auricularibus. E. triflora. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 2. p. 356. exclufis fyno- nymis. ; Sponte nafcentem infra Duyvelfeerg, legit I. Mulder. Perfimilis antecedenti, fed accuratius infpecta valde differt ; tubo corolla apice intus fub finubus limbi, in tot carinas canaliculatas, extremitate pilis aliquot minutis barbatas, prominente. E. foliorum laminis ovalibus, pubefcentibus: corolla 35! Pallijflora 3 Fugax, Pyroleflora, Tegulafolia, 13-lineari ; 35% Baccaformis. Modefla: Holofericea: Clauca: Mr. R. A, Sauispury’s Species. of Erica, 14-lineari; tubo parum ‘4-angulo, turbinato? cal- caribus grandibus, orbicularibus. Sponte nafcentem in Hostentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Folia lata, et ordine recto imbricata. E. caule angulato: foliis fepius 4-nis: corolla 2¥-line- ari; tubo valde mee at turbinato: calcaribus auri- cularibus. E, baccans. Curt. Bot. Mag. x. 358. E. baccans. «Linn. Mant, p. 233. E. africana glabra fruticofa arbuti flore. Seb, Thef. ve 1. p. 32. t.-21.f6 3.0 Folia interdum terna: quamobrem Corifoliam Linn. Sp, Pi. ed. 1 et 2. ad hanc quoque pertinere fufpicor. _E. foliis parvis, denfe imbricatis: corolla 3%-lineari, tomentola ; tubo late ovato; limbo recurvo: calca- ribus lineari-attenuatis. Communicavit Hibbert. Flores pallidiffime carnei: E. foliorum laminis argute reduplicatis : corolla 3-line- ~ arly “holofericeé : tubo ovato’: antheris hirtis. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Species pulcherrima, ab omnibus huc ufque cognitis co-- rolla fua holofericea facile dignofcenda.' Primo’ in- tuitu Tuxifolie affinem effe putavi, longe autem dif- fert, cum inflorefcentia, tum numero braétearum. E. foliis glaucis, fucculentulis: coroll4 3-lineari, extus rorida: calcaribus fuborbicularibus. 6 E, glauca. Mr. R. A. Sacispury’s Species of Erica. E. glauca. Andr. Er. n. 47. cum Ic. Sponte nafcentem in Hortentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Caulis 3-pedalis, teres. Folia 3-na, pene’ Sedi Reflexi Linn. laminis tamen fubtus pubefcentibus. Flores terminales. Pedunculi longi, una cum braéteis, ca- lyce et corollé omnes livido-purpurei. Stigma in- clufum. E. foliorum laminis lineari-attenuatis ovatifque: calyce recurvo-patente: corolla 7—g-lineari: pericarpio globofo, 4-angulo. E. Monfoniz. Pl. Kew.t. 7. E.Monfoniana. Thunb. Diff. n. 52. cumIc. E, Monfonia Linn. Suppl. p. 223: E. calyce adpreffo: corolla 7—8-lineari; limbo pyra- midali, convoluto apice recurvulo: pericarpio he- mifphezrico. . E. halicacaba, P/. Kew. ¢. 2 E. halicacaba. Thunb. Diff. 2. 51. aactoritate ejus {peciminis. E. halica- caba. Linn. Diff. n. 3. cum fig. floris. E. halicacaba. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. % p. 507. E. halicacaba. Linn. Amen. Acad. v. 5. p. 85. Sponte nafcentem in Tafelberg, Steenberg, locis rupetftri- bus, Jegit F. Maffon. E. calyce incurvo ereéto: corolla 8—1o-lineari; tubo _ plus minus coftato: filamentis muticis, bafi dilatatis. Variat @: Folia viridia. Corolla coccinea: tubo parum coftato. Antherz bafi reéte emarginatz. E, verficolor. Andr. Er. mn, 12. cum Ic. Vor. VI. Zz 353 Variifolia. Rupefiris. Verficolor, B : Folia 354 Decora, Cupreffifor- mis, Mellifiua. Mr, R. A. SALIsBuRY’s Species of Erica. B: Folia viridia. Corolla faturate coccinea > tubo parum coftato. Anthere bafi fur- fum obliquz. Communicavit G. Aiton, princeps hortula- norum. y: Folia cefia. Corolla faturate coccinea: tubo parum coftato. Anthere bafi furfum obliquz. E. difcolor coccinea. Hortulanis. 3: Folia czfia. | Corolla rofea: tubo valde: coftato. Antherz bafi deorfum oblique: E. coftata. Audr. Er. n. 46. cum Ic. Multas alias varietates nunc defcribere fuperfedeo. E. calyce plano marginibus craffis > corolla 8—ro-line-- ari, vifcido-pubefcente; tubo. clavato: calcaribus: longis, pubefcentibus. E. Eweri. Hortulanis. Flores pulcherrime rofeo-virides. E. calyce adpreffo: corolla g—11-lineari,, glutine illita ;; tubo tenuiffime ftriato: calcaribus brevibus, glabris.. E. difcolor. Andr. Er. n. 3. cum Ic. mala. Dignofcas ab omnibus varietatibus Verficoloris, filamentis. anguftioribus, et calcaratis. E. braéted infima juxta bafin pedunculi: corolla g—r2- lineari, lucida ; tubo clavato, plus minus compreffo = pericarpio ovato. Variat: Mr, R.A. SAxisBury’s Species of Erica. Variat a: Calyx yalde ferratus. Corolla cruenta. E. cruenta. P/. Kew. ¢. 13. optima. 8: Calyx parum ferratus. Corolla punicea. E. cruenta. Andr. Er. 1.17. cum Ic. E. cru- enta. Soland. in Alt. Hort. Kew. v. 2. p. 16. Pofterior varietas eft longe pulchrior, et robutftior. E. caule humifufo: foliis obtufis: corolla g—11-line- ari, extus rorulenta; tubo clavato, compreffo: cal- caribus longis. E. depreffa. Hortulanis. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, \ocis rupeftribus, legit F. Maffon. Floret Oétobri, Novembri. Perfingularis eft hec Erica, flores grandes luteos cauli humillimo jungens. E. foliis denfiffimis: calyce longe cufpidato: corolla 6—8-lineari, glabra; tubo cylindraceo: calcaribus longis. E, Patterfonia. Wendl. Er. fafe.t. p.15.cum Ic. E. Pat- terfonia. dudr. Er.n. 7. cum. Ic. bona. E. abietina. Linn. Diff. n. 20. cum fig. floris, E. abietina. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2 p. 506. Sponte nafcentem juxta Cap Fa/s, legit G. Paterfon. E. calyce late ovato, acuminulato: corolla 6—8-lineari, glabra; tubo cylindraceo: calcaribus longis: antheris linearibus, valde papulofis. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, \egit F. Maffon. ZZ2 355 Nana, Spifffilia, Sacciflora, E. foliis 356 Cylindrifiora. Paludofa, Lituiflora : Obpyramida- lis, Mr, R. A. Satissury’s Species of Erica. E. foliis ciliatis fetis decompofitis: calyce recurvulo : corolla g-lineari, glabra: tubo cylindraceo: calcari- bus brevibus. E, ferratifolia. dndr. Er. n. 36. cum Ic. Filamente in noftris exemplaribus nunquam mutica. E. corolla 7—g-lineari, pubefcente, tubo parum cla- vato: antheris bafi roftratis: pericarpio apice cotyli- gero. E. abietina. Andr. Er. x. 64. cum Ic. ¥E. concinna. Schneev. Ic. n. 31. E.concinna. Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 2. p. 23. E, verticillata. Berg. Pl. Cap. p.99- E., africana erecta, paludofa, &c. Herm. Cat. Pl. Afr. Nomen antiquum, et hortulano utiliffimum, reftitui. E. calyce obovato: corolla 6—8-lineari, pubefcente ; tubo valde clavato: filamentis dorfo apicis barbatis. E. perfpicua. Wendl. Er. fafe. 1. p. 7. cum Ic. E, Lin- nzi! Hortulanis. Pericarpium in hac, et antecedente, 6—8-loculare: E. corolla 33—4-lineari, pubefcente ;. tubo infundi- buliformi; limbi interftitiis extrorfum tumidis: peri~ carpio {phzrico. E. pyramidalis. Curt. Bot. Mag. n. 366. cum Ic. E. py- ramidalis. Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 3. p. 401. Sponte nafcentem juxta Zwart Rivier, locis humidis, legit F. Maffon. Ad ftirpem vix naturalem, fuum nomen propofuit So- lander, Mr. BR. A. Sauispury’s Species of Erica, 357 lander, rami enim debiles, et penduli {unt : itaque a tubo corollz Opyramidalem dixi. E. caule tenui: corolla 23—3-lineari, pubefcente: tubo Cyril/aflora ; angufte campanulato;. limbo brevi: filamentis mu- ticis. Sponte nafcentem in Hoftentots Holland, \ocis humidis, legit I. Mulder. Flores pallide coccinei. ‘ E. corolla 23—3-lineari, pubefcente; tubo obovato; Velitaris. limbo recurvo-patente: calcaribus longis, argute cuneatis, parum ferratis. E. glabra. Roxb. MS. Nomen noftrum a foliis peranguftis, Velitum jacula re- ferentibus, petitum. E. calyce ovato-cuneato: corolla 7—8-lineari, pube- Cu/citefora, fcente ; tubo cylindraceo-urceolari; limbo revoluto; pericarpio obpyramidali. E. fpuria. And. Er. n. 46. cum Ic. Facies Tubifore, cui certo proxima, fed nequaquam va- rietas. Filamenta evidenter calcarata, que mutica oftendit figura citata. E. pedunculis glabris: calyce angufte lyrato: corolla Tudiflora, g—Io-lineari, pubefcente: limbi interftitiis bafi Jan- ceolatis. Variat «; Corolla pallide carnea. E. tubiflora. 358 Curvifiora, Cu/pidigera, Bibax, Mr. R. A. Sarisnury’s Species of Erica. E. tubiflora. Linn. Diff: n. 40. cum fig. floris. E. tubiflora. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 505. @: Corolla lete carnea. E. coccinea. Lina. Diff. n. 42. cum fig. floris. E. foliis, &c. Linn. Hort. Cliff: p. 148. . to. Antherz in poftrema varietate longius foraminofe. E. pedunculis pubefcentibus: calyce ovato-cuneato : corolla g-lineari, pubefcente; limbi interftitiis bafi lanceolatis, E. fimpliciflora. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 2. p. 402. E. curvi- flora. Linn, Syft. Veg. ed. 13. p. 305. auctoritate ipfi- us {peciminis. = Haud facile eft hanc in herbariis a Tuds/lord femper dig- nofcere, etfi facies viva multum abludat: foliorum laminz autem in hac conftanter lineari-attenuatz, in illa lineari-lanceolate : flores infuper rufi. E. pedunculis glabris: calyce ovato-cufpidato: corolla 11—12-lineari, pubefcente; limbi interftitiis bafi lanceolatis : antheris hirtis. Sponte nafcentem juxta Berg Rivier, legit I. Mulder. Filamenta rare villofa. E. calycis foliolis imbricatis, inzqualibus: corolla 8- lineari, pubefcente ; tubo valde clavato; laciniis bafi imbricatis. . E. curviflora. Thunb. Diff n. 30. E. Flammea. Hortu- lanis. : Sponte nafcentem juxta Pa/mit Rivier, legit F. Maffon. E, pedunculis Mr. R. A. SArispury’s Species of Erica. E. pedunculis pubefcentibus: corolla g—1o-lineari, pubefcente; limbo recurvo-patente: filamentis pu- befcentibus. E, tubiflora. Thunb. Diff: n. 31. E. pedunculis glabris: corolla ro—rt-lineari, glabra ; limbo recurvo-patentiffimo: pericarpio late turbi- nato. E. curviflora. Wendl. Er. fafc. 3¢p. 7. cum Ic. E. cur- viflora. Andr. Er. n. 40. cum Ic. EE. curvifloras Lim. Diff. n. 41. cum fig. floris, peflima. Species in folo natali forfan procera, nam cultain qua- tuor annis jam quindecimpedalis ett. E. foliorum laminis hirfutis: pedunculis glabris: co- rolla 1o—ri-lineari, hirfuta: antheris re@tis, papu- lofis. E. tubiflora. Roxs. MS. Herba tota hirfuta eft: cterum facies fequentis, flori- bus pariter flavis.. E. pedunculis pubefcentibus : calyce incurvo-ereéto bafi extus concava: corolla 15-lineari, pubefcente; limbo retufo. E. confpicua. P/. Kew. ¢. 12. optima. E. confpicua. Andr. Ey. n. 29. cum Ic. E.confpicua. Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 2. p. 22. Sponte nafcentem prope S¢e/lenbofch, legit F. Maffon. E. pedunculis glabris ; calyce recurvo-patente bafi extus 4 ' 359 Buccinefor- mis, Fafiuofa, Stagnalis, Con/picua, Lengiflora, convexa: 360 Mr. R. A. SALISBURY’s Species of Erica. convexa: corolla Ds ee pubefcente; limbo obtufo. E. elata. Hortulanis. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, \egit 1. Mulder. Herba, fi probe obfervas, exquifite pulverulenta. Verticillaris, E. ramis verticillatis, lanatis: calyce incurvo-patente Floccofa. Radiflora, bafi extus concava: 8 g—tt-lineari, rare la- nata. E. lanata. Wendl. Ob/. p. 45? Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit 1. Mulder. Flores faturate rufo-fulvi. E. ramis fparfis, lanatis: floribus feepius 1-riis: calyce adpreffo bafi extus convexa : corolla 12-lineari, rare lanata. E. fordida. Andr. Er. n. 56. cum Ic. que revera titulo refpondet. E. laniflora. Wendl. Er. fafc. 2. p. 23+ cum Ic, Affinis pre ceteris antecedenti: fed differt omnino Habitu, Tempore florendi, Foliorum laminis re- curvis reclinatifve, Floribus feepius tantum {folitariis, Corollis latioribus limbo magis revoluto, Antherarum valvis bafi furfum oblique emarginatis. E. petiolis anguftiffimis: corolla 13-lineari, vifcida; tubo cylindraceo-urceolari apice ventricofo : calcari- bus fubulatis. E. oétophylla. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 2. p. 372. E. fafcicu- laris. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 2. p. 372. E. fafcicularis. Pl. Kew. Mr. Ry A. SALISBURY’S Species of Evica. 3609 Pl. Kew, t. 6. Ex coronata. Andr. Er.n. 10. cum Ic. bona. E. oftophylla. Thunb. Diff? ne 72. cum Ic. E. fafcicularis, Linn. Suppl. p. 219. Sponte nafcentem juxta Hotientots Holland Kloof, legit F, Maffon. E, foliis hirfutis : corolla 1o—14-lineari, vifcida; tubo Lycopodts- cylindraceo-urceolari apice ventricofo: pericarpio fti- —_folia. pitato. E. Maffoni. P/. Kew. #. 18. cxteris longe antecellente. : E. Maffoni. Curt. Bot. Mag. n. 356. cum Ic. E. Maf- fonia. Andr. Er. x. 9. cum Ic. E. Maffoni, Linn. Suppl. p. 219. E. foliorum laminis recurvis, acutis: corolla 13—15- Pharetre- linear, vifcida ; tubo infundibuliformi ; laciniis ova- —_formis, to-cuneatis. Variat «: Corolla aurantiaca. _E. exfurgens. Andr. Er. n. 13. cum Ic. ‘B: Corolla rutila. E. abietina. Roxb. MS. Dignofcas ab omnibus mihi vifis, corolle laciniis verfus apicem attenuatis bifidulifque. E. foliorum laminis reclinatis, obtufiufculis: corolla Grandifora; 12—14-linearl, vifcidi; tubo clavato: filamentis exfertis. E, grandiflora. P/. Kew. ¢. 8. E. grandiflora. Curt. Bot. Mag. n, 189. cum Ic. E. grandiflora. Thunb. Vou. VI. 3A Dif: 362 Mr. R. A. SAtisBury’s Species of Erica, Diff. x. 28! auktoritate ejus fpeciminis. E. grandi- flora. Linn. Suppl. p. 223. Sponte nafcentem juxta Breede Rivier, folo arenofo, legit F. Maffon. Cerviciflora; E. corolla 5—6-lineari, pubefcentula; tubo angufte urceolari; limbo patente: filamentis minute calca- ratis. E. inaperta. Hortulanis. Sponte nafcentem in Hortentots Halland, legit I. Mulder, Hee fpecies prima vice adhuc parcius floruit, nec ejus: inflorefcentiam omnino intelligo, an revera hujus. cohortis : bracteze autem certo tres in fingulis pedun- culis. Pinifolia, E. calycis foliolis imbricatis, longe cufpidatis: corolla 6—7-lineari, glabra ; tubo clavato: filamentis. cal- caratis: pericarpio levi. | E. pinea, Thunb. Dif n. 26. Sponte nafcentem prope Baay Fals, legit G.. Robertfon.. alamiformis, B., calyce adpreffo: corolla, 9 —ro-lineari,. glabra 5 3 tubo: cylindraceo-urceolari ;. limbo recurve: pericarpio: levi. E. radiata. dndr. Er..m. 53. cum Ic. Braétez infra medium pedunculi. Longifelia, E, petiolis, anguftiflimis +, -corolla, g-—r1-lincari, pube- {cente ; ilies plus minus, clavato.: filamentis fepius muticis: pericarpio {uperne fericeo, _ Variat Variat x: n° Mr. R. A. Sauispury’s Species of Brice. Corolla alba. E. veftita alba. Andr. Er.n.2o. cumilc. E.vel- tita. Thunb. Diff. n. 25. : Caulis coar&tatus. Corolla alba, E. pinifolia. Hortulanis. Caulis coar&tatus. Corolla rubra. E. pinifolia. Rowd. MS. Caulis valde craffus. Corolla _pallidiffime carnea. E. longifolia. P/. Kew. t. 4. optima. : Corolla purpurea. E. veftita purpurea. dndr. Er. n. 8. cum Ic. : Corolla coccinea. E. veftita coccinea. Andr. Er. nm. 33. cum Ic. E. veftita coccinea. Curt. Bot. Mag. n. 402. cum It. Caulis craffus. Corolla carnea. E. pinea. Andr. Er. n. 57. cum Ic. In foliis omnium eft etiam quzedam differentia, E. calyce adpreffo: coroll4 5—6-lineari, vifcida ; tubo clavato, coftato: antheris juxta apicem foraminofis. E, Leea. Andr, Er. n. 20. cum Ic. bona. Sponte nafcentem in Hostentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. E. calyce apice recurvulo : corolla g—10-lineari, vifcida ; tubo clavato, coftato: antheris a medio foraminofis. E glutinofa. Andr. Er. m. 31. cum Ic. bona. Flores fulphurei. 3A2 363 Coftefiora, Ono/ma- flora, E. foliorum 364 Mr, R. A. SALisBurRy’s Species of Erica. Pulvini- E. foliorum laminis attenuatis, ferrulato-ciliatis: flo- Sormts, _ribus in rudimentis ramorum longiufculis: corolla 7—9-lineari, vitcida ; tubo cylindraceo-urceolari. Sponte nafcentem in Aottentots Holland, legit 1. Mulder. Faciem Crimifolie mire fimulat, fed diftinctiffima eft et inflorefcentid, et filamentis, qu prorfus. mutica, atque inftar fequentis pubefcentia. Frondofa, E. caule angulato: foliorum laminis attenuatis: ca- lyce patulo: corolla 9-19 hacarh vifcida ; tubo vix clavato. E. coccinea. Wendl. Er. fafc. 3.p.9. cum Ic. E. cocci- nea. Andr. Er. n. 41. cum Ic. E. coccinea. Thunb. Diff. n.27. E. coccinea. Berg. Pl. Cap. p.93- E. a- bietina. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 1. p. 355. E. foliis fubulatis, &c. Linn. Hort. Cli iff p- 148. 2. g. auctoritate ipfius {peciminis. Sponte nafcentem juxta Baay Fals, legit G, Paterfon. Phylicefolia, E. caule tereti : foliorum Jaminis brevibus, parum atte- nuatis: calyce incurvo-erecto: corolla 8--grlineari, vifcida ; tubo vix clavato. .E. purpurea. ndr.. Er. n. 4. cum Ic. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit 1. Mulder. Diu hzrebam animi dubius, an tantum pro varietate antecedentis proponerem: ob herbe multas differen- tias, et calycem, tandem feparavi. Argutifolia. E., foliorum laminis valde attenuatis, argute reduplica- : tis : Mr.R. A. SAuisBury’s Species of Erica. tis: corolla 5—6-lineari, vifcida ; tubo infundibuli- formi. E. pulchella. Thunb. Diff: n. 24. cum Ic. Nefcio que facies torva et fcabra hanc ab affinibus pri- mo intuitu diftinguit. E. pedunculis breviffimis: calyce callofo: foliolis rhom- beo-fpatulatis, integerrimis: corolla 5—g-lineari, ro- rulenta. Variat «: Corolla 7—9-linearis ; laciniis bafi contiguis. E. fpicata. Wendl. Er. fafc. % p. 27. E. {pi- cata. Thunb. Diff. n. 71. cum Ic. E. feffili- flora. Linn. Suppl. p. 222. @: Corolla 5—7-linearis; laciniis bafi imbri- catis. E. fpicata. Andr. Er. n. 6. cum Ic. Inflorefcentia e collatione affinium fpecierum tantum- modo intelligenda, rudimentis ramulorum pedunculos fimulantibus, veéris pedunculis fane omnium breviffi- mis, aut nullis. | . . ‘E. caule ftri€&to: pedunculis breviffimis :. calyce callofo, foliolis late {patulatis, incifo-ferratis : eae 7—I0- lineari, rorulenta. E. enneaphylla. Rows. MS: Foliorum numerus ultra ‘a in toto genere val- de inconftans eft. ; E. pedunculis breviffimis: calycis foliolis orbiculato- 365 Favofa, Sceptri- Sormis, Clava fora, {patulatis, 306 Alvesfiora, Mammofa. _ Mr, R. A, Sataspury’s Species of Erica. S{patulatis, integerrimis : corolla 19—12-lineari, ro- rulenta. Communicavit Hibbert. Herba ad amuflim fequentis. E. pedunculis glabris: corolla 7—9-lineari, rorulenta ; tubo cylindraceo-urceolari, inferne 4-angulo. E. gelida. Hortulanis. Sponte nafcentem in Hoftentots Holland, folo humido, legit F. Maffon. E. pedunculis pubefcentibus: corolla 8—ro-lineari, ro- rulenta; tubo be 9 a juxta bafin. 4- foffo. ’ Variat «: Corolla coccinea. - - E. verticillata. Willd. Sp. Plow 2. shi B70. E. verticillata. dadr. Er. n. 21. cum Ic. E. {peciofa. Schneev. Pl. n. 3. cum Ic. 8: Corolla lzte purpurea. E, mammofa. corolla 8—10-lineari, extus vifcido-pilola. E. cerinthoides. Andr. Er. n. 25, cum Ic. Ey. cevin- 4 367 Brachiahs. Hy/firici- Slora, Strigilifolia, Pectini- folia, Crinifolias thoides, 368 Cernua. ~ Doliiformis. Piftillaris. Ciliaris. Mr. R. A. SArispury’s Speetes of Erica. thoides. Curt. Bot. Mag. n. 220. cum Ic. E, cerin- thoides «. Thunb. Diff n. 33. E.-cerinthoides. Berg. Pl. Cap. p. 104. E. cerinthoides. Linn, Diff n. 43. cum fiz. floris, E. cerinthoides. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p- 505. E. coris folio, &c. Breyn. Cent. p.25, t. 13. £. africana umbellata, &c. Barth. AG. v. 2. p. 57- Ludit mterdum una eademque ftirps, corollis multo brevioribus, erectis, ftigmate longe exferto. Filamenta conftanter calcarata funt, nec mutica. E. braéteis decurrentibus : calyce valde fimbriato: co- rolla 22-lineari; tubo globofo: calcaribus auricula- ribus. E. cernua. Linn. Suppl. p. 222 E. cernua. Montin in Nov. AG. Upf. v. 2. p. 291. 4.9. f- 3- Sponte nafcentem in Koude Bockveldt, legit F. Maffon. E, foliis hirfutis: bracteis juxta calycem: corolla 4—s5- lineari, vifcida; tubo urceolari: calcaribus brevibus, cuneatis. E. mammofa. Thunb. Diff. n. 69. cum fig. in ed. noftra. Nulla mihi cognitz affinis, nifi forte Pa//idz. E. pedunculis foliolis gemmaceis obfitis: corolla 3-line- ari, levi; tubo curvulo, infundibuliformi; limbo recurvo. E, auftralis. Linn. Mant.p~. 231. E. coris folio 11. Clu/- Lift. Pl. lib. 1. p. 42. Semina ad hilum, appendiculam fungofam exferunt. E. foliorum laminis ovatis: corolla 4-lineari, levi; tubo silat ioc latere fuperiore ventricofiore. E. ciliaris. Mr. R. A. SALISBURY’s Species of Erica. E. ciliaris. Curt. Bot. Mag. n. 484. cum Ic. bona. E. ci- liaris. Linn. Diff. n. 39. cum fig. floris. E. ciliaris. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 1. p. 354. E. ciliaris. Loefl. Ref: p- 138. E. xii. Cluf. Hift. Pl, lib. 1. p. 46. Folia terna funt, at juxta fequentem in ferie naturali, ni fallor, locanda eft, ob corolle fimilitudinem, E, foliorum laminis ciliatis: calyce adpreffo: corolla 3-lineari, apice extus pubefcente; calcaribus lanceo- latis. E. Tetralix. Curt. Fl. Lond. fafe. 1. t. 21. bona. E. Te- tralix. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 507+ E. foliorum laminis fubtus bifulcis: calyce patente : corolla 24-lineari, levi: calcaribus auricularibus. E. ftrita. Willd, Sp. Pl. v. 2 p. 366. Sponte nafcentem in Inf. Corfica, legit G. Jones. Caules undique diffufi, nequaquam ftricti. E. floribus caule nudo verticillatis: corolla 3-lineari ; ‘tubo urceolari: calcaribus auricularibus: E. cinerea. Curt. Fl. Lond. fafc. 1. 4.25. bona. E. ci- nerea. Linn, Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 501. E. cinerea. Logi. Ref. p. 137+ . Flores purpurei, mox cum primum marcefcunt ceru- lei, ut defcripfit Loefling. E, caule glabro: foliorum laminis recurvis, attenuatis : corolla: 13-lineari, obovata: calcaribus longiffimis, E. regerminans, Linn, Mant. p. 322. Vor. VI. 3B Botulifor- Mis, ° Multicaulis. Mutabilis. Uncifolia. Flores 370 Mr. R.A. Sarispury’s Species of Erica. Flores in rudimentis ramulorum axillaribus, néc race- mofi: ad exemplar Linnzantm characterem con- cinnavi, nec in ullo alio herbario adhuc vidi. Caduceifera. E. foliorum laminis cuneatis ovatifve: corolla 4-line- ri: filamentis juxta medium calcaratis. E, pulchella. Andr. Er. n. 51. cum Ic. mediocri. E, ar- ( ticularis. Thunb. Diff n. 58. HE. pulchella. House, Nat. Hift. v. 4. ps 504. t. 23. fr 1. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Hec fpecies, primum; veram inferfionem calcarium Ericarum mihi docuit, cujus {tamina Mercuri fabu- lofum caduceum lepide fimulant : nempe in omnibus non ab antheris fed e filamentis ortum fuum ducunt. Empetrifolia, E. calyce tetraphyllo: corolla-2- lineari,. hirfuta ; tubo urceolati; limbo recurvo-patente: ftigmate longe exferto. E. empetrifolia. Ziunb. Diff. n. 70. E. empetrifolia. . Linn, Mant. p. 374. E. empetrifolia. Linn. Diff nm. 15. cum fig. floris, peffima. Sponte nafcentem juxta Baay Fals, legit F. Maffon. Molleolaris, E. calyce quadrifido: corolla 13-lineari, levi; tubo urceolari; limbo abe Oe See t ie pericarpio hirfuto. E. empetrifolia. Sia: Pl. n.17.cum Ie. E, empetri- folia. Houtt. Nat. Riff. v. 4.p. 517. t..23.f. 2. E. em- petrifolia. Berg. P/. Cap. p. 120. auctoritate ejus fpeciminis. J Herba antecedentis, fed flores diverfiffimi. E. calyce — er Mr, R. A, SALIsBuRY's Species of Erica. E. calyce quadrifido: corolla 2-lineari, levi; tubo ob- ovato ; limbo incurvo-patente : pericarpio hemifphz- rico, glabro. E, empetroides. Hortulanis. Flores odorem cere Apum {pirant. E: calyce tetraphyllo: corolla 2-lineari, levi; tubo calathiformi; Jimbo recuryo-patente: ftigmate in- clufo. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Pedunculi multo longiores quam affinium, floribus in mea ftirpe culta ultra folia extantibus. E. caule valde angulato: foliis 4-nis: corolla 24-lineari, vifcid& ; tubo angufte urceolari: filamentis muticis, Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. Flores fulvi: in ceteris hujufce cohortis mihi vifis folia femper 5—6-na. E. corolla 2-lineari, vifcida; tubo urceolari, parum cof- tato: filamentis longitudine tubi, calcaratis: peri- carpio vifcido. ; Sponte nafcentem in Hostentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Anthere 2-partite, vix tamen revera didymz. — E. corolla 3-lineari, vifcid4 ; tubo urceolari, parum cofta- to: filamentis vix longitudine tubi, minute calcaratis. Sponte nafcentem in Hostentots Holland, legit F, Maflon. Habitus prioris, fed prater calycis foliola bafi angufti- ora, Anthere duplo majores funt, et calcaria fila- menti.apicem pene tota decurrunt. 3B2 37! Pyxtdiflora, Nolefiora. Fefa, Fallax, Parilis, E. corolla 37h Vifeida. Catervafiora. Pubigera, “ Mitreformis, Mr. R. A. SALisBuRY’s Species of Erica. E. corolla 3-lineari, vifcida; tubo cyathiformi, coftate + filamentis breviffimis: pericarpio fericeo. Variat «: Folia incana, 14—3 lineas longa. E. vifcaria. Thunb. Diff. n. 40. E. vifcaria.. Linn. Mant. p. 231. E. vifcaria. Linn. Di i n. 46. cum fig. floris, peflima. 8: Folia viridia, 3—5 lineas longa. E, vifcaria. Andr. Erin. 55. cumIc. E. vit- caria. Pl. Kew.t. 1. optima, partibus dif- fectis exceptis. 2 Facie admodum difcrepant hz varietates. E, caule angulato: corolla 2-lineari, pubefcente ; tubo angulte obovato: antheris longe foraminofis. E. pubefcens 3. villofa. Thunb. Diff n. 61. Sponte nafcentemin fummitate Taffelberg, legit C. P. Thunberg. Species legitima proculdubio, oravis enim eft differentia caulis antherarumque. - E. calyce patente, ovato-acuminato: coroll4 14-lineari, pubefcente; limbo longiufculo, recurvo: pericarpio hirto. Communicavit Hibbert. - Facile dignofcas limbo corollee longiufculo, recurvo, et penitus obtufo. E. foliorum laminis parum reduplicatis, fimbriatis: co- rollé 13-lineari, pubefcente ; limbo ereéto : pericarpio glabro. E. pubefcens. Mr. R. A. SAispury’s Species of Erica. E. pubefcens, Andr. Er. n. 60. cum Ic. E. hirtiflora. Curt. in Bot. Mag. n. 481. cum Ic.optima. E. pube- {cens 2: hifpida. Thunb. Diff n. 61. Folia aliquando fparfula, ceterum, ut in ipfo f{pecimine Thunbergiano, quaterna. E. calyce adpreffo, angufte ovato-cuneato: corolla 14- lineari, pubefcente ; limbo breviflimo, recurvo: pe- ricarpio hirto. E. pubefcens. Curt. in Bot. Mag. n. 480. cum Ic. optima. Sponte nafcentem juxta Zaffelberg, legit F. Maffon. Hanc ab antecedente probe diftinxit Curtis: differt enim caule graciliore ; ramis floriferis ‘multo brevi- oribus; foliorum laminis magis incurvis, lateribus valde reduplicatis, integerrimis ; corollz laciniis re- _-curvis, latius imbricatis ; calcaribus anguftioribus; © “I we Tardylora, antheris glabris, foraminibus brevioribus ; denique — feminibus f{crobiculatis. E. calyce adpreffo, rhombeo-cuneato ; corolla 14-line- ari, pubefcente; calcaribus auricularibus : pericarpio glabro. E. pubefcens. Linn, Diff. n. 19. cum fig. foris. E. pubes {cens. Berg. Pl. Cap. p. 121. - E. parviflora. Linn. Sp. PL. ed, 2. p. 506. Folia quaterna,: laminis valde reduplicatis. E.. calyce adpreffo, ovato-acuminato: corolla r1-li- neari, pubefcente; tubo ovali; limbo breviffimo : - calcaribus lineari-attenuatis : pericarpio glabro, 6 : Parviflora, Exigua, E. pubefcens 374 Mr. R. A. Satissury’s Species of Erica. E. pubefcens 4: ‘parviflora. Thunb. Diff n. 61. Folia interdum terna, feepius quaterna. Pufilla. E. calyce adpreffo, late ovato-cuneato: corolla #-line- ari, pubefcente; tubo calathiformi; limbo longitu- dine tubi: pericarpio glabro. Sponte nafcentem prope Baay Fals, legit 1. Mulder. Non folum parvitate, fed etiam proportione omnium partium floris, a czteris hujus cohortis abludit. Tragulifera; E. calyce imbricato: corolla 24-lineari ; ‘tubo 'urceolari ; limbo recurvo: calcaribus hirfutis : antheris latifime foraminofis, hirfutis. Sponte nafcentem in Hotientots Holland, levit F. Maffon. Gutteflora, ¥. foliorum laminis lineari-attenuatis : corolla 1—22- lineari ; laciniis apice gutta illitis: calcaribus' pube~ fcentibus. ‘ Variat «: Caulis faftigiatus. Corolla 1—14-linearis, tubo hemifphzrico. Stigma longe-.exfer- tum. E, lateralis. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 2. p. 380. &: Caulis demiffus. ‘Corolla 2-linearis, tubo late ovato. “Stigma breviter exfertum. E. incarnata. Andr. Er. no 27. cum Tc vy: Caulis demiffus. Corolla 24-linearis, tubo - ovato. Stigma breviter exfertum. E. rubens humilis. Wendl. Er. fafc. 3. p. 13. cum Ic. J Flores non vere axillares, fed rudimentis ramulorum. 4 E. foliorum Mr. R. A. SALIsBuRY’s Species of Erica, E. folioram laminis linearibus: calyce adpreffo : co- rolla 1}-lineari; tubo f{phzrico: calcaribus pube- feentibus: ftylo furfum curvo. E. declinata. Hortulanis. | Frutex humilis, vix pro varietate prioris habendus, An- theris nimium diverfis. Flores gravem, et plane naufeofum odorem f{pargunt. E. pedunculis glabris: calyce incurvo-patente : corolla 14-lineari; tubo fpharico: calcaribus auricularibus, glabris. — - : E. margaritacea. Andr. Er. n. 54. cum Ic. mala. E. mar- garitacea. Soland, in Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 2. p. 20. Sponte nafcentem juxta Stellendofeb, legit F. Maffon. E. calyce minuto: corolla 14-lineari; tubo ovali; ~ limbo recurvo : calcaribus lineari-attenuatis, hirtis, E. imbecilla. Hortulanis. Caulis quamvis gracilis ree attollitur, minime im- ~ Decillis. | Ry E. caule tenui: foliis verticillis remotis : coroll4 13—2- lineari ; tubo ovato-cylindraceo, ore lato: pericarpio hirto. E, elongata. Roxb. MS. Species pulcherrima, ramulo fere omni foribus parvis, rubris, oblongis, nutantibus onufto. E, caule glabro: corollé Ii-lineari; tubo poculiformi; limbo ere&to : calcaribus lanceolato-cuneatis, integer- rimis. E. quadrangularis. Prodr. p. 297. 375 Curviroftris, Obe/a, Gracilis, Intervallaris, Quadraflora, Sponte 376 Mr. R. A. SAisBury’s Species of Erica. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit I. Mulder, Flores inconfpicui, fed in vafto genere diftintiffimi. 3 ; Prolifera, _ E. caule hirfuto: corolla 14-lineari; tubo cyathiformi’; limbi interftitus acutis: calcaribus reétis: pericarpio hirto. . E. caffra. Andr. Er.n. 50. cum Ic. E, ftrigofa. Wendl. Er. fafe. 2. p.25. cum Ic. E. ftrigofa. Willd. Sp, P/. v. 2. p. 365. fynonymo et defcriptione exclufis. E. perfoluta 2. Thunb.. Dif: n. 62. E. perfoluta. Linn. Mant. p 230. E. perfoluta. Linn. Diff. n. 16. cum ‘fig. floris. HE, fubdivaricata. Berg. Pl. Cap, p- 114. Florefcentid peraéta, rami plerumque e centro florum ultra producuntur. Cyathiformis, E. pedunculis glabris:’corollé 14-lineari ;_ tubo cyathi- formi; limbi interftitiis acutis.: calcaribus falcatis. E. levis. Hortulanis. : Valde affinis fequenti, antheris pene ad amuflim re- fpondentibus : ob limbi interftitia tamen Ete. varieta= tem effe coricedam. Pelviformis. E. peduncilis rare pubefcentibus: corolla 1}-lineari ; tubo pelviformi; limbi = age bafi-ovalibus : cal- caribus falcatis. E. perfoluta. Cart. in Bot. Mag. n. 34.2. E. perfoluta r. Thunb. Dif. n. 62. E. viridi-purpurea. Linn. Dif. n. Q. cum fig. floris. auétoritate ipfius’ fpeciminis. E, mauritanica. Linn. Sy/f. Nat. ed. 10. p. 1002. Variat floribus albis, purpureis. E. foliis Mr. RB, A. SaLispury’s Species of Erica. . 377 E. foliis anguftis: calyce recurvo-horizontali: corolla Turrigera, a-lineari; tubo hemi(phzrico; laciniis bafi_ imbri- catis. E. cupreflina. Hortulanis. Foliorum laminz pene enerves videntur. E. foliis latis: calyce reclinato-deflexo: corolla 24-line- Lacuneffora, ari; tubo late ovato: limbi interftitiis bafi ovatis. E. Bergiana. Wendl. Er. fafc. 2 p. 29. cum Ic. E-qua- driflora. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 2. pe» 379. E. Bergiana. Schneev. Pl. n. 46. cum Ic. E. Bergiana. Linn. Mant. p.235- E. Bergiana. Linn. Diff. n. 6. cum fig. floris, peffima, Foliorum Laminz evidenter 1- nervie- E. braéteis minutiffimis: ealyce incurvo-deflexo: co- Florida. roll 2-lineari s tubo globofo; laciniis bafi imbricatis. E. florida. Thunb. Diff. 1. 64. In hae peg lanceolata. E. caule glabro: corolla rZ-lineari, levi; tubo tur- Turdiniflora, binato, 8-angulo; limbo incurvo: calcaribus auricu- laribus, glabris. Communicavit Hibdert. Flores pallide purpurei. E. caule vifcidulo: corolla 14-lineari ; tubo {phzrico, Bullularis, valde 8-angulo: limbo recurvo-ereéto: pericarpio hirto. Vor. VI. 3C E. granulata. 378 Muc ofa > Piluliformis, Obliqua, Sequax, Mr, R. A. SALIsBURY’s Species of Erica. E. granulata. Linn. Mant. p. 234. E. ramentacea. Linn. Mant. p. 65. EE. multumbellifera. Berg. P/. Cap. p. 110. E, pilulifera. Berg. Pl. Cap. p. 111. E. caule glabro: corolla 2-lineari, vifcida; tubo- plus minus obovato ; limbi interftitiis parnm tumidis. E. mucofa. P/. Kew.-#. 15. bona» E. mucofa. Linn. Mant. p. 232. EE. ferrea. Berg. Pl. Cap. p. 112. Folia mire Judunt; laminis linearibus, lineari-lanceola- tis, vel etiam ovalibus. E. foliis {parfis: corolla 23-lineari, laevis tubo longitu- dine calycis: calcaribus lineari-attenuatis: pericar- pio lzvi. E. nudicaulis. Berg. Pi Cap. p. 113. E. pilulifera. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 507: i Foliorum Laminz reduplicatur4 minute ciliate. E, foliis oblique verticillatis: fpicis coarétatis: corolla 3a-lineari, vifcida ; limbi interftitiis in uncum tu- midis. E. obliqua. PZ. Kew. t. 3. optima. Ez obliqua. Thunb. Diff. n. 73. cum Ic. bona. . Flores pallide purpurei. E. foliis teneris glutine arachnoideis: fafciculis 4—6- floris: corolla 3—4-lineari, vifcid4; limbi interftitiis in uncum tumidis. Variat «: Corolla 3-linearis ; tubo late ovato. E, phyfodes, saree Dif. n 89. E. phy- fodes, Mr. R, A. SAtrispury’s. Species of Erica. fodes. Linn, Diff: n. 32. cum fig. E. phyfo- des. Berg. P/. Cap. p. to1. E. phyfodes. Linn, Sp. Pl. ed: 2. p. 506. 8: Corolla 4-linearis; tubo ovato. E. phyfodes. 4dndr. Er. n. 44. cum Ic. E. phy- fodes. Curt. Bot. Mag. n. 443. cum Ic. Semina immatura tuberculata, poftea tuberculis de- preffis evidenter {crobiculata. E, foliorum laminis ovato-cuneatis : corolla 4—5-lineari, vifcida ; tubo urceolari; laciniis bafi imbricatis : fila- mentis latiffimis. : Sponte nafcentem in Hortentots Holland, legit 1. Mulder. Pulchra {pecigs, corollis luteis ore viridi. E, foliis 4-nis : {picis coarétatis: corolla 24-lineari, le- vi; tubo amphorzeformi ; limbo crenulato. E. cernua.' Andr. Er. n. 48. cum Ic. Flores pallide carnei. E. corolla 2-lineari, glabra; tubo urceolari, parum 4- gono: calcaribus cuneatis, hirfutis : antheris hir- futis. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit 1. Mulder. Facies aliqua Galijflor@, fed veram ejus affinitatem ad- huc nefcio. E. foliorum laminis lineari-lanceolatis: {picis coarc- tatis: corolla 4-lineari; tubo fuperne admodum ven- tricofo: antheris exfertis. Blenna. Verecunda. Pulchella. Embothris- Solita, aC 4 Communicavit 380 Glutinofa, Curvifolia. Squarrofa, Mr. R. A. SALISBURY’s Species of Erica. Communicavit Azdbert. Nomen aptius e fingulari figura corollz fotlein eXco- gitandum: fpecimen ficcum tantum vidi. E, foliis fparfis: fpicis coarétatis: corolla 3—5-lineari, vifcida; tubo ovato-pyramidali: calcaribus auricula- ribus. Variat «: Corolla 3-linearis. E, glutinofa. P/. Kew. 417. optima, Cha- meciftus roris folis foliis. Pet, Mu/ p. 22, z. 161. : @: Corolla 5-linearis. E. Droferoides. dAndr. Er. m 30. cum + E, glutinofa, Thunb. Dif. n. 48. Andro- meda droferoides. Linn. Mant. p. 239. E. glutinofa. Berg. P/. Cap. p. 98. auctori- tate ejus {peciminis. ‘Houjufce generis eft proculdubio, nec, quicquid fuadeat Habitus, ad Andromedam referenda. E. foliis ternis: laminis recurvis: fpicis coarétatis : corolla 4-lineari, vifcida; tubo ovato-pyramidali: calcaribus lineari-attenuatis. Sponte nafcentem in Hoftentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. Pericarpium minutiffime hirtum. E. corolla 5—6-lineari, vifcida: tubo ovato-pyramidali; limbo obtufo: calcaribus marginalibus: antheris le- vibus. Sponte Mr. R, A. SALtspuRyY's Specits of Erica. . Sponte nafcentem in Lange Klosf, legit F. Maffon. Folia denfiffima. E. corolla 8—trr-lineari, vifcidd; tubo ovato-pyra- midaii; limbo acuto: filamentis muticis: antheris lanatis. Variat «: Corolla 8—9-linearis. In hac Tubus pene totus albus. 2; Corolla ro—rr-linearis. E. retorta. Curt. Bot. Mag. n. 362. cum Ic. _E.retorta. Andrs Er. n. 15. cum Ic. E. retorta. Thunb. Dif. n. 91. E. retorta. Linn, Suppl. p. 220. E.retorta. Montin, in Att. Holm. 1774. p. 297. t. 7. Herba fimpliciter recurva: diverfiffimam dire€tionem exprimit nomen auétorum, quam in Ordine Naturali Graminum aliquando videas. E, foliorum laminis lanceolato-cuneatis : corol]4 8—1o0- lineari, vifcida ; tubo ampullzformi; limbo obtufo. E. ampullacea. dudr. Er. m 34. cum Ic. E. ampullacea. Curt. Bot. Mag. n. 303. cum Ic. bona. In hac cohorte, Anthere apicibus incurvis et valde at- tenuatis confimiles, fere dabunt chara&terem. E, foliorum laminis ovato-cuneatis: coroll4. g—11-line- ‘ari, vifcida; tubo late ampulleformi; limbo retufo. E. pregnans. Soland. MS. Sponte naicentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Mafion. Gorteria- folia, Ampulla- Sormis, Capax; E. foliis 382 Mr, R. A. SarisBury's Species of Erica. Lagene- E. foliis 3-nis: corollA 12—r14-lineari, vifcida ; tubo formis, ovato apice ventricofo; limbo tubo 4=plo breviore, ovato. E, jafminiflora! Andr. Er. . 49. cum Ic. mediocri. Sponte nafcentem in Platte Kloof, locis humidis, legit F. Maffon. + Fafminifiora. E. foliis 3-nis: corolla 16—r19-lineari, vifcida ; tubo cylindraceo apice ventricofo ; limbo tubo 3-plo bre- viore, ovali. ‘E. Aitonia. Curt: Bot. Mag. n. 429. cum Ic. E. Aitonia. Andr. Er. n. 231. cum Ic. mala. E. Jafminiflora. Prodr. p> 293 Flos ad sais HE ees, Grandiflori, Linn, Pavetiaflora, E. cifonlb, breviflimis : corolla 9—tollineari ; limbo intus farinofo: filamentis juxta apicem antherz cal- caratis. E. infundibuliformis. Roxd, MS. _ Communicavit’ Hibbert : fplendidum donum;" ejus nomi- ‘ne, fi talia admittere potuifiem, certe: condecoran- dum. Calcaria etiam in hac potius € filamento, quam ipfa antheta, exferuntur. Fajciformis, E. pedunculis breviffimis: corollA 5—6-lineari ; limbo intus farinofo: filamentis muticis: antheris rectis, = faftigiata. Thunb. Diff. n. 37-°- E\ faftigiata.. Linn “ Dif n. 4a. cum fig. floris a bpic hag Linn. Mant. p» 66. AG ‘Sponte nafcentem in P/atte Kiiaf, pes F. Masbine 9 E. calyce Mr. R. Av SAuispury’s Species of Erica, E.. calyce minute ciliato: coroll4é 5—6-lineari; tubo angufte cylindraceo-urceolari; limbo breviffimo; fila- mentis.muticis. E. cylindrica. Thunb. Diff n. 39. Pericarpium obovatum, glabrum. E. caule glabro: corolla 3-lineari; tubo angufte pyra- midali bafi plana: ‘calcaribus femilanceolatis: peri- carpio obpyramidali. E, Mufcari. Andr. Er.n. 1. cum Ic. mediocri. Sponte nafcentem juxta torrentem in Zout Rivier, legit F. Maffon. E. caule pubefcente: corolla 2:-lineari; tubo ovato-py- ramidali: calcaribus auricularibus :. pericarpio {phz- rico, Variat 2: Corolla albida. E. tranfparens. Berg. Pl: Cap. p. 108. 8: Corolla rubra. E. comofa. P/. Kew. ¢. 18. mala. E, comofa. \ 9) Thunb. Dif n. 38.) E, comofa. Linn. Diff: n. 48. cum fig. floris. E. comofa. Linn. Mant, p. 234. Vox comofus, prout ufurpatur apud Botanicos, in hanc fpeciem minime quadrat. E. caule pubefcente : calyce obcuneato, ferrato: corolla 3-lineari; limbo-tubo 4-breviore: calcaribus minu- tiffimis, auricularibus. E. denticulata, Roxd, MS. 383 Fiftuleflora, Fragrans, Galiflora, Nidiflora, In 384 Denticularis, Puichra, Daphniflora, Pellucida. Mr. R.A, Sanispury’s Species. of Erica. In hortis quoque confunditur cum fequente, cui fimi- lis: vix tamen pro varietate habenda, ob filamenta calcarata, et foramina antherarum breviora. E, caule pubefcente: calyce obcuneato, fefrato: corol- la 3-lineari; limbo tubo $-breviore: antheris longe foraminofis. : E. dentata, Thunb. Diff. n. 39. E. denticularis. Linn. Mant. p. 22. auctoritate f{peciminis ex Herbario Ber- giano. Flores purpurei. E. caule glabro: calyce angufte lanceolato, ferrato : corolla 4—s-lineari; "limbo tubo ee breviore : antheris breviter foraminofis. E. Walkeria. -Andr. Er. n. 45+ cum Ic. bona. E. calyce ovato-cufpidato, vix ferrato: corolla 3-lineari; limbo tubo duplo breviore, recurvo-deflexo: fila- mentis muticis. Sponte nafcentem in Hottensots Holland, legit 1. Mulder. E. caule gracili: calyce {patulato, ferrato : corolla s—6- - lineari; limbo tubo triplo breviore; filamentis mu- ticis, E. pellucida. Soland. MS. Sponte nafcentem in Hotfentots Holland, folo humido, legit F. Maffon. Caulis faftigiatus, verticillis foliorum, in ramis vege- tioribus, remotis. Foliorum:-Lamine angufte, lineari- 6 attenuate. Mr. Ru A. Sarissuny’s Species of Erica. attenuat. Corolla albida cum rubore aliquo, ita pellucida, ut literas tubo explanato fubjeétas facile diftinguas. E. braéteis duabus: corolla 5—6-lineari; tubo ovato- pyramidali; limbo breviflimo : calcaribus longiffimis, fubulatis. E. inflata. Thunb. Dif 2. 67. cum Ic. Species apud nos adbuc rariffima. E. braéteis duabus: corolla 6—7-lineari; tubo ovato- pyramidali apice ventricofulo: calcaribus breviffimis, auricularibus. E. ventricofa. Wendl. Er. fale. 3: p- 11. cum Ic, mala. E. ventricoia. Curt. Bot. Mag. n. 350. cum Ic E. ventricofa. dndr. Er. n. 2. cum Ic. E. ventricofa. Thunb, Diff: n. 30. cum Icy, . Seats nafcentem juxta Fran/che Hoek, legit F. Maffon. E. foliis 2-nis: calyce 14-lineari, angufte evato-cu- neato: ‘corolla 24-lineari; tubo ovato-pyramidali : pericarpio obovato. Variat «: Corolla albida. &: Corolla pallide lutea, y: Corolla lutea. . ‘E. lutea, Wendl. Er. fafe. I. p. 13. cum ia E. lutea. Andr. Er.n. 11. cum dc. E. lu- tea. Thunb. Diffiin. 49. E. lutea. Linn. Dif n. 2. cum fig. floris, E. lutea. Linn, Mant. p. 234. -E. lutea. Berg. Pd. Cap. p- ITS: Corolle Lacinie zquales funt : ineequales, ut defcribit Wilidenow, ih toto genere haud ferme invenias. Vor. VI. 3D 385 Amabilis. Venufla. Imbeliis, E. foliis 386 Linifelia, Borbonie- folia. Corifola, Obvallaris, Mr. R. A. SALiszary’s Species of Erica. E. foliis 2-nis: calyce 1-lineari, late ovali-acuminu- lato: corolla 2-lineari ; tubo’ ovato: pericarpio tur- binato. Variat «: Corolla pallidiffime rubra. E, foliis Janceolatis oppofitis imbricatis, &c. Linn. Hort, Cliff. p. 148. 8: Corolla lete rubra. E. tenuifolia. Linn. Diff: n. 33. cum fig. floris. E. tenuifolia. Berg. P/. Cap. p. 116. E. te- nuifolia. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 507. E.afri- cana, altera, &c. Seb. Thef. v. I. p.157. 273, Js Oe Filamenta, geque ac in Imbelli, calcarata. E. foliis 2-nis: calyce 34-lineari, late ovali-acuminulato: - corolla 3}-lineari; tubo. ovato: pericarpio obovato, Communicavit Hidéert. _Hafce tres, foliis 2-nis, puras legitimafque effe {pecies, minime pro certo affrmarem : calycis enim proportio, in quibufdam aliis admodum variabilis. E. calyce reclinato-patente: corolla 13-lineari, calyci plus minus equali; tubo urceolari; laciniis acutis. E, articularis. Curt. Bot. Mag. n. 423. cum Ic. - E. ca- lycina. Andr. Er. n. 17. cum Ie. E. corifolia. Thunb, Dif: 1.77. E. corifolia. Linn. Diff n. 26. cum fig. foris tenelli, peflima. E. articularis. Linn, Mant. p. 65. An fit Corifolia Sf. Pi ed. 2. folum ab Herbario Burmanniano difcendum. E. braéteis grandibus, obovatis, fupra medium pedun- culi: corolla 2-lineari; laciniis totis crenulatis. E. bracteata, Mr.R. A. SAtispury’s Species of Er.ca. E. bratteata. Thunb. Diff m. 3. Sponte nafcentem ad Platte Kloof montibus, legit C. P, Thunberg. Filamenta certe calcarata. E. foliorum laminis pube denfa ciliatis : corolla 2-lineari, verfus apicem hirta ; laciniis crifpis, retufis. E. pigra. Soland. MS. Sponte nafcentem juxta Baay Fa/s, legit G. Robertfon. Bractez tantummodo duz, ut in omnibus hujus cohor- tis: vicem tertiz fupplet folium pedunculo fubjectum, - dilatatum, et plerumque coloratum. E. foliorum laminis reclinatis, acute mucronatis: co- rolla 3-lineari ;~laciniis ovato-cuneatis, 2-fidulis. E. taxifolia. Wendl. Er. fafc. 2. p. 19. cum Ic. KE. taxi- folia. Pl, Kew. t. 19. Calcaria in hac reéte delineavit Wendland : hinc ab alio auétore ejus differentiam fpecificam, que antheras’ muticas fiftit, concinnatam fuiffe fufpicor. E, floribus in rudimentis axillaribus: calyce cufpidato, longe ciliato: corolla 4-lineari,* pyramidali: antheris a medio foraminofis. E. tetragona. Thunb. Diff. m. 5. cum Ic. Flores lutei. E. floribus in rudimentis axillaribus: calyce acuminato: corolla 3-lineari, ovata: antheris juxta apicem fora- minofis. 3D2 387 Hyfeopifolia, Taxifolia. Pugionifolia, Viminalis. E. albens.” Mr. R. A. SALisBury’s Species of Erica. E. albens. Curt. Bot. Mag. 1. 440. cum Ic. E. albens. Linn, Diff. n. 34. cum fig. floris. E, albens. Linn. Mant. p. 231. Flores ochroleuci. ; Paucula nunc in vacuo charte fpatiolo, de noftris no- minibus, inferere liceat. Satis {cio, his temporibus periculum quid novandi: etiam doétiffimos Botanicos, qui nullum, quantumvis licet abfurdum vocabulum, quod ipfi non antea irrifui damnaverint, mutari patiuntur. Tantis viris, me nil contra rationem unquam mutaffe, modo refpondeam: quibus autem hortulanorum gentis prudentiffime nomina adula- toria magis placeant, omnibus iftis religiofe a me citatis, prout cuique libido eft, utantur. XXV. Ex- Lom Tans. V Lakh. SI. Macoulloch del 1800 > ( 389 ) XXV. Extracts from the MinuTE Book of the Linnean Socitly. April 7, 1801, O04. 6. Dee. 1. AN account was laid before the Society, from Dr. Mac- culloch, F.L.S. of an artifice ufed by the Cancer Phalangium to enfnare its prey. This contrivance confifts in the infect dreffing itfelf up, as it were, in fragments of a Fucus (the narrow-leaved variety of Hudton’s cilatus), which it feems to cut off, and to attach to the long hairs of its body and legs by means of a glutinous fubftance. It thus imitates a _perfeét plant of that Fucus fo accurately as to have deceived Dr. Macculloch. See Tas. XXXI. L. W. Dillwyn, Efq. F.L.S. fent information of his having difcovered the Sy/imbrium murale-of Linnzus (a plant not hitherto noticed as of Britifh growth) growing wild abundantly on the pier at Ramfgate and other places there- abouts. He believes it to be rather common throughout the ifle of Thanet. A letter from Dr. Walter Wade, of Dublin, A.L.5. to the Prefident, mentions his having found the Eriocaulon /ep- tangulare, Engl. Bot. v. 11. t. 733) in Ireland. It has never before been feen but in the Ifle of Skye. Dr. Wade obferved it laft September, decorating the edges of all the lakes, great and {mall, in the romantic mountainous diftricét of Cunna- mara, in the county of Galway. He remarked the number of angles in the ftem to vary from 6 to 10, though moft frequently 390 «= Extraéts from the Minute Book of the Linnean Society. frequently 7, and that the generic and {pecific characters ac- corded with thofe given in Engl. Bot. Dec. 15. Information was given that the late Dr. Pulteney, F. R. S. and L. §. had ordered his very valuable Mufaeum of Natural Hiftory to be prefented to the Society, on condition of its being preferved as a feparate collection, in his name; and that he had alfo bequeathed to the Society the fum of two hundred pounds ftock, in the three per cent. confolidated annuities. CATA- ( 398 } CATALOGUE OF THE LIBRARY or tHE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Continued from Page 293 of Vol. V of the Society's Tran/aéTions RE I WN. B. To Books which are Continuations. of Works contained'in the former Part of the Catalogue the original Numbers are here affixed; and the other Books are numbered in regular Progreflion. 459- Acnari (E.) Prodromus Lichenographie Suecie. Lincopix, 1798, 8vo: 17. Barton’s (B. 5.) Supplement to a Memoir concerning the fafcinating Quality of the Rattle-Snake, and other American Serpents. 8vo. 35. Blumenbach (J. F.) Abbildungen Naturhiftorifcher Gegenftande. 5 tes heft. Gittingen, 1800, 8vo. — Ueber die Zauberkraft der Klapper-Schlange. 8vo. 461. Clairville () Entomologie Helvétique, vol. 1» Zuric, 1798, 8vo. 462. Column (F.) Phytobafanus. Mediolani, 1744, 4to. 463. Comparetti ( A.) Obfervationes Dioptrice et Anatomic Comparate de Vifu et Oculo. Patavii, 1798, 4to. 464. Davy’s (14.) syllabus of a Courfe of Le€tures on Chemiftry: at the Royal Inftitution. Lond. 1802, 8vo. 465. Donn’s (J.) Hortus Cantabrigienfis, ed. 2. Cambridge, 1800, 8vo. 466. Donovan’s 49% 66, Denovan’s (".) Epitome of the Natural Hiftory of the Infe&ts of India, No.1 to7 eDryander-(J-) eseipaciaelormerriapie oRcNetaineRnnN Jofephi Banks, tomus s. . Fabri (J. M@.) Strychnomania. Aug. Vindel. 1677, qto. . Forfter (G.) Herbarium Auftrale,-. Gottings, 1797, 8yvo. 9. Freiefleben (J. C.) Weber das fchillernde Foflil, von der Bafte bey Harzburg. Leipzig, . Garnett’s (‘T.) Annals of Philofophy for 1800. London, 1801, 8vo. .. Cralfo (J. P.) Diff. inaug. de Lacerta agili. Helmftadii, 1788, 4to. © . Grénwall (A.) Praefide Diff. de Ferro Suecano Ofmund. Upfal. 1725, 4to. - Hatchett’s (C.) Chemical Experiments on Zoophytes. From the Philofophical ’ . Hofack’s (D.) Syllabus of a Courfe-of Le&turesonBotany, delivered in Columbia- . Hutchinfon’s (J.) Natural Hiftory of the Prog Fith of Surinam. York, 1797, 4to. . Lamarck (J. B.) Syfléme des Animaux fans Vertebres. Paris, 1801, 8vo. . ——————— Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique, tome 1—3. Paris, 1789, 4to. - Langer (J. H. S.) Mineralogifche Gefchichte der Hochftifter Paderborn, und Hildes- . Latham’s (J.) Supplement 2d to the General Synopfis of Birds, London, 1802, 4to. 3-Latreile (P, A.) Hiftoire des Salamandres de France. ‘Paris, 1809, 8vo- . Linnei (C.) Fauna Suecica. Holmie, 1746, 8vo. 2 5M pit 5 (Tho.)'Gardener’s and. Botanift’s Dictionary, by the Jate Philp Miller, . . Maftin’s (J.} Hiftery of Nafeby., \Cambridge,)1792, '8yo. — Calalsgue of the Ldévary of the Linnean Society. iF Roo =a 4to. eri 1800, vo. 1794, 8vo. Outlines of a Courfe of LeGtures on Chemiftry at the Royal Inftitu- tion. London, 1801, 8vo. Tranfactions, 4to. Analyfis of a Mineral Subftance from North America, containing a Metal hitherto unknown. From the Philofophical Tranfactions, 4to. College. New York, 1795, 8vo. . Hudfon’s (W.) Flora Anglica, ed.'2/ Lond. 1778, 8vo. heim. Leipzig, 1789, ‘Bvo! Lafpeyres (J. H.) Sefiee Europee. Berol. 1801, 4to. N Syftema Nature, ed. 9. Leyd. 1756, :8vo. halaae (C. F.) Erfte Aufzithlung der bis “nie Sachfen entdeckten Infekten. Leip-. zig, 1799, 8vo. in \ 1. Markwick’s (W.) Deferiptions,and ieee of Giraffes, MS, folio. OO ic tie ‘ Remarks on Britifh Birds. MS. 4to, corrected and newly arranged, with Additions, Part 14—16, Mikan (JoC.) Monographia Bombyliorum Bohemix. Pragz, 96 8 8vo. 491. Millin Catalogue of the Library of the Linnean Society. 393 491- Millin (A. L.) Obfervations fur les Manufecrits de Diofcorides. 8vo. 492. —— I[ntroduétion a l’Etude des Pierres gravées. 8vo. 493- Differtation fur quelques Medailles des Villes Grecques qui offrent la Repréfentation d’Objets relatifs 4 l’Hiftoire Naturelle. 8vo. 494. Notice hiftorique fur J. H. Eckhel. 8vo. 495- Montagu’s (G.) Ornithological Dictionary, or A]phabetical Synopfis of Britith Birds, 2 vols. London, 1802, 8vo. ) 496. Pears’ (C.) Cafes of Phthifis Pulmonalis fuccefsfully treated on the Tonic Plan. London, 1801, 8vo. 497. Pennant’s Journey from London to the Ifle of Wight, 2 vols. London, 1801, 4to. 498. Raji (J.) Synopfis Methodica Animalium Quadrupedum, et Serpentini Generis. Lond. 1693, 8vo. 499. ———— Synopfis Methodica Stirpium Britannicarum, ed. 3- Lond. 1724, 8vo. 500. — Hiftoria Plantarum, tom. 1 et 2. Londini, 1686—88, fol. 501. Van Rheede (H. A.) Hortus Indicus Malabaricus, tomi 12. Amftelod. 1678—1703, mee) ™ 502. Rofenmiiller (J. C.) de Offibus Foffilibus Animalis cujufdam. Lipfix, 1794, 4to. 346. Roxburgh’s (W.) Plants of the Coaft of Coromandel, vol. 2, parts 2 and 3. 503. —-—-— Account of the Chermes Lacca. From the Phil. Tranf. 4to. 504. Raffel’s (P.) Account of the Tabafheer. From the Phil. Tranf. 4to. 505. Salifbury (R. A.) Icones Stirpium rariorum, Defcriptionibus illuftrate, No.1 & 2, fol. 506. Sarti (G.) Analifi Chemica delle Acqui dei Bagni Pifani. 507 Schachmann (C. G. A. von) Beobachtungen iiber das Gebirge bey Kénigthayn. ' Drefden, 1780, 4to. 508. Scheuchzer (J. J.) de Helvetia Aéribus, Aquis, Locis. Tiguri, 1728, 4to. 509. Schiitz (A. G.) Befchreibung einiger Nordamerikanifchen Foflilien. Leipzig, 1791, $vo. ; 510. Schwagrichen (C. F.) Topographiz Botanice et Entomologice Lipfienfis Specimen r. Lipfiz, 1799, 4to. ; 511. Shaw’s (G.) General Zoology, vols. 13. Lond. 1800—1802, 8vo. 512. Sinclair’s (Sir John) Hints on Longevity. 4to. 513- Slevogtii (J. H.) Prolufio de Aftrantiz Charaétere. Jenz, 1721, 4to. 514. Smith (J. E.) Flora Britannica, vol. 1. & 2. Londini, 1800, 8vo. , 515- Compendium Flore Britannicze. Londini, 1800, 8vo. 377- Smith and Sowerby’s Englith Botany, vol. 10 to 14. London 1800—2, 8yo. 516. Stacey’s (H. P.) Obfervations on the Failure of Turnip Crops. London, 1800, 8vo. 517. Strange, fopra l’Origine deila Carta Naturale di Cortona. Pifa, 1764, 4to. 518. Stromeyer (F.) Hiltorie Vegetabilium Geographice Specimen. Gottingx, 1800, 4to. Vor. VI. 35 519. Thunberg 304 Catalogue of the Library of the Linnean Society. 519. Thunberg (C. P.) Beskrifning pa Svenfka Djur. 1 Claffen, om Mammalia. Upfula, 1798, 8vo. Differtationes Academice. Upfaliz, qto. 399: Mufeum Naturalium Academiz Upfalienfis, Partes 19—22. Append. 4—7. 405. Genera Plantarum Nova, Partes 8 & g. 4 520. De Drofera. 1797. Gon. De Melanthio. 1797. 522. Ventenat (i. P.) Tableau du Regne Vegetal. Paris, an. 7. tomes 4. 8vo. 523. Villars Hiltoire des Plantes de Dauphiné. Grenoble, 1786, tomes 3 en 4 vols. 8yo. 524. Weigel (C. E.) Vom Nuzen der Botanik. Greifswald, 1773, 4to. 525. White’s (Gilbert) Works in Natural Hiftory, with a Calendar and Obfervations by W. Markwick, Efq. 2 vols. London, 1802, 8vo. 526. Young’s (T.) Syllabus of a Courfe of LeStures on Natural and Experimental Philo- fophy at the Royal Inftitution. London, 1802, 8vo. 438. Philofophical TranfaGtions of the Royal Society of London, for 1800. London, 4to. 527. Tranfactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. 5. part 1. Edin. 1799, 4to. 439- Tranfaétions of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Com- merce, vols. 17, 18, 19. Lond. 8vo. 528. Afiatic Refearches, vol. r—6. Calcutta, 1788—1799, 4to. 440. Memoirs of the Literary and Philofophical Society of Manchefter, vol. 5. 529- Philofophical TranfaCtions abridged, vol. 1—7. London, 1721—1734, 4to. 530. Journals of the Royal Inftitution, No. 1—7. 8vo. 531. Prodromus Lepidopterorum Britannicorum, by a Fellow of the Linnean Society Holt, 1802, 4to. ; 532. Termini Botanici. Edinburgi, 1770, 8vo. 533. Confpeétus Horti Botanici Jenenfis. Jenxz,1795, 4to. LIST ( 395 ) LIST OF DONORS TO THE LIBRARY or tuz LINNEAN SOCIETY, With References to the Numbers in the foregoing Catalogue of the Books prefented by them refpectively. Tu E Royal Society of London, 438. The Managers of the Royal Inftitution, 464, 526. 530. The Society for the Bareumeeracnt of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, 439: The Literary and Philofophical Society of Manchefter, 440. The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 527. The Afiatic Society, 528. Erik Acharius, M. D. 459. The Right Honourable Sir Jofeph Banks, Bart. K. B. H. M. L. S. 35. 460. 463. 80. 468. 469. 472. 473. 480. 481. 486. 489. 490. 500. 502. 503. 504. 506—S10. 513.517. 522—§24. 532. 533. Benjamin Smith Barton, M. D. F. M. L,S. 17. Mr. Anthony Carlifle, F. L. S. fl M. Clairville, 461. i ot Rey. John Davies, F.L. S. 465. re Mr. Edward Donovan, F. L. S. 466. Jonas Dryander, M. A. V. P. L. S. 346. Edward Forfter, Jun, Efg. F. L.S. 499. Thomas | 396 Donors to the Library of the Linnean ‘Society. Thomas Garnett, M. D. F. L. S. 471. Thomas Garnett, M.D. F.L. S. and ‘ 470 Mr. Benjamin Price, Charles Hatchett, Efq. F.L.S. 474. 475. ‘David Hofack, M.D. F.L.S. 476. Mr. Frederick Kanmacher, be Oe 477- M. J. B. Lamarck, de ]’Inflitut de France, 479. M. J. H. Pafpbyies, F.M. L.S, 482. John Latham, M. D.'F. L.S. Romfey, 162. M. P. A. Latreille, F. M. L.S. 483. Alexander MacLeay, Efgq. Sec. L. S. 484. William Markwick, Efq. F.L.S. 487. 488. Thomas Marfham, Efq. Tr. L, S. 485. Rev. Thomas Martyn, B. D. F.L.S. 302. M.A.L. Millin, F.M. L.S. 491—494. George Montagu, Efq. F. L. S. 495. Mr. C. Pears, F.L.S. 496. David Pennant, Efq. F. L.S. 497. Richard Anthony Salifbury, Efg. F. L.'S. §o5. George Shaw, M.D. V. P.L.S. 511. Sir John Sinclair, Baronet, M. P. 512. James Edward Smith, M.D. P.L.S. 514. 515. Mr. James Sowerby, F.L.S. 377. Rev. H. P. Stacey, LL. B. 516. F. Stromeyer, M. D. of Gottingen, 518. Mr. Robert ‘Teefdale, F. L. S. 478. Car. Pet. Thunberg, M.D. F.-M. L. S. 519. 399+ 405. 520, 521, Mr. John White, 525. Thomas Jenkinfon Woodward, UL B. F.L.S. 498. Thomas Young, M. D. F. L. S. 462. 529. The Anonymous Author, 531. - END OF THE SIXTH VOLUME, Printed by Wilks and Taylor, Chancery Lane. ; fhe cae one ea aie lie. f NEWS i, ™ « @ ' gk. seat 11 «iki neh . of ; : ss ye i . -= Lag , + “ = as3c 3 + ; oe +e tS A aie