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SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB
FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968
MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.
ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK
President
Vice President... Rec. Secretary... Corres. Secretary
Treasurer
Editor
Carol Burchard Ron H. McPeak Martin Schuler Marjorie Bradner Walter Robertson Carole M. Hertz
VOLUME XIII
JANUARY - NOVEMBER
no ^ ^ ^
1981
nnnmvHWM «
THE f LttU V Uo,
/ r'X'Ji iiaJa {J'ia ii_;j
SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB
FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968
MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.
ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK
President ...Carol Burchard
Vice President Ron H. McPeak
Rec. Secretary Martin Schuler
Corres. Secretary Marjorie Bradner
Treasurer Walter Robertson
Editor Carole M. Hertz
ANNUAL DUES: Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $4.00;
Family membership: $5.00; Student membership: $3.00; Overseas surface: $6.00.
CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club, Inc.
c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111
VOL. XIII JANUARY 1981 NO.
********************************************************************** *
*
★
★
* PROGRAM: Peter Williams will give a talk entitled, "Reef Walking on Okinawa."
J He will accompany his presentation with slides.
*
J Slides of the Christmas party will be shown.
* Cypraea and their allied genera will be the featured shells
* at this meeting. Bring your Cyphoma, Ovula, Cypraea, Sirmia ,
* and Jennevia for display.
*
J Date: January 15, 1981 Time: 7:30 P.M. Room: 104
*****************************************^****^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
CONTENTS
Observations on two problem species from the Indo Pacific
D’ATTILIO, ANTHONY
A new book on the marine invertebrates of California (Book Review) MYERS, BARBARA W
Bellaspira gvippi (Dali, 1908) (Gastropoda: Turrldae)
MYERS, BARBARA W
Club news
2.
The Festivus
OBSERVATIONS ON TWO PROBLEM SPECIES FROM THE INDO PACIFIC
BY
ANTHONY D'ATTILIO
Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112
Several specimens each of two species of Muvex s.s. were submitted to me recently for identification by Manfred Blocher of West Germany. Precise deter- mination of these two species requires zoogeographic field work and a great deal more material.
The shell characters of one of the species closely resembles Muvex k'i'tens'is Kira, 1959 (known geographical range from southeastern Japan to the central Philippines). The specimens studied were from Madagascar off southeastern Africa in the Indian Ocean. They were collected by Manfred Blocher. Figures la, lb, 2a, and 2b are illustrations of two of the Madagascar specimens. The protoconch has 2^^ whorls (Figure 3) as in Muvex k'tiens'Ls .
Fig. la. Apertural view Fig. lb. Dorsal view
Specimen from Madagascar showing poor development
of spines.
Vol. XII (1)
The Festivus
3.
Fig. 2a. Fig. 2b.
Specimen from Madagascar showing small but well developed spines.
The type illustration of M. kHensis is in Kira, 1955:pl. 23, fig. 10. It is listed as a Kuroda MS name. There is no text. It is first illustrated with a description (still referred to Kuroda MS) in 1959. The description is in Japanese and does not describe the protoconch or mention the existence of a holotype. A later edition of Kira's work (1962) is in English with only a few indications of descriptive data.
The presently known range of Murex h'lTase'i Hirase, 1914-15 is the same as M. l^iensis both being found from southeastern Japan to the Philippines. The specimens I examined were from Mactan Island in the Bohol Straits between Cebu and Bohol. They are Figures 4a, 4b, 5a and 5b. These specimens, outwardly very similar to Murex hirasei, have a protoconch of 1^, polished whorls as shown in Figure 6.
I
Fig. 3.
Protoconch of specimen from Madagascar
4.
The Festivus
Fig. 4a. Apertural view Fig. 4b. Dorsal view Specimen from Mactan Island with weakly developed spines on canal.
Fig. 5a. Fig. 5b.
Specimen from Mactan Island lacking spines on the canal.
Vol. XIII (1)
The Festlvus
5.
A number of other specimens of M. hivasei collected off Japan and the Philippines were studied. They proved that this species has a protoconch of 2^, whorls. Though otherwise apparently similar, the two species are distinctive based on the number of whorls in the protoconch.
At this time I have planned no further studies to resolve the precise identification of these species, since Dr. Winston Ponder is preparing an ex- tensive monograph on Murex s.s.
Fig. 6. Protoconch of specimen from Mactan Island.
A NOTE ON THE TYPE FIGURE OF MUREX HIRASEI AND ITS AUTHOR YOCHIRO HIRASE
The type of Murex hirasei in ILLUSTRATIONS OF A THOUSAND SHELLS by Hirase (1914-1915) is a colored wood block illustration with no description (Figure 7). The name is assigned to Dautzenberg in the index to the volume but was never published by that author. The illustration appears in a series of volumes meant to be of purely artistic value and each volume of the ten promised by Hirase was to contain 100 specimens. How- ever, health and financial problems forced Hirase to cease publication upon completion of the fourth volume.
Thus, the work comprises illustrations of only 400 species. The species on each plate of the accordian type ancient Oriental book are organized in a visually pleasing manner with no systematic arrangement. This concept was a deliberate one as explained in a foreward by Yochiro Hirase. The books were meant to be an aesthetic memorial to his life work in malacology.
Single-handedly this extraordinary man of dedicated purpose created the science of malacology for his country in the earliest years of this century. These four volumes remain a fitting memorial not only to the man but to the spirit of aesthetic appropriateness characteristic of the Japanese people.
Fig. 7. Murex hirasei from original illustration
6.
The Festivus
Acknowledgments
Mr. Manfred Blocher of West Germany kindly submitted the specimens studied and Mr. L.J. Bibbey of Imperial Beach and Mr. Don Pisor of San Diego helped with the loan or contribution of comparison material. The excellent photography of the specimens is by David K. Mulliner, Festivus staff photographer.
Literature Cited
Hirase, Yochiro. 1914-1915. ILLUSTRATIONS OF A THOUSAND SHELLS. Parts 1-4 not paginated. Ca woodcut illustration in color without description of any kind (pi. 47, fig. 232>i]. Kyoto, Japan.
Kira, Tetsuaki. 1955. COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SHELLS OF JAPAN. 204 pp. ,
67 pis. Osaka, Japan. The first Japanese edition. CThe species name Muvex kizensis is referred to Kuroda MS5]. Notes of the plate in Japanese appear on pp. 148-149. Illustration on p. 47, pi. 23, fig. 10.
1959. COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SHELLS OF JAPAN. 239 pp., 71 pis.
CSpecies reference still uses Kuroda MS for the author and gives the text and description in Japanese (p. 58, pi. 23, fig. 10)].
1962. SHELLS OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC IN COLOR. Vol. 1. 224 pp . , 72 pis.
CAn enlargement of the original 1955 plate (p. 63, pi. 24, fig. 10) The description is too generalized to further identify the species and there is no indication of the locality of the holotype^ .
A NEW BOOK ON THE MARINE INVERTEBRATES OF CALIFORNIA
BY
BARBAPA W. MYERS
Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural history Museum, Balboa Park P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112
Intertidal Invertebrates of California
by Robert H. Morris, Donald P. Abbott and Eugene C. Haderlie Stanford University Press, Stanford, California $30.00. 690 pages, 200 plates.
This is a well researched study of the common marine invertebrate fauna to be found along the coast of California. It covers the major groups with large sections on the mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms and the tunicates.
Robert H. Morris took the majority of the 900 photographs, while Donald P. Abbott and Eugene C. Haderlie were responsible for the text aided by 31 contributing specialists. All photographs are in color with the exception of the Foraminifera and there is at least one photo for every species treated. For some species there are two or three photos to show variation or color forms. Some photos are especially
Vol. XIII (1)
The Festivus
7.
spectacular, but there are others in which the color seems faded. Norvis-ia norrisi (Sowerby, 1838) pi. 74, fig. 13.30, for instance, which shows up as a yellow shell with a white animal, is a chocolate brown shell with a crimson animal. Most species, however, can be identified from these well executed photographs. Pteropui^pura festiva (Hinds, 1844) has been mislabelled Maxuetlia gemma (Sowerby, 1879). Robert H. Morris has done an outstanding job in assembling this collection of fine photo- graphs. Many of the very small pen and ink drawings, also by Morris, did not repro- duce well and have limited use as identification aids.
The text is a natural history treatment of the invertebrates rather than a taxonomic or descriptive work. An introduction to each chapter gives general information about each group. In the discussion of each species, the authors, Abbott and Haderlie, have brought together the known information regarding habitat, biology, life history, reproduction, range, etc. This was a prodigious task and merits high praise. References to the pertinent literature both as general information con- cerning the different phyla and major works relating to each species abound through- out the text and will be invaluable to any researcher in the marine sciences of this coast.
Disclaiming responsibility as a systematic or taxonomic work, the authors have followed their own design in the order in which they have arranged the phyla. For instance, if you turn to the last chapter expecting to find the tunicates, you will be instead reading about the crustaceans. One realizes that continued controversy exists regarding the systematic arrangement of the phyla, but in a book this size a familiar system might have been more convenient. Within the phylum Mollusca, the authors* classification shows careful research. Dr. A. Myra Keen acted as advisor on the gastropods and bivalves and the book closely follows Keen's Sea Shells of Tropical West America (1971). Although the gastropods are classified into super- families, the bivalves are not. The opisthobranchs clearly differ from Keen (1971) and the authors refer to other studies for further information regarding their systematic arrangement. The Polyplacophora seem to follow A.G. Smith's work on this group in Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (1960).
This is a major work with evidence of intensive scholarly research and I think it will be one of the classic studies of the invertebrate fauna of our coast. The authors received a grant of offset publishing costs and, therefore, can offer this impressive volume at a price most of us can afford. In my opinion this is one of the best book bargains of the year.
LIBRARY NOTES
The Club would like to thank Virginia and George Hanselman for the donation of the following publications to the Club library.
INDO PACIFIC SEA SHELLS, Sally Diana Kaicher, 1956 NATICIDAE, TONNACEA & Cypraeacea, Sally Diana Kaicher, 1956 SHELLS, Mani O' Mara, 1956
SOWERBY ON MUREX (1967 facsimile edition) G.B. Sowerby, 1879
Two new species and a new subgenus of lucinids, SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY, #129, Joseph C. Britton, 1972 CATALOGUE OF LIVING CYPRAEIDAE, Walter Cemohorsky, 1963 LIST OF CHAMPIONS, Lost Operculum Club, 1973.
The following are missing from the library. Their return would be appreciated.
The VELIGER 16(4) and 20 (1)
The FESTIVUS 1978 numbers 1,4, 6, 8 and 10 1979 numbers 4 and 5
8.
The Festivus
BELLASPIRA GRIPPI (BALL 1908) (GASTROPODA: TURRIDAE)
BY
BARBARA W. MYERS
Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112
Bellaspira grippi (Dallj 1908)
Bela gvippi Dali, 1908:137.
Lora grippii (Dali). — Dali, 1921: 74.
Lora grippi (Dali). — Dali, 1921 :pl. 3, fig. 8.
Bellasplra grippi- (Dali). — McLean & Poorman, 1970:8,9, figs. 12-15; Abbott, 1974:276, fig. 3131.
The Excellent photographs taken by Festivus staff photographer, David K. Mulliner show a live specimen of Bellaspira grippi (Dali, 1908).
The black eye dot at the end of the short tentacle is apparent in Figure 1 and the dark, leaf shaped operculum is clearly visible on the milk white animal as shown in Figure 2.
The specimen was collected by David J. Myers in August 1980 at 70 feet off Pt. Loma, San Fig. 1 Bellaspira grippi (Dali, 1908) Diego, California, and measures 12 mm by 4.5 mm. This specimen is retained in the Myers' collection.
Dali originally assigned this species to the genus Bela Gray, 1847.
However, Iredale (1915) and Dali (1918) erroneously concluded that Bela was a synonym of Mangelia Risso,
1826. This was based on a miscon- ception of the types; they believed the type species was the same for both Bela and Mangelia. Dali (1921) then reassigned B. grippi to the genus Lora Gistel, 1848, misspelling the species name (grippii) in the text. Grant and Gale (1931) sug- gested Lora grippi belonged to the genus Bellaspira Conrad, 1868. McLean and Poorman (1970) confirmed this generic placement and their four figures show the variability of this species .
The color ranges from white to
Fig. 2 Bellaspira grippi
Vol. XIII (1)
The Festivus
9.
flesh, some having brown banding on the shoulder. Specimens can be strongly tab- ulate with the axial ribs forming nodes at the periphery. The spiral sculpture in some specimens is of deeply Incised lines. Our specimen is flesh-colored with brown banding, not tabulate, the axial ribs are not noded and the spiral sculpture is of faint spiral lines.
Bellaspira olarionensis ITcLean and Foorman, '1970, from Clarion Island, Revlllagigedo Islands, Mexico, seems very similar to B. grippi-, differing in its larger size (13.5 mm by 5.9 mm), having a narrower shoulder area and more numerous spiral striae. Abbott (1974) states they may be the same.
B. gvi-ppi- ranges from Redondo Beach, California to Asuncion Island, Baja California and Guadalupe Island, Mexico (McLean and Poorman, 1970).
Literature Cited
Abbott, R. Tucker. 1974. AMERICAN SEASHELLS, Second Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold 663 pp. 24 pis.
Dali, William H. 1908. Some new California shells. NAUTILUS 21:136-137.
1918. Notes on the nomenclature of the Mollusks of the family Turritidae.
PROC. USNM 54:313-333.
1921. Summary of the marine shellbearing mollusks of the northwest coast of America from San Diego, California to the Polar Sea, etc. USNM BULL. 112:1- 217. 22 pis.
Grant, U.S.,IV and H.R. Gale. 1931. Catalogue of the marine Pliocene and Pleis- tocene Mollusca of California and adjacent regions. SAN DIEGO NAT. HIST. MEM. 1 1036 pp. 32 pis.
Iredale, T. 1915. Some more misused molluscan generic names. PROC. MALAC. SOC. LONDON. 11:291-306.
McLean, James H. and Leroy H. Poorman. 1970. Reinstatement of the turrid genus BeVLasp'iva Conrad, 1868 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) with a review of the known species. CONTRIB. IN SCI. LACM(NH) 189: 11 pp. 16 figs.
FOR YOUR INFORMATION
The American Malacological Union will conduct its 50th Anniversary Meeting in Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., 19-25 July 1981. The meeting will include the regular sessions of scientific papers, lectures, and exhibits on molluscan subjects. Field trips encompass freshwater, terrestrial and fossil habitats. A special symposium will be conducted: "Functional Morphology and Ontogeny of Mbllusca as applied to Higher Category Systematics , " organized and chaired by Richard S. Hbubrick. Additional information and registration forms are available from: Richard S. Houbrick, Dep't. of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.
The Western Society of Malacologists (WSM) annual conference will be held in San Diego (at San Diego State University) from June 23-26, 1981. The San Diego Shell Club will host this meeting. Further details will be forthcoming.
10.
The Festlvus
FROM THE MINUTES
SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB MEETING: November 20, 1980
BY-.
CAROL BURCHARD
Vice President David Mulliner called the meeting to order at 7:50 P.M. and introduced speaker John Duffy, marine biologist with the Department of Fish and Game. He gave an informative slide presentation on diving in Australia. He showed his underwater slides of the flora and fauna of and about Heron Island, Queensland, and Gun Island, Western Australia. John was part of an archeological expedition ex- ploring the 1727 ruin of the Dutch merchant ship ’Zeewyk'.
After the refreshment break the Club officers for 1981 were approved by accla- mation. The new officers are: President: Carol Burchard; Vice President: Ron McPeak; Recording Secretary: Marty Schuler; Corresponding Secretary: Marge Bradner; Treasurer Walter Robertson; Editor: Carole Hertz.
Barbara Myers, Librarian, announced that several VeZigev and Festi-Vus issues are missing and requested that they be returned (see Library News). She also encouraged members to contribute any unwanted back issues of The Fest'ivus to the Club Library. The meeting was adjourned at 9:20 P.M.
SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB CHRISTMAS DINNER: December 13, 1980
BY
CAROL BURCHARD
The annual San Diego Shell Club Christmas party was held at the La Sala Room of the Cafe Del Rey Moro. After a lively cocktail hour at which the thirty-one members and guests attending gaught up on holiday events and the pleasure of seeing old friends, all sat down in the beautifully decorated room for a very pleasant dinner.
Marty Schuler presided over the evening's agenda as dapper Master of Ceremonies. Outgoing President Sandie Seckington presented gifts of appreciation to members who had helped her and the Club throughout the year. The 1981 officers were installed and applauded. Following this the popular shell exchange drew much excitement.
A highlight of the evening was the Christmas choral program presented by the very talented Madison High Honor Ensemble under the direction of Mr. Gilbert Sloan. Later Club members gathered around the piano and enthusiastically sang carols and folk tunes as played by Carole Hertz.
The evening passed too quickly and everyone left in the real holiday spirit.
.CHANGES OF ADDRESS
Everson, Gene 5224 N.W. 17th Court, Lauderhill, Fla. 33313
Herrmann, Richard c/o U.N.E.X.O., Box F-2433, Freeport, Lucay, Bahamas
Mabry, Billee & Don c/o Bratcher, 8121 Mulholland Terrace, Hollywood, Ca. 90046
NEW MEMBERS
Coan, Eugene V. 891 San Jude Ave., Palo Alto, Ca. 94306
Williams, Loralynn 29841 Knollview Dr., Rancho Palos Verdes, Ca. 90274
DUES ARE DUE. Make checks payable to San Diego Shell Club, Inc. and send to the Club address (See front page).
LVo/ . rv/j
0
n
JAN ? 6 1S82
ft Li da
1
L* 9
SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB
FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968
MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.
ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK
President
Vice President... Rec. Secretary... Corres. Secretary
Treasurer
Editor
Carol Burchard Ron H. McPeak Martin Schuler Marjorie Bradner Walter Robertson Carole M. Hertz
ANNUAL DUES: Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $4.00;
Family membership: $5.00; Student membership: $3.00; Overseas surface: $6.00.
CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club, Inc.
c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111
VOL. XIII
FEBRUARY 1981
NO. 2
**********************************************************************
*
*
*
* PROGPAM: Carol Skoglund will give a talk entitled, " Dredging for Mollusks.”
*
*
*
*
* Date: February 19, 1981 Time: 7:30 P.M. Room: 104
*
*************************************************************************************
She will accompany her presentation with slides,
CONTENTS
Coratt^obia fimbv'iata in shallow waters of Hawaii
BURCH, BEATRICE AND THOMAS BURCH 12
Club news 15
Two problematic coralliophilid gastropods
D’ATTILIO, ANTHONY 1 16
Excerpts from the 1981 TIDE CALENDAR FOR THE NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA 20
A day on Oahu at Fort Kamehameha - summer 1980
BRADNER, MARGE 21
12.
The Festivus
CORALLIOBIA FinBRIATA IN SHALLOW WATERS OF HAWAII
BY
BEATRICE AND THOMAS BURCH 236 Kuuhoa Place, Kailua, Hawaii 96734
Recently, the JANTHINA VII has dredged several of the interesting coral loving, free living Coratliobia fimhviata (A. Adams, 1854). Two large living Coralliohia of 27 mm were found on the underside of Leptoseris saabra Vaughn, 1907 in 45-50 fathoms near Waikiki in Mamala Bay, Oahu. Figures 1 and 2 show the dorsal and ventral views of an adult CoraZliobia.
Fig. 1 Dorsal view of adult Fig. 2 Ventral view of adult
CoraZliobia fimbriata^ 27 mm CoraZliobia fimbriata, 27 mm
The living specimens were found with the siphonal canal facing towards the outer margin of the coral and were creamy tan. The body of the large C. fimbriata is white with a faint peach-pink operculum. The black eyes lay at the base of short tentacles. Sculpture of the shell is formed of highly frilled lamellae overlaid by spirally radiating cords. A striking feature of the species is the elaborate layering which surrounds the aperture and which eventually completely encloses the siphonal canal. The aperture is white. Researchers have never found a radula, so it is supposed that feeding is suctorial. The CoraZliobia formed a depression at their site and modification of the coral growth was quite evident. A fine sprinkling of the sessile foraminifer Miniaaina miniaaea (Pallas, 1766) is on the shell and coral. Occurring inside the mantle cavity of the shell was a translucent white commensal pinnotherid crab which left the shell during photography.
Two recently dead shells, one of 5 mm and the other of 7 mm were taken in coral rubble near Lahaina, Maui in 40 fathoms. Views of the 5 mm specimen are shown in
Vol. XIII'<2)
The Festivus
13.
Figures 3,4, and 5.
Fig. 3 Dorsal view C. f-imbri-ata^ 5 mm Fig* 4 Ventral view, C. fi-mbriata, 5 mm
This species of Corattiobia was originally described by A. Adams in 1854 from the Cuming collection. Specimens were taken from coral reefs at Cagayan, Philippines.
A. Adams referred it to Conaholepas subgenus CoratZiob'ia because of its resemblance with the dilated aperture of Conaholepas although recognizing its affinities to Leptoaonahus and perhaps to Pediaularia. Tryon (1883) fol- lowed H. and A. Adams (1854) who placed it under Leptoaonahus although their definition of Leptoaonahus stresses that it lacks an operculum. Smith (1899) illustrated the large specimen, such as we found here in Hawaii, from a specimen in the China Seas and pointed out its differences to the Adams specimen.
In 1941, Teng-Chien Yen reviewed the Chinese gastropods in the British Museum and gave the Smith specimen a new species name of C. smithi
Fig. 5 Lateral view, C. fimbntataj 5 mm
14.
The Festlvus
feeling that it differed sufficiently from the original specimen. He may be cor- rect, but following Habe (1971), Smith (1899) and Kay (1979), I place them all as varying forms and ages of Co'Palli-oh'ia fimbviata.
D'Attilio (1978) listed 270 species names and 27 genera. In 1979 he further listed 17 more species and two more genera, so this worldwide family is large, but many of those names must be synonyms. D’Attilio (1978) wrote that Coralliophilidae occur in coral from intertidal to more than 1000 fathoms extending back to the Upper Cretaceous with most species having fine or coarse spiral cords crossed by prominent scaly lamellae. Apertures in this family are frequently frilled, some even with internal lirae. Although usually the shells are creamy white, many are in shades of pink, lavender and yellowish orange. D'Attilio (1972) described the protoconch as variably smooth or finely transversely lamellated.
One of the adult specimens Lot#76477 and two juvenile specimens Lot//76478 of the Covaltiohia fimbviata have been accessioned into the collection of the San Diego Natural History Museum and one adult on its coral will be accessioned into the molluscan collection of the USNM-NH in the Smithsonian Institution.
The earlier specimens found in the National Museum collection were from the Thaanum Hawaiian collection from Waikiki in 22-23 fathoms taken in 1917. The Smithsonian Institution has a small collection of this species from the Bay of Bengal, similar in shape to this and two others similar to those illustrated in Habe (1971) from the Caroline Islands and from Mauritius.
We wish to express our gratitude to Dr. Joseph Rosewater, Division of Mollusks, Smithsonian Institution, for the use of the molluscan facilities and the library.
Our thanks go to Debbie Robertson of the Department of Invertebrate Zoology of that same institution, for furnishing identification of the corals, to Anthony D’Attilio, San Diego Natural History Museum, Department of Marine Invertebrates, for his interest and suggestions on this paper.
Table 1
SITES OF C. FIMBEIATA DREDGED FROM THE JANTHINA VII
|
Station |
Date |
Site |
Lat . /Long. |
Depth |
Bottom |
Size |
|
|
in fms |
in mm |
||||||
|
79054 |
9 |
Sept. 1979 |
Maui |
020049. 3”N |
40 |
s. , coral |
5 |
|
f 1 |
1 1 |
156942. 2’W \\ |
tl |
rubble f! |
7 |
||
|
(specimens |
found in the |
coral rubble) |
|||||
|
80010 |
3 |
Feb. 1980 |
Oahu |
021016. 5’N |
40-50 |
s. , coral |
27 |
157°51.7'W
II M II
(live specimens on live Leptoseris saabra)
27
Selected References
Adams , Arthur
1854. Descriptions of a new genus, and of several new species of mollusks from the Cumlngian collection. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1852, Pt. 20:92-95. Adams , Henry and Arthur
1853-1858. The Genera of Recent Mollusca. Vols. 1-3:1-661, pis. 1-138.
London: John Van Voorst.
Vol. XIIU2)
The Festivus
15.
D'Attilio, Anthony
1972. Remarks on Coralllophilidae (Gastropoda, Muricacea). The Festivus, 3(8):2-5, figs. 1-16.
1978. Superfamily: Muricacea a catalogue of Coralllophilidae. The Festivus, 10(10) :69-96.
1979. Corrections and additions to the catalogue of the family Coralllophilidae. The Festivus, 11 (10) : 83-85 .
Habe, Tadashige
1964. Shells of the Western Pacific in Color. Volume 2. 233 pp. , 66 pis.
Osaka: Hoikusha Pub. Co., Ltd. (1971 printing).
Kay, E. Alison
1979. Hawaiian Marine Shells Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii, Section 4: Mollusca. 653 pp., 195 figs. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press.
Smith, Edgar A.
1899. Notes of marine shells from north-west Australia, with descriptions of a new species. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 3 (6) : 311-314 , figs 1-5.
Tryon, George W.
1881-1884. Structural and Systematic Conchology. 1195 pp. , 140 pis.
Philadelphia: Author publication.
Yen, Teng-Chien
1942. A review of Chinese gastropods in the British Museum. Proc. Malac. Soc. London , 24:170-289, pis. 11-28.
FROM THE MINUTES
SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB MEETING: JANUARY 15, 1981
BY
MARTIN SCHULER
The first meeting of the new year was called to order at 7:40 P.M. by the new president, Carol Burchard. Guests and seldom seen members were introduced.
Pete Williams then gave his talk on collecting in Okinawa. It was extremely interesting because it covered all aspects of shelling from reef walking to scuba diving. Several high points of the talk were the fluctuation of the tides around the island, and the fact that anything can be purchased on Okinawa provided that you have the money. A basketball watermelon sells for about $20.00J His talk was pro- fusely illustrated with slides and he also brought many specimens that he acquired while there as well as distributing maps of the area and lists of species collected to the members.
Wally Robertson mentioned several books available to Club members at his cost and reported that Jean Musgrove has the March 1969 National Geographic for sale.
After the break, the November minutes were approved and it was announced that Carol Skoglund would be the speaker for February. The president announced the following committees: Library, Barbara Myers and assistant Margaret Mulliner;
Hospitality, John Sage; Telephone, Pat Sage; and David Mulliner as Mentor/ Parliamentarian and Technical Advisor for WSM.
The Club voted to purchase the book. Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Carol Burchard mentioned the immediate and pressing need for a new botanical rep- resentative to the Botanical Garden Foundation and Margaret Mulliner graciously volunteered .
Slides of the December and September parties were shown and were enjoyed by all. The shell drawing was won by Marge Bradner. The meeting was adjourned at 9:30 P.M.
16.
The Festlvus
TWO PROBLEMATIC CORALLIQPHILID GASTROPODS
BY
ANTHONY D'ATTILIO
Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112
Recently a re-examination of the illustrations of the new species of muricacean gastropods described in the Prosobranchia of the Siboga Expedition by Schepman was undertaken. Of particular interest to me were two species assigned by Schepman to the Coralliophilidae as Latiaxis sibogae and Latiaxis via'inuloides .
Close examination of the figures and subsequent examination of the holotypes led me to believe that both might also be assigned to the Muricidae in the genus MurexielZa s.s. Clench and Perez Farfante, 1945, type hidatgoi Crosse, 1869. Lack of soft parts for a radular examination prevented further examination to Indicate the presence or absence of a radula. Its presence would be an unequivocal indication of their assignment to Murex'ietla; the family Coralliophilidae is entirely lacking any trace of a radula.
Because of the ambiguity of their family characters and the limited availability of the Siboga work to most specialists and amateurs, I feel it a worthwhile en- deavor to illustrate these two species and include the descriptions by Schepman. Descriptive notes by me are added to indicate morphological characters not cited in the original descriptions.
LATIAXIS SIBOGAE SCHEPMAN, 1911 Stat. 89. Pulu Kaniungan ketjil. Reef, i Spec.*
Shell elongately-biconical, white. Whorls about 7, of which the upper one forms a rather smooth but not quite intact nucleus ; subsequent whorls angular, obliquely flattened above, contracted towards the deep lower suture. Sculpture consisting of 4 strong spiral lirae on body-whorl and numerous intermediate ones; the strong lirae are sjjinous, the upjjer one has long, slender, hollow spines, which are turned up. on the up]jer whorls is a second row of si'orter spines, on last whorl there are -fiv'e rows at all, of which the third is less conspicuous, one or two rows on the canal are likewise more prominent, moreover the whole shell is covered with lamellae, which in cro.ssmg the lirae are squamous, as well on the stronger as on the intermediate lirae. Aperture triangularly rounded, upper margin short, outer one slightly convex, iniernalh with 4 grooves, corresponding to the strong lirae; columellar margin strongly enamellous, canal rather broad, tortuous, with a free lamella and an umbilical slit behind it, bordered b)' a row of larger scales.
Alt. 17, lat. (without spines) about (with spines 14); apert. alt. (with canal) 8,
lat. 3 Mill.
T his species belongs to the group of diadoua Adams and seems, according to the figure, to be the nearest ally of L. exfoliaius Sow. (Thes. Conch. Vol. V, Latiaxis, p. 3, PI. i, '5)> it is however considerably less conve.x, the aperture is consequently narrower, the spines aie more slender, straighter, more spreading; it agrees by being nearly without umbilicus.
* original description
•Vol. XI II (2)
The Festivus
17.
Fig. 2a. Apertural view of holotype of L. sibogae.
Fig. 2b. Dorsal view of holotype of L. sibogae.
Figures la and lb are reproduced from the original Schepman illustration (Plate 2], figure 8). Figures 2a and 2b are photographs of the holotype.
Additional notes by the author- S^ell 16 mm, moderately high spired, fusiform, protoconch 1^ whorls (somewhat damaged), teleoconch of five whorls, suture strongly impressed, shoulder weakly angulate, aperture ovate, anal sulcus not differentiated, inner lip very weakly erect mostly below, outer lip with four undulations extending within and re- flecting the outer spiral sculpture.
Canal moderately long, open, and recurved with five old canal termina- tions on the fasciole. Axial sculp- ture on body whorl of seven varices (eight varices on penultimate) , ornamented between varices with richly fluted prominent lamellae strongly erect at edge and relatively distantly placed from each other. The same fluted lamellae are found on all spines. Axial sculpture crosses shoul- der diagonally to left terminating at the impressed suture. Spiral sculp- ture consists of a prominent cord at the shoulder terminating at each varix into a long prominent open recurved spine. Three additional scabrous cords are found on the body whorl.
Figs, la and lb. Apertural and dorsal views of L. sibogae from Schepman, 1911.
18.
The Festlvus
with four to five minor intercalary cords, four additional minor cords occur on the canal. Shell color entirely white, lustrous within.
Discussion- Possibly capable of adding another whorl at maturity. The type possesses in the five existing whorls entirely distinctive characters especially apparent in the nature of the strong fluted axial lamellae with the leading edge well elevated.
Only about four or five of these distantly placed lamellae occur between varices lending the shell a very distinctive character.
LATIAXIS EICINULOIDES SCHEPMAN 1911 Stat. 257. Du-roa-strait, Kei-islands. Till 52 M. Coral, i Spec.*
Shell shortly biconical, with short spire, pale yellowish-brown with rosy tints. Whorls 6’/„, of which 1^0 form a smooth nucleus, followed by a short bilirate space; subsequent whorls angular, with a row of spines growing gradually larger, 7 on last whorl; these spines are slender, spreading, slightly upturned, hollow, rose coloured in their interior; the upper part of whorls is nearly horizontal, but a little declining, with narrow lirae, occupying also the upper surface of spines and partly squamous, lower part of last whorl with 4 conspicuous lirae, interrupted by varices below each spine; these varices form short spines or scales, about 2 on each crossing- point; moreover fine intermediate lirae and slightly squamous growth-striae give a scabrous appearance to the shell. Aperture elongately-triangular, upper margin nearly horizontal, outer one thin, undulated by the lirae, slightly convex, interiorly of a beautiful rose-colour, with a few grooves, corresponding to the lirae, columellar margin appressed above, free below, at the narrow but conspicuous umbilicus, which is bordered externally by a row of coarse, rosy scales; canal short, wide.
Alt. 14, lat. (without spines) S’/.t, (with s])ines 19); apert. alt. (with canal) SY2, lat. 3^2 1^1111-
Though this specimen is probably not quite adult, it is too beautiful and characteristic to be neglected. 1 know no s{)ecie^ like it.
Figs. 3a and 3b. Apertural and dorsal views of L. r'io'tnuZo'ides from Schepman, 1911
* original description
Vol. XIHC2)
The Festlvus
19.
Fig. 4b Dorsal view of the holotype of L. riainuloides.
Shell 12 mm, broadly angulately fusiform, spire low, protoconch of 1^, rounded whorls, body with four whorls, aperture narrowly ovate, columella with two swollen cord- like areas posteriorly, inner lip entirely adherent, outer lip undu- late, reflecting the spiral cords, and sulcus not clearly defined, canal short, broadly open, very weakly recurved, umbilicate, four previous canal terminations on the fasciole. Axial sculpture of six varices, scabrous on their leading edge. A strong spiral cord at the shoulder terminates at each varix Fig. 4a Apertural view of the holotype of
into a long weakly raised open spine, L. v'ic'inutoides .
these spines are additionally incised with seven to eight grooves, three spiral cords on the body whorl and one on the canal all terminating at the varices into moderate raised open spines.
The minor cords are noticeably scabrous and all axial sculpture crosses the shoulder strongly to the left. Shell color pale ochre yellow, columella flushed with pink.
Discussion- Although without any extra- ordinary characters the small shell is distinguished by its low spire, the long shoulder spines, and the broad angulate shoulder. The nature of the aperture appears to indicate immaturity within the genus.
Figures 3a and 3b are reproduced from the original Schepman illus- tration (Plate 21, figure 7). Figures 4a and 4b are photographs of the holotype of L. V'io'tnu'lo'tdes Additional notes by the author-
Acknowledgments
I thank Dr. Henry E. Coomans for arranging the loan of the holotype material from the Instituut Voor Taxonomische Zoologie (Zoologisch Museum) Universiteit Van Amsterdam and Mr. David K. Mulliner, Festivus staff photographer, for photographing the types.
20.
The Festivus
1
Literature cited
Clench, William J. and I. Perez Farfante
1945. The genus Muvex in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia l(17):l-58. 29 nls. Crosse, H.
1869. Diagnoses Molluscorum novorum. Jour, de Conchyl. 17:408-410.
1871. Jeur. de Conchyl. 19:68, pi. 1, fig. 4.
Schepman, M. M.
1911. Siboga Espeditie, Monograph 49. Prosobranchia Pt. 4. Rachiglossa 247-363, pis. 18-24. '
EXCERPTS FROM THE 1981 TIDE CALENDAR FOR THE NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA
The Festivus entries will usually show only periods of low tides of -4.0 feet and below beginning with March 1981.
These tidal measurements for Puerto Penasco are given in Mountain Standard Time, To correct for San Felipe, subtract one hour from listed times (San Felipe is on Pacific Standard Time). For Bahia de los Angeles, add 15-30 minutes to calendar predictions (amplitude there is that of calendar measurements). Tides at Guaymas and Santa Ro-
Mar .
Apr.
Mav
June
|
alia |
larno*" |
be |
estimated |
using this |
calendar . |
|||||
|
4. |
-4.5' |
at |
7:00 |
P .M. |
Jul\ |
' 1. |
-4.8' |
at |
7:00 |
A.M. |
|
5. |
-5.8' |
at |
8:00 |
P.M. |
2. |
-4.5' |
at |
8:00 |
A.M. |
|
|
6. |
-4.0’ |
at |
8:30 |
A.M. |
3. |
-4.0' |
at |
9:00 |
A.M. |
|
|
-5.9' |
at |
8:40 |
P.M. |
30. |
-4.1' |
at |
7:30 |
A.M. |
||
|
7. |
-4.1' |
at |
9:00 |
A.M. |
31. |
-3.9' |
at |
8:50 |
A.M. |
|
|
-5.0’ |
at |
9:30 |
P.M. |
|||||||
|
8. |
-4.2' |
at |
8:30 |
A.M. |
Sept . |
13. |
-3.9' |
at |
6:30 |
A.M. |
|
-3.9' |
at |
9:00 |
P.M. |
14. |
-4.0' |
at |
7:50 |
A.M. |
||
|
9. |
-4.0' |
at |
k50 |
A.M. |
Oct . |
12. |
-3.9' |
at |
6:00 |
A.M. |
|
2 . |
-4.0' |
at |
6:50 |
P.M. |
-4.0' |
at |
7:00 |
P.M. |
||
|
3. |
-3.9' |
at |
7:10 |
A.M. |
13. |
-4.0' |
at |
7:30 |
A.M. |
|
|
-5.0' |
at |
6:30 |
P.M. |
-4.5' |
at |
8:00 |
P.M. |
|||
|
4. |
-5.0' |
at |
8:00 |
A.M. |
14. |
-3.9' |
at |
8:00 |
A.M. |
|
|
-5.3' |
at |
8:10 |
P.M. |
-4.8' |
at |
8:30 |
P.M. |
|||
|
5. |
-5.9' |
at |
8:00 |
A.M. |
15. |
-4.1' |
at |
9:00 |
P.M. |
|
|
-4.1' |
at |
8:30 |
P.M. |
Nov. |
9. |
-4.0' |
at |
5:50 |
P.M. |
|
|
6. |
-5.7' |
at |
9:00 |
A.M. |
10. |
-5.2' |
at |
6:30 |
P.M. |
|
|
7 . |
-4.5' |
at |
9:40 |
A.M. |
11. |
-5.9' |
at |
7:30 |
P.M. |
|
|
2. |
-4.1' |
at |
6:30 |
A.M. |
12. |
-5.8' |
at |
8:10 |
P.M. |
|
|
-3.9' |
at |
7:10 |
P.M. |
1-3. |
-5.0' |
at |
9:30 |
P.M. |
||
|
3. |
-5.8' |
at |
6:40 |
A.M. |
||||||
|
-3.9' |
at |
7:00 |
P.M. |
Dec. |
8. |
-3.9’ |
at |
5:40 |
P.M. |
|
|
4. |
-6.0; |
at |
7:40 |
A.M. |
9. |
-5.0' |
at |
6:30 |
P.M. |
|
|
5. |
-6.0' |
at |
8:30 |
A.M. |
10. |
-5.9' |
at |
7:00 |
P.M. |
|
|
6. |
-5.0' |
at |
9:30 |
A.M. |
11. |
-6.0' |
at |
8:30 |
P.M. |
|
|
12. |
-5.9' |
at |
9:00 |
P.M. |
||||||
|
1. |
-5.8' |
at |
6:30 |
A.M. |
13. |
-4.0' |
at |
9:00 |
P.M. |
|
|
2. |
-6.0' |
at |
7:10 |
A.M. |
||||||
|
3. |
-5.9' |
at |
8:10 |
A.M. |
||||||
|
4. |
-4.3' |
at |
9:00 |
A.M. |
||||||
|
17. |
-3.9’ |
at |
7:30 |
A.M. |
||||||
|
oc |
-3. 95 'at |
8:00 |
A.M. |
|||||||
|
30. |
-4.0' |
at |
7:00 |
A.M. |
Vol. xiiif:(2)
The Festivus
21.
A DAY ON OAHU AT FORT KAHEHAMEHA - SUmER 1980
BY
MARGE BRADNER
1867 Camlnito Marzella, La Jolla, California 92037
The sun broke over the Kaulaus to a sparkling bright morning when Hans Bertsch picked me up in Waikiki for a shelling trip to Fort Kamehameha. We made one stop at Pearl Harbor for Bob Schoening before going to Fort Kam's mangrove bordered beach. The tide was so low that water barely reached our knees as we sloshed through the mud bottomed shallows, passing limu (seaweed) collectors, to a small sand island. Beyond the island the water visibility cleared and the depth increased until we reached the barely submerged reef. Here the gentle lapping of the water rarely reached above our ankles except when the wash from the wake of a warship, excursion boat, or pleasure craft sent ripples over the water surface. We were at the edge of the deep water Pearl Harbor channel. Local legend tells of a 14 foot Hammerhead shark that inhabits these waters, rarely (if ever) seen, but feared by locals and visitors alike.
The reef drops to a plateau four to six feet below the surface before plunging to the channel. This is a good snorkeling depth and I was in my element, turning rocks, looking in crevasses, and admiring the sea life. There were sea urchins in abundance, Eehinothvix diadema, E. calamaris , Eohinometra mathaei, E. obtonga,
"Stumpy bumpy" urchins and "sit-upons".
Hans immediately headed for the orange and slate gray sponge-covered canyon walls with his camera looking for two nudibranchs, Hypsetodoris 'tnfuaata and Chromodords godeffvoyana which were recently reported from this area for the first time in papers by Hans Bertsch and Scott Johnson. Bob’s shell searching was limited. The sleeve for his borrowed aqualung tank did not fit nor could it be modified to fit. Bob's aborted attempts to dive were hilarious. Mouthpiece in place, tank tucked under his arm, feet kicking, he was barely able to get below the surface. However, shallow collecting was good. He came back with the most interesting find of the day — a tiny unidentifiable, golden miter.
We found many common shells: MomAla uva, Dvupa vdaina, llevdta pdcea, Mitra olivaeformis, Cypraea aaput serpent is , C. helvola, C. fimbriataj C. teres, C. macutifera.
A few days later at the monthly Hawaiian Malacological Society meeting on "buy, sell, and trade" tables, we saw Cypraea ahinensis, C. rashleighana, C. sohilderiana, and C. semiplota crawling up the sides of salt water containers. For gem specimen, live, rare shells "Mo bettah go shell club meeting."
The Veliger Volumes 16(4) and 20(1) are still missing from the Library. If anyone has theseTections or would like to donate duplicate copies to the Library, please
notify Barbara Myers.
♦ . . .■ » t
X
\
. 1'
li'TQ
■M^'
, ’ ;jj
‘ -xfi .t- »
l<.V-?!fVT'-
•v^-’
Al‘
■* / . I'ir 'iT'-
I '' ^ •' ij iA'* * M 4 ' t> ‘ M vV’ ^
.' ■ ,,v*!
•'• '-1 ■v: ;vr»
• ml V .Ulrli
»i m i ’fc^
>.:r: V. fwV'Jffftij
I', ■i-jt-
♦ifiV
( ! .
. I i
■’ '"'i
J i M
THE
FESTIVD5
JAN 2 6 198?
/\ r,l f ■ J
i^Ja i\iM h j ,
^ SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB
FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968
MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.
ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK
President Carol Burchard
Vice President Ron H. McPeak
Rec. Secretary Martin Schuler
Corres. Secretary Marjorie Bradner
Treasurer Walter Robertson
Editor Carole M. Hertz
ANNUAL DUES; Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $4.00;
Family membership: $5.00; Student membership: $3.00; Overseas surface: $6.00.
CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club, Inc.
c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111
VOL. XIII march 1981 NO. 3
*****************************************************************************************
*
*
*
*
* PROGFAM: Dr. Hans Bertsch will give an illustrated talk on Nudibranchs of Hawaii.
7C
*
*
* Bring in your minute shells. A display of micromollusks is planned for
* this meeting. Five microscopes will be available for viewing these tiny
* mollusks.
*
*
*
J Date* March 19, 1981 Time: 7*30 "P.M. Room: 204upstairs
VC ’
*
*****************************************************************************************
CONTENTS
Club news 23
One dive: September 24, 1980
EVANS, ROGER A 24
A review of several eastern Pacific B'itt'ium species (Gastropoda; Cerithiidae)
HERTZ, JULES 25
DUES ARE DUE BY JANUARY 1 AND ARE DELINQUENT BY APRIL 1. Please send dues to the Club address or to Walter Robertson, Treasurer, by March 26 so you will be Included on the 1981 Club roster.
X-
23.
The Festlvus
FROM THE MINUTES
SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB MEETING: FEBRUARY 19, 1981
BY
MARTIN SCHULER
Carol Burchard called the meetin.^ to order at 7:35 P.M, Guests and new members were introduced. Ron McPeak then presented the evening’s speaker, Carol Skoglund who spoke on Dredging for Mollusks. Her talk was profusely illustrated with slides in- cluding many pictures of shells that were brought up from the depths. She gave much useful information on the mechanics of dredging presenting her material in such a way that we all wanted to try dredging. (The Festivus will publish her talk in a future issue . Ed . ) .
After coffee break the January minutes were accepted and Carol Burchard called upon the membership to donate shells to the annual shell auction to be held in April,
This auction raises the funds which support The Festivus and all members are urged to donate generously.
The Board recommended raising the annual dues in 1982 to offset the rise in pos- tal rates. The motion was discussed and passed. The dues for 1982 will be as follows. Single member: $5.00, Familv membership: $6.00, Overseas surface: $8:00, Student: $3.00.
The Library Committee announced that the library was being reorganized and a list of library holdings would be availble as soon as the project was completed. It was requested that any outstanding books be returned to the library.
Carol “^koglund gave some information on the upcoming WSM meeting to be held in San Diego in June. Details will be sent to the Club shortly.
John Sage won the shell drawing. The meeting was adjourned at 9:00 P.M,
THE ANNUAL AUCTION/POTLUCK APRIL 25, 1981
The Club’s annual Auction/Potluck, our most fantastic social event (and only fund- raiser) will again be held at the home of Marge and Hugh Bradner on April 25. A map will be included in the April issue.
The auction proceeds provide the major portion of the Club’s operating funds. The Festivus depends on its success for its budget. The Club’s purchases for the Library, donations to scientific publications and participation in the Greater San Diego Science Fair depend on the generosity of Club members in their donations and purchases at this auction.
It seems that we have started late this year in requesting donations of quality shells with as much data as possible from our members and friends. Members are urgently requested to bring their shells for donation to the March meeting or to make s with a Board member for their pickup or delivery.
Food signup lists and details of the auction arrangements will be discussed at the March meeting.
The Western Society of Malacologists (WSM) will award a grant of $500 to an undergraduate or graduate student for the academic year 1981-1982, The grant is offered to initiate or further research concerned with molluscs, in systematics. biology, ecology, paleon- tology, or related fields. Entrants must be undergraduate or graduate students at a college or university, or marine or field station. Completed application and research proposal and outline of academic background with a letter from a faculty member or professional scientist supervising or knowing of the student’s work are required. Deadline: May 1, 1981. For application form write to Dr. Vida C. Kenk. WSM committee on student grants. Dept, biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, Ca. 95192.
Vol. XITI(3)
The Festivus
24.
QNE DIVE: SEPTEriBER 2^, 1930
BY
ROGER A. EVANS
1900 Camino de la Costa #1 Redondo Beach, California 90277
The cliffs of the Palos Verdes Peninsula in southern California are a formidable barrier to a diver and his gear, but the collecting in the waters below provides in- centive to negotiate the steep trails.
On September 24, 1980 I completed a scuba dive off the northern edge of the Palos Verdes Peninsula in an area known as Flat Rock. Surface conditions were ideal and the
water visibility was an excellent 25 feet or more. This particular area has several
finger reefs running perpendicular to shore in 10 to 40 feet of water. A sandy bottom separates the reefs and the entire area lies under the canopy of a MacroayBt-is pyrifera bed. Live THowisia now'is'l are common on the Maovocystis as well as on the reefs below. Several live Astraea undosa, ranging in size from about 50 to 80 mm, were
observed on the reefs in 10 to 20 feet of water. At a depth of 40 feet, Astvaea
gZbberosa became fairly common on the sand and ranged in size from approximately 40 to 50 mm. A few live Pteropurpura trialata were observed in less than 20 feet of water along rock ledges. These specimens measured up to 60 mm and included the all white variety as well as the usual dark banded form.
My collecting takes place in sand troughs where, at times, large numbers of recently dead shells accumulate. Sand troughs, valley-like depressions in the sand, are commonly found on sandy bottoms and are the result of wave activity. The physical contours of the shallow ocean bottom are constantly changing resulting in fluctuating collecting conditions. The positioning of sand troughs in any one area may vary from dive to dive, as will the contents of those troughs. The trick is to locate sand troughs with recently dead shells in abundance.
The following specimens were trough collected as dead shells in 30 to 40 feet of water. They represent an average dive in this area, not one of my better collecting efforts there. The measurements given represent the greatest dimension of the various species collected, be it height, width, or length.
|
NUMBER COLLECTED |
SPECIES |
SIZE |
|
1 |
Diodora aspera (Rathke, 1833) |
11 mm |
|
1 |
Calliostoma gloriosum Dali, 1871 |
15 mm |
|
2 |
Norrisia norrisi (Sowerby, 1838) |
46-47 mm |
|
1 |
Astraea undosa (Wood, 1828) |
54 mm |
|
2 |
Hipponix timens Carpenter, 1864 |
10-16 mm |
|
2 |
Crepidula onyx Sowerby, 1824 |
20-37 mm |
|
1 |
Cvepipatella lingulata (Gould, 1846) |
19 mm |
|
4 |
Pusula oalifomiana (Gray, 1827) |
8-10 mm |
|
5 |
Pusula padreserrai Cate, 1979 |
17-20 mm |
|
4 |
Cypraea spadioea Swainson, 1823 (juveniles) |
20-26 mm |
|
1 |
Sirmia vidleri (Sowerby, 1881) |
18 mm |
|
1 |
Olivella baetica Carpenter, 1864 |
12 mm |
|
1 |
Conus calif ovnicus Reeve, 1844 |
31 mm |
|
1 |
Bulla gouldiana Pilsbry, 1893 |
26 mm |
|
1 |
Aateoaina oulcitella (Gould, 1853) |
26 mm |
|
1 |
Cyliohna diegensis (Dali, 1919) |
14 . 4 mm |
|
1 |
Einnites giganteus (Gray, 1825) (juvenile) |
23 mm |
|
1 |
Tr achy car dium quadragenarium (Conrad, 1837) |
56 mm |
|
2 |
Ventricolaria fordii (Yates, 1890) |
33-41 mm |
25.
The Festlvus
A REVIEW OF SEVERAL EASTERN PACIFIC BITTIUf^ SPECIES (GASTROPODA: CERITHIIDAE)
BY
JULES HERTZ
Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park, P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112
INTRODUCTION
A historical review and status of the genus Bittium Leach in Gray, 1847 has recently been presented by Houbrick (1977:101-103). The purpose of this paper is to clarify the nomenclatural and taxonomic problems in some closely related species of Bittium from the eastern Pacific. The following valid units of Bittium species:
Bittium asperum (Gabb, 1861); Bittium vugatwn Carpenter, 1864; and Bittivm subplanatum Bartsch, 1911 are evaluated, clarified, and summarized with respective synonymies. A conservative approach has been followed concerning generic placement. The subgenera proposed by Bartsch (1911:384-385) are only mentioned from a historical standpoint.
DISCUSSION
Among the Bittium of the eastern Pacific are several that have similar sculpture but are quite variable within species. This leads to difficulties in identification. Those to be discussed here are Bittium asperum (Gabb, 1861); Bittium aspevum tomaense Bartsch, 1911; Bittium rugatum Carpenter, 1864; and Bittium subplanatum Bartsch, 1911. Bartsch (1911:384) placed these as well as others into subgenera based on shell characteristics such as that of smoothness of the nuclear whorl, the presence or absence of varices on postnuclear whorls, and the relative strength of the spiral and axial sculpture. Grant and Gale (1931:759) suggested that many subdivisions of Bittium were probably artificial and should be discarded when a natural classification is worked out. Houbrick (1977:102) states that "most of the supraspecif ic taxa proposed for Bittium are parochial in conception and scope, are based on specific rather than generic characters and convey misleading or little phylogenetic information." He suggests that a number of generic and subgeneric taxa be abandoned or synonymized and suggests that species formerly referred to these taxa be considered as Bittium species until the entire group is monographed and subgeneric taxa are properly evaluated on the basis of more than shell characters. I concur with this approach.
Specimens examined in this study were obtained from the California Academy of Sciences (CAS), San Francisco, California; Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP) , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; San Diego Natural History Museum (SDNHM) , San Diego, California; and the United States National Museum collections (USNM) in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Gabb (1861:368) originally described Bittium asperum from a fossil shell from Santa Barbara, California and named it Turbonilla aspera. In 1866, Gabb provided an additional description, recognized it as a Bittium, and figured a specimen. Carpenter (1866:276) wrote that he was informed by Gabb that Turbonilla aspera was a Bittium and that the type unfortunately was not accessible. Carpenter stated that should the type be recovered and prove distinct from the shell he named Bittium asperum, then this latter shell should take the name of Bittium rugatum. This confusing occurrence is discussed in greater detail on page 32 .
Gabb's original description for B. asperum is "Shell elongated acute; expanded
VoL. XIII (3)
The Festivus
26.
at the inner anterior margin, angulated behind; columella nearly straight. Surface of the whorls most prominent a little below the middle, and marked by about ten very prominent longitudinal ribs not continuous from one whorl to another. These ribs are crossed by three revolving lines, which take the form of acute ribs between the longitudinal ones, but develope into large nodes on their crest; under surface of the body whorl marked by four additional plain revolving ribs, becoming smaller in advance. The shell described was reported as 7.1 mm (0.28 in) long, having a 2.0 mm (0.08 in) wide body whorl, and a mouth length of 1.5 mm (0.06 in). In 1866, Gabb figured a specimen that had a length of about 8.9 mm (0.35 in) and described it as follows.
"Shell long, slender; whorls twelve or thirteen; nuclear whorls smooth, others marked by ten or twelve strong, longitudinal ribs, crossed by four or five sharp, filiform, revolving ribs with broad interspaces; suture deep. Under surface smooth, or marked by one or two ribs near the angle. Mouth longer than broad, produced below and slightly expanded at the columellar angle; lips acute." Stewart (1927:357) figured the anterior portion as well as a full apertural view of a specimen of B. aspenon labelled in Gabb's handwriting "original specimen." These are reproduced here as Figures 1 and 2. The shell, 8.3mm (0.33 in) long, was a little longer that the length given in 1861 and a little shorter than the length given in 1866. He thought it was probably the shell figured in 1866 and designated it as the neotype. Stewart’s description of the neotype follows. "The suture is bordered posteriorly by an un- broken prominent spiral; the other four spirals - the posterior one is small - are crossed by eleven axials forming nodes at their intersections. The base has one prominent spiral and two faint ones. The columella is straight and the outer lip is broken." Stewart gives the neotype as ANSP 4333.
ANSP 4333 was borrowed for study and to my surprise contained 61 specimens.
Dr. Bogan (1980) of the ANSP assures me that the neotype had not been stored separately Among these was one shell that I believe to be Stewart’s designated neotype.
Photographs of this specimen at a magnification of 13. 3X are shown here as Figures 3 and 4. The specimen’s nucleus is shown as Figure 5. The nucleus was damaged and the mollusk apparently replugged the apical opening. The protoconch is slightly hetero- strophic and submerged. Examination of ANSP 4333 revealed that most of the specimens are probably Bittium rugatum Carpenter, 1864 and one specimen markedly different in sculpture has yet to be identified.
Arnold (1903:291) described B. aspevum from specimens identified by Dr. Dali. A specimen 10.5 mm (0.41 in) long was reported as having nine to ten whorls and sculpture consisting of three spiral ridges crossed by sixteen to eighteen much more prominent ridges. This is vastly different from Gabb’s descriptions in which smaller shells had
Figure 1. Neotype of
B. asperum (Gabb, 1861), 3X
Figure 2. Anterior portion of neotype of B. aspenon^ IIX
27.
The Festivus
Figure 3. Apertural view of neotype of B. asperwn, 13. 3X
Figure 4. Dorsal view of
neotype of B. asperwn, 13. 3X
more whorls and many fewer axial ridges.
Arnold's description is more typical of B. rugatum than that of B. asperwn. His description and figure of B. rugatum ^in the same paper (1903:295) from shells identified by Dr. Dai;Q is distinguished by having flattened whorls, a nodose- cancellated sculpture, and approximately 30 axial ribs on the body whorl. As will be shown later, this is quite different from the type of B. rugatum. Arnold's figure and description of this latter shell closely resembles the standard form of Bittium munitum (Carpenter, 1864).
Bartsch (1911:405) described and figured B. asperwn from a Santa Barbara fossil, USNM 165231. This is the most thorough description in the literature.
The shell he described had lost its nucleus and probably the first postnuclear turn, and therefore his description of the nucleus must have been based on other specimens. His description of the nuclear whorls was as follows: "Nuclear whorls small, a little more than one, marked by two moderately strong spiral cords, one a little posterior to the periphery and the other on the middle of the whorl, otherwise smooth." A photograph of the specimen described by Bartsch is reproduced here as Figure 6. It is
Figure 5. Protoconch of neotype of B. asperwn (Gabb, 1861), 50X
Vol. XIIK3)
The Festivus
28.
very similar in sculpture to Gabb's neotype (Figures 3,4) Bartsch (1911:406) named a new subspecies Bittiion asperum lomaense. He stated that it was similar to B. aspevum (Gabb, 1861) but differed in being uniformly smaller, more slender, and in having more ribs. He com- pared a specimen of B. aspeTum having 10 postnuclear whorls that was 8.1 mm (0.32 in) long with a specimen of B. asperum lomaense having the same number of whorls.
The latter measured only 7.1 mm (0.28 in). The type and 21 specimens were dredged in 71 to 75 fathoms off Ft.
Loma Light, San Diego, California. Bartsch claimed that B. asperum lomaense is a living representative of B. asperum, the latter being a post-Pliocene species.
Bartsch also cited a second lot, USNM 23744, of B. asperum lomaense containing 24 specimens dredged in 30 fathoms off Santa Catalina Island, California. I studied these and found them consistent in appearance and similar in sculpture to the type figured by Bartsch. Recent photographs of the type specimen of B. asperum lomaense are shown as Figures 7 and 8. All of the specimens
Figure 6. Syntype of B. asperum described by Bartsch (1911)
Figure 7. Apertural view of Figure 8. Dorsal view of type type specimen of B. asperum specimen of B. asperum lomaense, lomaense, 13. 7X 13. 7X
29.
The Festivus
dredged off Santa Catalina were decollate,
Bartsch's type specimen was somewhat worn on the nucleus, and Figure 9 is a drawing of the protoconch.
Contrary to Bartsch’s claim that B. asperum is a fossil species, there have been numerous citations of living specimens in the literature.
These include Tryon (1887:153), Cooper (1888:230),
Arnold (1903:291), Weaver (1909:264), Smith (1912:
175), English (1914:210), Martin in Lawson (1916:
255), T.S. Oldroyd (1925:16), Burch (1945, 54:33), and Hunan (1973:15). Most of the early citations are based on the early reports by Cooper (1871 :iv and 1880:230). I have not examined any of the Recent specimens of B. asperum. Because of the confusion in the literature on the appearance of S. asperum and some species which closely resemble it, I reserve judgement on whether B. asperum is a fossil species or both a fossil and a living species.
In order to further study B. asperum, I borrowed a large lot of fossil specimens from Dr. Barry Roth of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California. The following data were provided with this lot (CAS 82). "California: Santa Barbara; pale yellowish gray sandstone interbedded with hard calcareous layers. Collector and date not recorded but probably 1920 's or 1930’ s." Of the 84 specimens in this lot, 36 had good protoconchs. The lot could be separated into two groups by sculp- ture with a wide range of sculpture within groups. The first group consists of shells which have the general appearance of B. asperum and B. asperum lomaense. The range of sculpture is illustrated by the shells pictured in Figures 10 and 11. Thirty-three shells fell into this group of which 15 had a complete and recognizable protoconch. The others were decollate. The figured specimens are described in detail in Table 1. The shells of Figure 10 are larger in size for fewer postnuclear whorls than the shells of B. asperum and B. asperum lomaense described by Bartsch. Specimen 10b more nearly approaches the axial sculpture of B. asperum at its extreme.
Specimens 10a and 10c look like the neotype of B. asperum (Figures 3 and 4) in terms of sculpture. The shells in Figure 11 are much longer than the specimens figured by Bartsch and have about the same number of postnuclear whorls. They have one to two more axial ribs on the body whorl than the type specimen of B. asperum lomaense.
Since the range of sculpture in this group of fossil shells covers the forms described by Gabb and Bartsch respectively as B. asperum and B. asperum lomaense^ I propose that B. asperum lomaense is neither a valid subspecies nor a valid species. Therefore, I have included B. asperum lomaense Bartsch, 1911 in the synonymy of B. asperum (Gabb, 1861).
The protoconch for specimen 10b is illustrated in Figure 12, and Figure 13 is a drawing of the protoconch of specimen 11a. The protoconch for B. asperum is slightly heterostrophic and submerged. This agrees with the protoconch of the type specimen of B. asperum lomaense illustrated in Figure 9.
Grant and Gale (1931:760) described and figured a new variety of B. asperum from a single incomplete fossil specimen. They named this variety B. asperum dilatatum.
The shell (SDNHM 210) is "relatively much shorter and broader, with coarser sculpture, fewer spirals, and fewer axials." The shell is decollate and therefore difficult to really evaluate.
Figure 9. Drawing of the protoconch of type specimen of B. asperum lomaense. 5 OX. Surface slightly eroded.
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31.
The Festivus
Figure 10. Specimens of B. asperwn from lot CAS 82. From left to right, specimens 10a, 10b and 10c have respective lengths of 8.0, 7.8, and 8.0 mm.
Figure 11. Specimens of B. asperum from lot CAS 82. From left to right, specimens 11a and 11b have respective lengths of 9.5 and 11.0 mm.
I
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Figure 12. Two views of protoconch of | B. aspevum - fossil specimen (10b) l from lot CAS 82, 50X. •
Figure 13. Two views of protoconch of B. asperum - fossil specimen (11a) from lot CAS 82, earliest portion of protoconch is at right angle to whorl and submerged, 50X.
ol. XIIK3)
'T’he ■^estlvus
32.
The remainder of the shells from CAS 82, although highly variable, appear to be Bittium rugatum Carpenter, 1864. Carpenter first proposed the name*in 1864 (p. 539). However, in writing the description, he referred it to B. aspevum (p. 655). The description was brief as follows: "Same aspect: upper whirls fsic^ with 2 strong and 2 faint keels over less prominent ribs." The "same aspect" refers to the previously mentioned specimen (5. quadrifi-Zatum) . Carpenter believed that the nucleus of B. fiZoswn Gould (= B. eschviohtii Middendorf ) , B. quadrifilatum n.s., B. asperum n.s., and B. armitZaticm n.s. were clearly distinguishable from Cerithium or Rissoa.
Carpenter (1866:276) cleared up the confusion with the following statement. "Mr. Gabb informs me that TuvhoniZZa aspeva is a Bittiim, Unfortunately the type is not acces- sible; and as the diagnosis would fit several closely allied species it cannot be said with precision to which it rightfully applies. As this is the coranonest of the group, it is presumed that it is the "Tuvhon'iZZa" intended. Should the type, however, be recovered, and prove distinct, this shell should take the name of B. rugatum, under which I wrote the diagnosis, and which was unfortunately printed in the Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 539. The fossil specimens are in much better condition than the recent shells as yet discovered." Carpenter also included at this time a more detailed Latin description of B. rugatum. The Carpenter description as translated by Col. George Hanselman is included in Table 2. Much of the early literature continued the con- fusion. Palmer (1958:179) notes that Bittium asperum "Gabb," Tryon, 1887, Man. Conch., vol. IX:153 in part, pi. 30, fig. 1 = B. rugatum copy from Reeve, 1865, Conch. Icon., vol. 15, Cerithium, pi. XIX, fig. 140. Other citations of B. asperum Carpenter besides those of Carpenter are Cooper (1867:28) and Cooper in Williamson (1892:205). Arnold's confusion (1903:291) has already been noted.
Bartsch (1911:397) wrote a more detailed description of B. rugatum and figured two specimens to point out the large variations in shell characteristics. The Bartsch description is given in Table 2. The specimen Bartsch described is one of six spe- cimens (USNM 7971), from the post-Pliocene of Santa Barbara. One of the specimens he figured was Carpenter's type (USNM 7154), Recent photographs of this specimen are included h( , haracteristics
Figure 15. Dorsal view of
B. rugatum, type specimen, lOX Hardened mounting wax on dorsum.
Figure 14. Apertural view B. rugatum, type specimen.
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Vol. XIII(3)
The Festivus
34.
between B. rugatxm and B. asp&wun are the nucleus and the number of axial ribs. The nucleus of B. rugatum consists of a little more than one, well rounded, smooth whorl. The shell has about 16 to 20 axial ribs on the penultimate whorl as compared to about 10 to 12 for B. asperum. The type of B. rugatum has about 20 axial ribs on the pen- ultimate whorl rather than the 24 in Bartsch’s description. It is understandable that B. asperum and B. rugatum have long been mistaken for each other, since they have many outward similarities in sculpture and they are found together as fossil specimens. In CAS 82, 51 of the shells were identified as B. rugatum. Twenty-one of these had protoconchs, while the others were decollate. There were large sculp- tural variations within the group of 51 B. rugatum^ and some of these are shown by the specimens pictured in Figures 16 through 21.
Figure 16. Specimen of B. rugatum from CAS 82, approximately 18 axial ribs on body whorl, intercalary thread on body whorl between two anterior cords. 9.8X.
Figure 17. Specimen of B. rugatum from CAS 82, about 16 axial ribs and two intercalary threads on body whorl, 8.4X.
Figure 18. Specimen of B. rugatum from CAS 82, about 22 axial ribs on body whorl, depression along length of columella, no intercalary threads,
10. 7X.
35.
The Festivus
Figure 19. Specimen of B. rugatum from CAS 82 , similar to Figure 18, several Intercalary threads on body whorl, 9. IX
The protoconch for B. vugatim (specimen 17) is illustrated in Figure 22. It shows a well- rounded nuclear whorl rather than the canted appearance of the nucleus of B. aspevum (see Figures 12 and 13). Woodring,* Bramlette , and Kew (1946:67) contrast the "stout rounded nuclear whorls" of B. rugatum with "an angu- lation at the upper edge of the nuclear whorls" for B. asperum. They state that "the angulation may be regarded as a spiral; a second spiral is introduced below the periphery, either on the nucleus or at the transition between nuclear and postnuclear whorls."
Bartsch (1911:395-396) described and figured a new species, Bittium subplanatum^ that is very similar to B. rugatum with the excep- tions that B. subptanatum has more axial ribs and many more intercalated cords. Bartsch' s description follows.
Figure 20. Two specimens of B. rugatum from CAS 82, approximately 18 axial ribs on body whorl, very prominent rounded cord in sutures, lOX.
Figure 21. Specimen of B. rugatum from CAS 82, about 14 axial ribs on body whorl, approaches the sculpture of B. asperum j 13X.
J
Vol. XIII(3)
The Festivus
36.
Figure 22. Two views of protoconch of B. rugatum - fossil specimen (Fig. 17) from CAS 82, 50X.
* Shell broadly elongate-conic, milk white. Nuclear whorls a little more than one, well rounded, smooth. The first of the post-nuclear whorls well rounded, marked by three spiral cords, one of which is at
the summit, another on the middle of the whorl, while the third is a little above the suture. The succeeding turns show four spiral cords, of which the one at the summit is a little less strong than the rest; the remaining three divide the space between the sutures into four equal parts. Beginning with the fourth whorl, intercalated cords make their appearance between the primary ones, so that on the last whorl we have an intercalated cord and. sometimes two between all the primary cords; these, however, are never quite as strong as the principal ones. ‘ In addition to the spiral cords, the whorls are marked by decidedly curved, slender, well-rounded, almost vertical, axial ribs, which are scarcely indicated on the first turn, while 14 of them occur upon the second and third, 16 upon the fourth, 18 upon the fifth and sixth, 22 upon the seventh, 24 upon the eighth, and 26 upon the penultimate turn. The intersections of the spiral cords and axial ribs form weakly developed, roimded tubercles which are truncated on their posterior margin, while the spaces enclosed between them are very shallow quadrangular pits. Sutures strongly con- stricted. Periphery and base of the last whorl well rounded, marked by slender, spiral cords of which those immediately below the periph- ery are the strongest and are truncated on the posterior margin, sloping gently anteriorly. Of these cords, seven occur on the base of the type. Aperture rather large, irregularly oval, channeled anteriorly; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin, rendered sinuous by the external sculpture; columella decidedly oblique, strongly curyed, and reflected.
Figures 23 and 2A are photographs of the type of B. subplanatum (USNM 160076). It has ten postnuclear whorls and measures 10.9 mm (0.43 in) in length and 3.8 mm (0.15 in) in diameter. Figure 25 is a scanning electron micrograph at 120X of the nucleus of a specimen of B. subplanatum collected by H.N. Lowe in 1932 off San Benito Island-, Baja California, Mexico in 10 fathoms. The specimen is one of 19 shells (SDNHM 19641). The nucleus is similar to that of B. rugatum. Figures 26 and 27 are scanning electron micrographs of the apertural and dorsal views of the body whorl of the same specimen at 30X and 45X respectively. These show about 22 axial
37.
The Festivus
Figure 23. Apertural view of type specimen of Bittium subplanatum^ 9.7X.
Figure 24. Dorsal view of type specimen of Bittium subplanatum, 9.7X.
ribs on the body whorl and the pre- ponderance of intercalated threads between the primary spiral cords.
Lowe’s shells were originally iden- tified as B. aspevum lomaense and accounts for the reported southern- most occurrence for that species (Burch; 1945,54:33).
The recorded ranges for B. aspemumj B. rugatum^ and B. subplanatum is difficult to state with assurance because of the early confusion in the identifi- cation of these species. The fossil record for B. asperum is from Half Moon Bay (Martin in Lawson 1916:243) to San Diego, California (Cooper, 1888:230). Cooper (1867:28) reported the range for B. asperul^ Carpenter as Santa Barbara to Catalina Island. The Recent record for B. asperum (unconfirmed by this writer)
Figure 25. Scanning electron micrograph of B. subplanatum nucleus (SDNHM 19641), 120X.
Vol. XIII(3)
The Festivus
38.
extends from Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper, 1888:230) and includes recent findings at Redondo Beach and Malaga Cove (Burch; 1945, 54:33) and at Paradise Cove, five miles north of Malibu (Hunan,1973:15) . B. rugatum has been reported in the fossil record as occurring from Santa Barbara to San Quintin Bay, Baja California,. Mexico (Jordan, 1926:246), and living specimens have been reported from San Pedro and Catalina Island, California (Dali, 1921:146) to Todos Santos Bay, Mexico (Burch; 1945,54:31). The range for Recent specimens of B. subplanatum is from Monterey, California (Dali, 1921:146) to San Benito Island, Baja California, Mexico.
Willett (1946:31) stated that the Los Angeles County Museum collec- tion contained numerous fossil specimens of B. rugatum from Los Angeles that seem to be indistinguish- able from Recent Bitti-um larum Bartsch, 1911 and also others showing complete intergradation between the two. Woodring, Bramlette and Kew (1946:67) regard B. rugatum as a fossil species and state that "B. subplanatum and B. serra appear to be southern living representatives of B. rugatum. For the most part the Recent shells are smaller and have finer sculpture." The lots of B. subplanatum that I have examined (SDNHM 19640, 19641, and 19642) from San Pedro, California; San Benito Island, Mexico; and Catalina Island, California have large numbers of specimens with consistent shell characteristics. I therefore believe that B. subplanatum is distinguishable from B. rugatum by the greater number of axial ribs and the much greater number of intercalary threads. Quite often B. subplanatum has two inter- calary threads between major spiral
Figure 27. Scanning electron micrograph of
dorsal view of B. subplanatum (SDNHM 19641) ,
45X.
Figure 26. Scanning electron micrograph of apertural view of body whorl of B. subplanatum (SDNHM 19641), 30X.
39.
The Festivus
cords. The specimen figured by Woodring, Bramlette, and Kew (1946, pi. 29, fig. 19) as B. vugatum (fossil from San Pedro, California) is a typical 5. subptanatum.
Woodring, Bramlette, and Kew (1946:67,68) agreed with Willett in considering B. tarum a form of B. vugatum. They identified fossils that are generally smaller and more slender than B. vugatum and have fewer, more widely spaced, and straighten axials as B. vugatum tavum. They believe that the Recent species may be distinct but among fossils there appears to be Intergrading between the two species. I have not investigated this relationship.
Bittium aspevum (Gabb, 1861)
TuvboniZla aspeva Gabb, 1861:368. - Carpenter, 1866:276 (reprinted 1872:323)
(reprinted in Dali, 1909:190).
Bittium aspevum (Gabb), 1866:12, pi. 2, fig. 20; 1869:79, pi. 2, fig. 20. - not Tryon, 1887:153, pi. 30, fig. 7 (= Cevithium vugatum Carpenter, copy from Reeve, 1865, pi. XIX, fig. 140). - Cooper, 1888:230; 1896:79,81,86; in Eldridge and Arnold, 1907:26 (sic), 27,153. - Ashley, 1895:342,360. - Merriam in Watts, 1900:220,223,
- not Arnold, 1903:25,27,291,293,294 (=? B. vugatum). - Arnold, 1906:24,27,30,31, 34,117; 1908:354, pi. XXXIV, fig. 6; in Branner, Newsom and Arnold, 1909, pi. 2, fig. 76. - Berry, 1908:38. - Weaver, 1909:264. - Smith, 1912:175,182. - English, 1914:210 "cf". - Martin in Lawson, 1914:14. - Martin, 1916:229,233,243,255. - Crickmay, 1920:632. - T.S. Oldroyd, 1925:16. - Stewart, 1927:357, pi. XXXII, fig. 7, text fig. 4. - Keen, 1937:30. - DeJong, 1941:237, chart. - J.Q. Burch,
1945 (54):33. - Woodring, Bramlette and Kew, 1946:67,68,89-91,104. - B.L. Burch, 1947 (73):15. - Palmer, 1958:179. - Hunan, 1973:15.
Bittium bavbavensis Bartsch, in Arnold, 1907b:424, 446, pi. 57, fig. 15. (cited as B. bavbavense - Bartsch, 1911:405. - Grant and Gale, 1931:760).
Bittium (LivO'bittium) aspevum Gabb - Bartsch, 1911:405, pi. 56, fig. 3. - Waterfall,
1929 : checklist . - Grant and Gale, 1931:759,760.
Livobittium aspevum Gabb - Dali, 1921:147.
Bittium (Livobittium) aspevum lomaense Bartsch, 1911:406, pi. 56, fig. 2 - Grant and Gale, 1931:760. - I.S. Oldroyd, 1927:34.
Bittium aspevum lomaense Bartsch - J.Q. Burch, 1945(54) :23, 33.
Livobittium aspevum lomaense Bartsch - Dali, 1921:147. - Woodring, Bramlette and Kew, 1946:68,89.
Bittium aspewm Gabb, 1861, forma lomaense Bartsch, 1911. - Abbott, 1974:107.
Not Bittium aspevum Carpenter, 1864:613,655 (reprint p.99, 141); 1865:143 (reprint p.311); 1866:276 (reprint 1872:323) =B. vugatum Carpenter. - Cooper, 1867:28; 1871: IV; in Williamson, 1892:205. - Dali, 1878:12. - Kelsey, 1907:34. - Abbott, 1974:106.
Bittium vugatum Carpenter,- 1864
Bittium vugatum Carpenter, 1864:539 (reprint 1872:25); 1866:276 (reprint 1872:323) (reprint in Dali, 1909:190) (reprint in Palmer, 1958:179). - Tryon, 1887:153, pi. 30, fig. 7 (erroneously stated as synonym for B. aspevum = Cevithium vugatum’. copy from Reeve, 1865, pi. XIX, fig. 140). - Arnold, 1903:25,295, pi. IV, fig. 11 (probably misidentif ied) ; 1906:34. - Kelsey, 1907:34 - T.S. Oldroyd, 1925:16. Jordan, 1926:246. - Keen, 1937:31. - DeJong, 1941:237, chart. - J.Q. Burch, 1945 (54):23,31; (63) :9. - Willett, 1946:31. - Woodring, Bramlette and Kew, 1946:67, 68,89-91,104,129, pi. 29, fig. 19 (figure shows typical B. subplanatum) . B.L. Burch, 1947. (73) :15. - Valentine, 1956:199. - Rodda, 1957:2483. - Kanakoff and Emerson, 1959:26.
Vo.l, XIII (3)
The Festivus
40.
Bittium asperum Carpenter, 1864:613,655 (reprint p. 99, 141); 1865:143 (reprint p.311); 1866:276 (reprint 1872:323). - Cooper, 1867:28; 1871:IV; in Williamson, 1892:205.
- Dali, 1878:12, - Kelsey, 1907:34. - Abbott, 1974:106 (as synonym for B. rugatum) .
Cerithium rugatum Carpenter - Reeve, 1865, pi. XIX, fig. 140.
Bittium rugatum Conrad - Arnold, 1908:355.
Bittium ( Semibittium ) rugatum Carpenter - Bartsch, 1911:397, pi. 56, figs. 4,5. - Grant and Gale, 1931:762,930, pi. 24, fig. 8. - Willett, 1937:398. - Palmer, 1958:179. - Abbott, 1974:106.
Bittium rugatum Carpenter, 1866. - (wrong year for citation), I.S. Oldroyd, 1927:23. Semibittium rugatum Carpenter, 1866. - (wrong year for citation), Dali, 1921:146.
Not Bittium asperum (Gabb, 1861). - see synonymy above.
Bittium subplanatum Bartsch, 1911
Bittium (Semibittium) subplanatum Bartsch, 1911:395,396, pi. 57, fig. 5. - Grant and Gale, 1931:760,763.
Bittium subplanatum Bartsch - I.S. Oldroyd, 1927:23. - Keen, 1937:31. - J.Q. Burch, 1945(54) :23, 30,31; (55) :8. - Woodring, Bramlette and Kew, 1946:67. - B.L.
Burch, 1947 (73):15. - Smith and Gordon, 1948:196. - Hunan, 1973:15. - Abbott, 1974:106.
Semibittium subplanatum Bartsch - Dali, 1921:146.
Bittium rugatum subplanatum Bartsch - Valentine and Rowland, 1969:518,520,525. CONCLUSIONS
Bittium rugatum Carpenter, 1864 is a highly variable species which converges in sculptural appearance at one extreme with Bittium asperum (Gabb, 1861) and at the other extreme with Bittium subplanatum Bartsch, 1911. Several fossil lots from Santa Barbara had mixtures of B, asperum and B. rugatum. Since many of the specimens in the lots were decollate, early investigators did not realize that the lots con- tained two species. B. asperum and B. rugatum have distinctly different protoconchs and are two valid species rather than polymorphic forms of a single species. The early literature was further confused by Carpenter’s use of the name B. asperum. He proposed the name B. asperum not realizing that Gabb's earlier Turbonilla aspera was indeed a Bittium.
I consider Bittium asperum lomaense Bartsch, 1911 synonymous with B. asperum (Gabb, 1861). This is based on study of a large lot of fossil shells which encom- passes the full range of sculpture and aspect ratio described by Gabb and Bartsch respectively as B. asperum and B. asperum lomaense.
I consider Bittium subplanatum Bartsch, 1911 a valid species. It has the same general nucleus shape of B. rugatum but the lots that I examined were consistent in sculpture, had more axial ribs, and had many more. intercalary threads than B. rugatum. The intercalary threads generally started on earlier whorls than did those of B. rugatum, and quite often B. subplanatum had two intercalary threads between the major spiral cords.
The literature in many cases appears highly suspect with some figures obviously misidentif ied. Ranges of the three species are overlapping and it is likely that all three may be found in the center of the range (San Pedro to Santa Barbara, California). Because of the confusion in the early literature, the identification of Recent specimens reported in the literature may also be suspect.
41
The Festivus
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am particularly indebted to David K. Mulliner, Festivus staff photographer for his excellent high magnification photographs of the various Bittium species, to Anthony D'Attilio for his fine illustrations of Bitti-urn protoconchs, to Robert R. Pettyjohn for the scanning electron micrographs of Bittium subplanatum , and to George Hanselman for the translation of the Latin description of Bittium vugatum.
My gratitude is extended to Anthony D’Attilio for reading the manuscript and to Carole M. Hertz, Judith Dyer and Mildred H. Meeder for assistance in location of the literature cited. For the loan of type specimens and fossil lots, I am indebted to Barry Roth (CAS), George M. Davis and Arthur E. Bogan (ANSP) , and Joseph Rosewater and Richard S. Houbrick (USNM) .
LITERATURE CITED
1906.
1907a.
1908.
1909.
Abbott, R. Tucker
1974. American Seashells. Second Edition. 663 pp. 6405 figs. 24 pis. New York:
Van Nbstrand Reinhold.
Arnold, Ralph
1903. The paleontology and stratigraphy of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene of San Pedro, California. Mem. Cal. Acad. Sci. , 3:1-420, pis. 1-37.
The Tertiary and Quaternary pectens of California. Prof. Paper U.S. Geol. Surv. , no. 47:1-264, 2 figs., pis. 1-53.
in Eldridge and Arnold. The Santa Clara Valley, Puente Hills and Los Angeles Oil Districts, Southern California. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 309, pp. 1-266, pis. I-XLI, 17 figs.
1907b. New and characteristic species of fossil mollusks from the oil-bearing
Tertiary formations of Santa Barbara County, California. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 50(1781) :419-447, pis. LI-LVIII.
Descriptions of new Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils from the Santa Cruz Mountains, California. Proc.USNM 34(1617) :345-390, pis. 31-37. in Branner, Newsom and Arnold, Santa Cruz Folio. U.S. Geol. Surv. Folio 163, pp. 1-11.
Ashley, George H.
1895. The Neocene stratigraphy of the Santa Cruz Mountains of California. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2D ser., vol.V:273-367 , pis. XXII-XXV.
Paul
in Arnold. New and characteristic species of fossil mollusks from the oil- bearing Tertiary formations of Santa Barbara County, California. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 50(4) :419-447, pis. 50-58.
The Recent and fossil mollusks of the genus Bittium from the west coast of America. Proc.USNM 40 (1826) : 383-414 , pis. 51-58.
, Stillman
Miscellaneous notes on Californian mollusks. Nautilus. 22 (4-5) : 37-41.
Burch, Beatrice L.
1947. Comparison of the molluscs of three Pleistocene beds with the Recent fauna of Los Angeles County, California. Min. Conch. Club, of S. Cal. 73:1-24. Burch, John Q., ed.
1945-1946. Distributional list of the West American marine Mollusca from San
Diego, California to the Polar Sea. (Extracts from) Min. Conch. Club, of S. Cal. pt. II, vol. 11(54) :l-48; (55):l-40; (63):l-24.
Bartsch,
1907.
1911.
Berry, S, 1908.
Vol. XIII(3)
The Festivus
42.
Carpenter, Philip P.
1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv.
Sci. for 1863. pp. 517-686.
1865. Diagnoses des Mollusques nouveaux provenant de Calif ornie et faisant partie du Musee de 1 ' Institution Smithsonienne. Jour. Conchyl. vol. XIII, ser. 3 vol. 5:129-149.
1866. On the Pleistocene fossils collected by Col. E. Jewett at Sta. Barbara (California); with descriptions of new species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3 vol. XVII:274-278.
1872. The mollusks of western North America. Embracing the second report made to the British Association on this subject, with other papers; reprinted by permission, with a general index. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 252, 325pp.,
121 page index.
1909. in Dali. On the Pleistocene fossils collected by Col. E. Jewett at Santa Barbara, Cal., with descriptions of new species. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 59, appendix XII, pp. 189-191.
Cooper, James Graham
1867. Geographical catalogue of the Mollusca found west of the Rocky Mountains, between latitudes 33° and 49° north. Geol. Surv. of Calif, pp. 1-40.
1871. Catalogue of the invertebrate fossils of the western slope of the United States. Pt. II. Geol. Surv. Calif., 39 pp.
1888. Catalogue of Californian fossils. Seventh annual report of the state mineralogist for the year ending October 1, 1887. Calif. State Mining Bureau, pp. 221-308.
1892. in Williamson. An annotated list of the shells of San Pedro Bay and vicinity. Proc. USNM. 15 (898) : 179-220 , pis. XIX-XXIII.
1896. List of fossils in oil and gas yielding formations of Los Angeles, Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties. Pt. 1. Calif. Mining Bureau Bull. 11:79-87.
1907. in Eldridge and Arnold. The Santa Clara Valley, Puente Hills and Los
Angeles Oil Districts, Southern California. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull . 309 : 1-266
Crickmay, C.H.
1920. The anomalous stratigraphy of Deadman's Island, California. Jour. Geol. 37: 617-638.
Dali, William Healey
1878. Fossil mollusks from later Tertiarles of California. Proc. USNM 1(1):10-16.
1921. Summary of the marine shellbearing mollusks of the northwest coast of America; from San Diego, California, to the Polar sea, mostly contained in the collection of the United States National Museum, with illustrations of hitherto unfigured species. USNM Bull. 112, 217 pp., 22 pis.
DeJong, James H. Jr.
1941. The paleontology and stratigraphy of the Pleistocene at Signal Hill, Long Beach, California. Trans. SDSNH, vol. IX(25) : 229-252 , figs. 1-4, chart.
English, Walter A
1914. The Fernando group near Newhall, California. U.C. Publ. Bull. Dept. Geol. 8(8) :203-218, pi. 23.
Gabb, William More
1861. Description of new species of American Tertiary fossils and a new Carboni- ferous cephalopod from Texas. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 3:367-372.
1866-1869. Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils. Paleontology. Geol. Sur. Calif., vol. II, pt. 1:1-38, 1866; sec. I, pt. 2:39-299, 36 pis., 1869-
43.
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Grant, Ulysses Simpson IV and Hoyt Rodney Gale
1931. Catalogue of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Mollusca of California and adjacent regions. Mem. SDSNH vol. 1, 1036 pp. , 32 pis.
Gray, John Edward
1847. The classification of the British Mollusca by N.E. Leach, M.D. Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. 20:267-273.
Houbrick, Richard S.
1977. Reevaluation and new description of the genus Bittiwn (Cerithiidae) .
Veliger 20(2) :101-106.
Hunan, Vernon L.
1973. Marine Mollusca in kelp holdfasts at Paradise Cove, California.
Tabulata 6(3):12-15.
Jordan, Eric Knight
1926. Molluscan fauna of the Pleistocene of San Quintin Bay, Lower California. Expedition to Guadalupe Island, Mexico, in 1922-no. 4. Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci. XV(7) : 241-255 , 1 text fig., pi. 25.
Kanakoff, George P. and William K. Emerson
1959. Late Pleistocene invertebrates of the Newport Bay area, California. LACM Contrib. in Sci. 31:1-47, 5 figs.
Keen, A. Myra
1937. An abridged check list and bibliography of west American marine Mollusca. Stanford Univ. Press, 87 pp.
Kelsey, F.W.
1907. Mollusks and brachlopods collected in San Diego, California. Trans. SDSNH vol. 1:31-55.
Martin, Bruce
1914. in Lawson. San Francisco folio. U.S. Geol. Surv. Folio, 193:1-24.
1916. Pliocene of middle and northern California. U.C. Publ. in Geol. 9:215-259. Merriam, John C.
1900. in Watts. Tables of fossils referred to in this bulletin. Calif. State Mining Bur. pp. 218-224.
Oldroyd, Ida Shepard
1927. The marine shells of the west coast of North America. Stanford Univ. Press, vol. II, pt. Ill, 339 pp., pis. 73-108.
Oldroyd, Tom Shaw
1925. The fossils of the lower San Pedro fauna of the Nob Hill cut, San Pedro, California. Proc. USNM 65 (2535) : 1-39 , 2pls.
Palmer, Katherine Van Winkle
1958. Type specimens of marine Mollusca described by P.P. Carpenter from the west coast (San Diego to British Columbia). Geol. Soc. of America Mem. 76.
376 pp. , 35 pis.
Reeve, Lovell Augustus
1865. Conchologia Iconics. London, L. Reeve & Co. vol. XV, Ce'P'lthtvon.
Rodda, Peter U.
1957. Paleontology and stratigraphy of some marine Pleistocene deposits in north- west Los Angeles Basin, California. Bull. Amer. Assn. Petroleum Geol. 41(11) : 2475-2492, 12 figs.
Smith, A.G. and Gordon Mackenzie Jr.
1948. The marine mollusks and brachlopods of Monterey Bay, Calif ornia^ and vicinity. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. XXVI (8) : 147-245 , 4 text figs., pis. 3,4.
Smith, James Perrin
1912. Geologic range of Miocene invertebrate fossils of California. Proc. Cal. Acad. ,Sci. , Fourth ser., vol . Ill : 161-182 .
Vcl. XIII(3)
The Festivus
44.
Stewart, Ralph B.
1927. Gabb's California fossil type gastropods. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 78: 287-447, pis. XX-XXXII, 5 text figs.
Tryon, George Washington Jr.
1887. Manual of Conchology. Philadelphia. Solariidae, lanthinidae, Trochotropidae, Scalariidae, Cerithiidae, Rissoidae, Littorinidae. vol. 1X^488 pp.,71 pis. Valentine, James W.
1956. Upper Pleistocene Mollusca from Potrero Canyon, Pacific Palisades,
California. Trans. SDSNH XII(IO) ;181-205, Imap, pi. 13.
Valentine, James W. and Robert R. Roland
1969. Pleistocene invertebrates from northwestern Baja California Del Norte,
Mexico. Proc. Cal. Acad Sci. XXXVI(17) :511-530, 5 figs.
Waterfall, Louis N.
1929. A contribution to the paleontology of the Fernando group, Ventura County,
California. U.C. Pub., Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci. 18(3):71-92, pis. 5-6, 1 fig. Weaver, Charles E.
1909. Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of the San Pablo Formation in middle California. U.C. Pub., Bull. Dept. Geol. 5 (16) : 243-269 .
Willett, George
1937. An upper Pleistocene fauna from the Baldwin Hills Los Angeles County, California. Trans. SDSNH VIII (30) : 379-406 , pis. 25,26.
1946. Additional notes on the Pliocene molluscan fauna of Los Angeles City.
Bull. So. Cal. Acad. Sci. 45(l):28-32.
Woodring, Wendell P., M.N. Bramlette and W.S.W. Kew
1946. Geology and paleontology of Palos Verdes Hills, California. U.S. Geol.
Surv. , Prof. Paper 207, V+ 145 pp. , 37 pis, text figs., maps.
Single copies of this issue are available for $3 00 in the US. and SA.OO overseas.
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FESTI7US
II.
/
JAM ?6 1982 Aa
ANNUAL DUES:
CLUB ADDRESS
SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB
FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968
MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.
ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK
President Carol Burchard
Vice President Ron H. McPeak
Rec. Secretary Martin Schuler
Corres. Secretary Marjorie Bradner
Treasurer Walter Robertson
Editor Carole M. Hertz
Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $4.00; Family membership: $5.00; Student membership: $3.00; Overseas surface: $6.00.
Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club, Inc. c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111
VOL. XIII AT5RIL 1981 NO. 4
*********************************************************************- * *
* *
* SEE YOTJ AT THE AUCTION/POTLUCK ! ! *
J (There is no regular meeting this month) *
* Date: April 25, 1981 Time: 6:00 P.M. Place: The Bradner's home *
* For directions and details, see map on last page of this issue. *
*********************************************************************
CONTENTS
The rediscovery of Murex oivvosus Hinds, 1844
D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY 46
Muricldae of Midway
SCHMELTZ, ROGER L 52
Club news 54
Minute shells Kuvtziella ?atTOstyla (Tryon, 1884)
KEELER, JAMES and JULES HERTZ 55
Membership roster and map for detaching
Please notify the Club of changes of address. The cost triples when The Festivus is returned and sent again because a member has moved. The Festivus can no longer afford this cost.
46.
The Festivus
THF REDISCOVERY OF MllRFX CIPRQSUS HINDS. 1844
BY
ANTHONY D'ATTILIO
Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112
Introduction
Murex airrosus , referable to the genus Favart'La and cited originally as occurring in the Straits of Macassar had been poorly known until its recent rediscovery in the central Philippines. This genus is notable for the large increase of newly described species especially in the last decade. Species occur in tropical seas in depths ranging from shallow or subtidal to approximately 100 meters. The deep water species, beyond the reaches of normal collecting, have remained obscure. The recent spate of new species that have been described may be an indication that the genus is more nu- merous and widespread than previously supposed.
The original description of Favavtia o-Lwosa appeared in 1844 in The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur. Typical o^ that period, the description is of modest
size. 1
length and the figure is drawn actual See Figures la and lb. Subsequent works dealing with this species are all illustrated with small, life-size figures approximately 10 to 15 mm. Because these early drawings were not enlarged, the normal intricate sculpture of these muricids was easily mis- understood .
iffr
Figures la and lb. Dorsal and apertural views of F. oivrosa (Hinds, 1844) from the original Plate III. fig. 17,18.
Discussion
Favartia oirrosa (Hinds, 1844)
The following is Hinds' original description.
14. Muhex cirrosus, Hinds, 1. c. p. 128, (Plate III. fig. 17, 18.) Testa fusiformi, ventricosa, pallidc carnea, formosissimc multivaricosa ; sutura profunda, prop^ nigricante; varicibus nonis sex- fariam laciniatis ; laciniis fistulosis, albis, respectantibus, gradatim minoribus; interstitiis costis rotundatis lacinias incurrentibus ; apertura ovali ; labro intds laevi ; canali gracili, recurvo, fere clause, dorso bifariam lacinlato, serie superiore gerainci.
Inhab. Straits of Macassar. In fifteen fathoms, among sand and fine gravel.
An uncommonly beautiful species, both from the delicacy of its colour and the rich, varied, and elaborate character of its sculpture.
Vol. XIII (A)
The Festivus
47
A single specimen from the Hinds collection (Figures 2a, 2b, 2c) is in the British Museum (N.H.) and is the holotype, Reg. no. 1844.6.7.90. Another specimen (Figures 3a, 3b) was found in the Calvert collection and is figured here with the preserved label (Figure 4). The Calvert collection formed in mid 19th century England was brought to the United States in 1939 and subsequently dispersed mainly to collectors. The Calvert specimen of F. aivvosa is now in the collection of Mr. and Mrs. Don Pisor of San Diego. This same specimen was figured in Murex Shells of the World, Radwin and D’Attilio, 1976 on plate 25, figure 13.
Figure 2b. Apertural view of holotype
Figure 2a. View of spire of holotype of F. oivvosa
Figure 2c.
Dorsal view of holotype
48.
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Figure 3a, Apertural view of specimen of Figure 3b. Dorsal view of specimen
F. ci-wosa from the Calvert collection from the Calvert collection
X>6
7? z
/sp.
q!
Figure 4. Xerox of preserved label from Calvert collection specimen.
Figure 5. Xerox of figure of F. oivvosa in Reeve, 1845, plate 29, specimen 138.
In 1845, the year following the description by Hinds, a probable third specimen was used to illustrate the snecies (Figure 5) in the Conchologica Tconica of Reeve (plate 29, specimen 138). Thus, in suite of its small size, this species seemed to be well established in the literature.
Recently, a number of specimens referable to F. cirrosa have been taken in tangle nets in about 100 meters off Mactan Island, Bohol Straits between Cebu Island and Bohol Island, Philippines. These have found their way into amateur collections. Figure 6a,
■■ Vol. XIII(4)
The Festivus
49.
6b, 6c are views of a specimen from the collection of Mr. Victor Dan of Manila, P.I. and figures 7a, 7b, 7c are views of a specimen from the collection of Mr. and Mrs. Robert Janowsky of New York. The dominant color of the F. dwosa specimen examined are light to medium shades of umber brown. The Janowsky specimen (Figure 7) is remarkable not only for its large size but for the dark umber brown with white varical spines.
Figure 6a. Spiral view of Victor Dan specimen
Figure 6b. Apertural view of
Victor Dan specimen. Length: 18.75 mm
Figure 6c. Dorsal view of Victor Dan specimen
50.
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Figure 7a. Apertural view of Figure 7b. Dorsal view of
Janowsky specimen of F c'lwosci. Janowsky specimen. Length: 24.5 mm
Figure 7c. View of spire of Janowsky specimen.
Figure 8 shows the protoconch of the Janowsky specimen of F. ci-vvosa.
Figure 8. Protoconch of F, civvosa great Iv enlarged .
. Vol. XITI(4)
The Festlvus
51.
Favai’t'ia oxwosa bears some resemblance to F, 'peZe'p'iZ'i D’Attilio and Bertsch,
1980 and has similar coloring. F. oirrosa differs by its smaller size, relatively broader shoulder, and less elaborate and intricate varical sculpture. Both species occur in the same depth and geographical area in which the following additional Favartia species are found.
F. dorothyae Emerson and D' Attilio, 1979 !' F. juddthae Bertsch and D' Attilio, 1980
F. oyoloBtoma (Sowerby, 1841)
F. tetvaQona (Broderip, 1883)
F. (Muvexiella) mactanensis Emerson and D' Attilio, 1979 F. jeanae Bertsch and D’Attilio, 1980
Favavt'ta hvev'lcu'ia (Sowerby, 1834) is the type of the genus with a distribution throughout the Indo-Pacif ic . It is a shallow water species and probably occurs in the same general area as Favavtia civvosa.
Acknowledgments
In addition to Messrs. Victor Dan, Don Pisor, and Robert Janowsky who generously lent specimens for study, the following neople have been most helpful in the preparation of this paner: Ms. Kathie Wav of the British Museum (N.H.) who kindly sent me the type
to examine; Mr. David K. Mulliner, staff photographer for The Festivus, who did all the photography; and Carole M. Hertz who assisted with many editorial suggestions.
Literature Cited Broderip, William J.
1833. Characters of new species of Mollusca and Conchifera collected by Mr. Cuming. Proc . Zool. Soc. London (1833) 1:4-8.
D' Attilio, Anthony and Hans Bertsch
1980. Four species of Pterynotus and Favavtia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Muricidae) from the Philippine Islands. Trans. SDSNH 19 (12) : 169-179 , 4 figs.
Emerson, William K. and Anthony D' Attilio
1979. Six new living species of Muricacean gastropods. Nautilus 93(1):1-10,
21 figs.
Hinds, Richard Brinsley
1844. The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur,... Vol. II, 72 pp. , 21 pis. Radwin, George E. and Anthony D' Attilio
1976. Murex shells of the world an illustrated guide to the Muricidae.
Stanford Univ. Press. 284 pp. , 32 pis.
Reeve, Lovell Augustus
1845. Conchologica Iconica. London. Vol. Ill, pis. 1-36.
Sowerby, George B. (second of name)
1834-41 The conchological illustrations, Muvex . Sowerby, London, pis. 58-67, 1834: pis. 187-199 and catalogue, pp. 1-9, 1841.
FOR YOUR INFORMATION
The Western Society of Malacologists (WSM) Meeting will be held at San Diego State University from June 23-26, 1981 with the San Diego Shell Club as hosts. There will be symposia, contributed papers, workshops, field trips, exhibits, a shell auction, banquet and other activities. Deadline for reservations is May 10. For further information contact Dave Mulliner 488-2701.
The Tidepool Gallery in Malibu, California is having its Fourth Annual Rare Shell Show from May 16-24. This year there will be an additional special display of "Shells Through the Ages."
52.
The Festivus
MURICIDAE OF M.IDWAY
BY
ROGER L. SCHMELTZ P.O. Box 1060, Alpine, California 92001
Of the eight members of the Muricidae found in the Hawaiian chain (as listed in HAWAIIAN MARINE SHELLS by E, Alison Kay, 1979) , three have been found in Midway's
1921;
waters. They are Aspella producta Pease, 1861; Chiaoreus insularim Pilsbr and Homoloaantha anatomioa Perry, 1811. These were the only three muricid species I found on Midway's Islands. Midway Atoll is made un of two islands. Sand Island and Eastern Island and are the second to last set of islands in the Hawaiian chain.
AspeZZa producta Pease, 1861 is a relatively small species the largest b.eing 20 mm in length. Figure 1 is a 19.3 mm specimen and the only live one I found. My wife did find a beach specimen measuring 16.7 ram which is typical size for this species. Both specimens were found in the same general location on the south side of Sand Island, inside the reef.
The live specimen was collected in two meters depth under coral rubble. Considering that I only found one live specimen in all the time I spent shell collecting, I specu- late that this is an uncommon species in Midway's waters.
Figure 1. A. producta Length: 19.3 mm
Chicoreus insuZarum Pilsbry, 1921 is one of the Hawaiian endemics which can be found in sufficient quantities outside the reef on the south side of Sand Island at depths of 10 to 20 meter Diving outside the reef was only authorized for an eight month neriod
Figure 2. C. insuZarum Length: 50.3 mm
Figure 3. C. insuZarum Length* 72.7 mm
The Festivus
53.
Vol. XIII (4)
from June 1977 to January 1978 and then only to those with advanced, or higher,
SCUBA certificates. The C. ■insutarum were easy to find during June and July of 1977. They were right on top of the reef in plain sight (if you consider a heavily en- crusted lump easy to spot). Not knowing their identity or the many hours required to clean them, one new shell collector picked up 17 in one dive.
* The younger specimens were found in the deeper water. They required very little
cleaning and were much harder to find because they were under coral rubble in much the same type of habitat as cowries. None were found inside the reef and they disappeared from outside the reef after July 1977.
In January 1978 Midway Islands’ commanding officer re-evaluated the hazards of ( diving outside the reef without a decompression chamber available and limited diving to areas inside the reef where the deepest spot is approximately 26 meters and the average depth is about three meters.
The disappearance of C. insulavum was unexplainable unless they were just abundant during mating season. However no eggs were observed. No more specimens of C. 'insulavwn were found during the rest of my stay on Midway which lasted until August 1978. Figure 2 is one of the younger specimens measuring 50.3 mm. It shows the shell the way it was when I brought it out of the water. It required no cleaning except removal of the animal. I use a microwave oven for this. Figure 3 shows one of the older specimens measuring 72.7 mm after three hours of cleaning with dental picks and a wire brush. I have an eight shell growth series of this species with the smallest being 5.25 mm.
Homolocantha anatomioa Perry, 1811 known to most Hawaiians by its synonym,
Murex pete Pilsbry, 1920, is not very common on Midway but those found have one notable characteristic. They are giants. I found two, both of which exceeded the world size record of 63.4 mm as listed in Wagner and Abbott’s STANDARD CATALOG OF SHELLS (1977).
I found my first specimen outside the reef in eight meters of water on the productive south side of Sand Island.
Figuring I would find more, I traded it for an offer I couldn’t refuse. Later when diving was no longer authorized outside the reef I lost hope of replacing it. But during my last month on Midway at 1:00 P.M. on a warm, calm, afternoon in July 1978 in the middle of the lagoon in three meters of water, at the end of a track in the sand I found the 74.65 mm monster pictured in Figures 3a, 3b, 3c. Some of my
Figure 3a, Apertural view of H, anatomioa Length: 74,65 mm.
54.
The Festivus
Flj^ure 3b. Dorsal view of same Figure 3c. Side view of same specimen,
snecimen .
shell collecting friends who left Midway a few weeks after I did reported finding better than a half dozen specimens of comparable size in roughly the same location but in holes in the coral heads.
ppnr/1 the minutes
SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB MEETING: MARCH 19, 1981 MARTIN SCHULER
Carol Burchard called the meeting to order at 7:45 P.M. Ron McPeak introduced the evening’s speaker, Hans Bertsch, who talked on Hawaiian nudibranchs. (Hans and Scott Johnson have written a book Identifying the many nudibranchs of the Hawaiian group in color and it should be available shortly) . His talk was extremely well organized and illustrated with many color slides of the species found there. "Oohs" and "aahs" were heard as the spectacular nudibranchs were displayed before our eyes. Hans also showed examples of the varied underwater environments in Hawaii and the species likely to be found in these areas.
During the mid-evening break, members and guests were able to view a wide variety of minute species, some live, under the four stereo microscopes brought to the meeting by members. Delicious refreshments of sausage in blankets and small cakes made by Sherry Schuler were greedily enjoyed by all.
After the break, Wally Robertson reported the deadline for 1981 dues. Carole Hertz called for the donation of auction shells. These shells are needed to give The Festivus its budget until May 1982 as well as make the auction the resounding success it always has been. (For Auction information see last page of this issue).
The Club voted to obtain Jerome Eisenberg's new book, "A Collector’s Guide to Seashells of the World."
The shell drawing was won by Hugh Bradner. The meeting was adjourned at 9:45 P.M,
Vol. XIII(4)
The Festivus
55.
niNUTE SHELLS
KURTZ I ELLA 7ATR0STYLA (TRYON. 1884)
JAMES KF.F.LF.R
30 Park Lane, Chagrin Falls, Ohio A4022 JULES HERTZ
Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112
The snecimen shown in Figure 1 was collected and nhotographed by the senior author. The 4 mm milky white shell was found at the Inlet, Bonita Beach, Florida in April 1973. The shell figured has brown stains on the columella and below the sutures (in the valleys between the axial ribs) . Two other specimens collected at the same time and place also have stains on the columella, but the brown sutural stains vary. The largest and most beachworn speci- men has a patch of brown on the inside of the outer lip and the subsutural brown stain is almost continuous, fading out as it crosses the axial ribs. The columella stain in this specimen is faint.
The shell figured here is very similar to the one figured by Abbott (1974:281, fig. 3243). He specified that the species gets to a size of 7 mm and that the range for K. atrostyta is North Carolina to Florida and Texas as well as the West Indies. Abbott describes the species as "milkv-white with a brown-stained coliamella, a brown sub- sutural band and sometimes brown on the thickened outer lip.
Rarely all-brownish. 6 whorls, keeled at the shoulder; 8 to 10 axial riblets and fine spiral striations. Aperture and short anterior canal slightlv oblique; outer lio with a shallow, rounded, posterior turrid notch. Moderately common: from intertidal to 48 fathoms." He lists K. ephamilta Bush,
1885 and !^anejitia{s-Lc) atvostyla Dali, 1889 as synonyms.
Perry and Schwengel (1955:185, pl.38, fig, 266) figure a specimen i or "'Kurt ziella atrostyZa ' (Dali) "which is signifi- cantly different in appearance than the one figured here or that figured by Abbott (1974). It is assumed that the Perry
and Schwengel specimen is very mature since the aperture has the "hooded" appearance of an older turrid. This latter specimen has sharper axial ribs, more pronounced spiral sculpture, and a much more keeled appearance at the shoulders of the whorls. The species description by Perry and Schwengel is almost Identical to the Abbott description quoted above. The K. atvostyZa figured by Perry and Schwengel is very similar to Abbott's figure 3242 of Kurtziella limonitella (Dali, 1883). The latter is supposed to have strong, rounded, axial ribs with numerous rows of microscopic, opaque-white ounc- tations between the ribs.
The species atrostyla first appeared in print in Tryon (1884:310) as DaphneZla atrostyla, Dali, MS, Dali's first published work on atrostyta was in 1889 (pp 11. Ill) when he referred to it as Mangilia atrostyta. Dali (1889b) figured (pi XLI, figs. 4, 4a) Mangitia atrostyta. Tryon (1884) considered D. atrostyta a slight variety of Daphnetta
Figure 1. Apertural view of K. ? atrostyta. 16X
The Festlvus
oevina Kurtz and Stimpson, 1851 and figured both species (pi. 22 , fig, 43: pi. 34, fig. 100). Tryon's description of D. oevina was "Yellowish white, columella sometimes tinged with black; surface covered by very fine revolving lines crossing the ribs."
The range reported for this species was New England to Tampa Bay, Florida, mostly southern in distribution. Tryon differentiated D. atvostyla as having a dark columella and being from the west coast of Florida. His figure of B. atrostyZa is very small and difficult to use for comparative purposes, while his figure of D. oer'ina is similar to Perry and Schwengel's figure of K. atvostyla except that the former has more rounded whorls. Abbott's figure of KuTtziella oevi-na (fig. 3248) shows a stouter and heavier looking shell than his figure of K. atvostyla although both are very similar.
Kurtz and Stimpson (1851:115) described Pleuvotoma oevinum. Their original Latin description for the species translates roughly as follows: Shell fusif orm-turrited ,
waxen, actually ashen, about 10 longitudinal ribs, elevated, numerous transverse striae; 7 distinct turns; aperture oblong; lip simple; canal very short.
Stimnson (1851:49, pi,. II, fig. 2) gave the original illustration of Pleuvotoma oevinum^ and this was the figure later used by Tryon (1884. pi, 22, fig. 43),
Holmes (1860:77, nl, XII, figs. 9,9a) also figured Pleuvotoma oevinum and his figure differed significantly from the Stimpson illustration. Holmes' illustration showed a stouter shell with a stronglv recurved apertural canal. He noted that ?. oevinum had been found as far north as New-Bedford harbor, and that it is common on the Carolina coast and abundant in the Post-Pleiocene beds.
It is obvious from the literature that more work, probably anatomical, is needed to eliminate the confusion and finally determine whether K. atvostyla and K. oevina are distinct species. If they are indeed the same, then the name Kuvtziella atvostyla (Tryon, 1884) would become a synonym of Kuvtziella oevina Kurtz and Stimpson, 1851.
Literature Cited
Abbott, R. Tucker
1974. American Seashells, Second Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York,
663 pp,, >4000 figs. 24 pis,
Dali, William Healey
1889a. Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander
Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877-78) and in the Caribbean Sea (1879- 80)... BMCZ 18:1-492, pis. 10-40.
1889b. A preliminary catalogue of the shell-bearing marine mollusks and brachio- pods of the southeastern coast of the United States, with illustrations of many of the snecies. USNM Bull. 37, 221 pp. , pis. 1-74.
Holmes, Francis S.
1860. Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South-Carolina. Charleston, S.C. 122pp., 28pls.
Kurtz, J.D. and William Stimpson
1851. in Stimnson. On several new snecies from New England. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. 4:113-114.
Perry, Louise M. and Jeanne S. Schwengel
1955. Marine shells of the western coast of Florida. Paleo. Res. Inst., Ithaca, N.Y. 318 pp. 365 figs.
Stimpson, William
1851. Shells of New England. A revision of the synonymy of the Testaceous
Mollusks of New England with notes on their structure and their geogra- phical and bathymetrical distribution. Boston: Phillins, Sampson, and Co. 58 pp. , nlates.
Tryon, George Washington Jr.
1884. Manual of Conchology, Philadelphia. Vol. VI, pt. 3, 413 pn. , 34 pis.
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FroM fiic{4ic Be«cK
THE
FESTIVUS
DIEGO SHELL CLUB
founded 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968
MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.
ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK
President Carol Burchard
Vice President Ron H. McPeak
Rec. Secretary Martin Schuler
Correa. Secretary Marjorie Bradner
Treasurer Walter Robertson
Editor Carole M. Hertz
ANNUAL DUES: Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $4.00;
Family membership: $5.00; Student membership: $3.00; Overseas surface: $6.00.
CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club, Inc.
c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111
VOL. XIII JUNE 1981 NO. 6
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* THERE WILL BE NO JUNE MEETING
*
*
* Because our Club is involved in hosting the Western Society of Malacologists (WSM) ★meeting from june 23 to June 26, 1981 at San Diego State University, the regular June ^meeting will not be held.
*
* Registration: Tuesday, June 23 at 10:00 A.M. in the lobby of Olmeca Hall,
^located near the southwest corner of the parking lot.
*
* Club hosted Wine and Cheese Get Acquainted party: Tuesday evening, June 23 in
*the lobby of Olmeca Hall.
*
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CONTENTS
Minute shells: western Atlantic caecids P
KEELER, JAMES 67
Murex (Oainebra) sykesi Preston, 1904 i..
D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY 73
Club news J. 75
Ecology of CoZi-setta d'ig'ital'is (Summary)
KIMBALL, AMY ?. 76
* 5*- *** JW- ** 5*-* 5^ ******* X- » *
67.
The Festivus
hINUTE SHELLS WESTERN ATLANTIC CAECIDS
BY
JAMES H. KEELER
30 Park Lane, Chagrin Falls, Ohio 44022
In several issues of The Festivus (January 1978, January 1979 and April 1979) Jules Hertz featured some species of the family Caecidae from southern California and Baja California, Mexico. This note will cover some of the more common western Atlantic species of the family.
In 1962, Moore proposed placing the Caecidae in the superfamily Rissoacea based upon the similarity of soft parts rather than in the Cerithiacea as proposed by Clark (1855). Moore found no close relationship between the Caecidae and the Vermetidae or other Cerithiacea. As pointed out by Hertz, there is considerable confusion in the literature concerning the genera of the caecids. In this note the treatment by Moore in Abbott's AMERICAN SEASHELLS, Second Edition will be followed and all caecids will be classified under the single genus. Caecum.
A larval coil and protoconch of the initial growth stages of Caecum is shown in
Figure 1 and an intermediate growth stage
Fig. 1. Larval coil and protoconch. Length: 1 mm
angled view of the horny circular operculum in the opening of C. bipartitum Folin, 1870.
Figure 4 is a sketch illustrating the features by which the mature shells are identified.
Caecum putchettum Stimpson, 1851 (Figure 5) with 20-30 axial rings and no terminal varix, C. hipartitum (Figure 6) lacking axial rings toward the anterior end, and C. textile Folin, 1867 (Figure 7) with 35-40 low, close set axial rings were collected in Florida by the writer. These should be contrasted with C. tomatum Verrill and Bush, 1900 (Figure 8) with its widely spaced axial rings. C. tovnatum is found only in Bermuda.
is shown in Figure 2. Figure 3 is an
Length: 1.2 mm
Fig. 3. Angled view of horny operculum in opening of C. bipartitum.
I
Voi'. XIII (6)
The
Festivus
68.
I
Variable Identification Features
AXIAL
SCULPTURE
ANNULAR
SCULPTURE
ANTERIOR
END
' VAR IX
Fig. 4. Identification features
Fig. 5. C. pulchellum Length: 2.5 mm Base of reef. Marathon, Florida Keys
Fig. 6. C. bipavti-tim Length: 2 mm Inlet, Bonita Beach, Florida
Fig. 7. C. textiZe Length 2 mm
Base of reef, Marathon, Florida Keys
Fig. 8. C. tomatum Length: 2.5 mm Shell sand, Bermuda
69.
The Festivus
Caecum regutave Carpenter, 1858 (Figure 9) with 25-30 flat-topped rings and C. Zineicinctum Folin, 1879 (Figure 10) smooth except for weak rings approaching the anterior end were collected by the writer in the Virgin Islands and are primarily Caribbean species. Moore (1972) reports finding C. veguZave specimens in southeast Florida.
Fig. 9. C. reguZare Length: 2 mm Fig. 10. C. ZZneicinotum Length: 2.5 mm
Beach, Pelican Beach, St. Beach, Pelican Beach, St. Thomas,
Thomas, Virgin Islands Virgin Islands.
Caecum fZori-danum Stimpson, 1858 shown in Figure 11 is distinctive with its greater size (3-4 mm in length) and larger rings near the anterior end. C. imhvZcatum Carpenter, 1858 ( Figure 12) often with strong mottled brown and white coloration, has weak annular rings and longitudinal ridges. The specimens of C. fZoridanum and C. imbricatum illustrated here were collected by the writer in the Florida Keys.
Fig. 11. C. fZoridanum Length: 3.7 mm Fig. 12. C. imbrication Length: 3.5 mm
Base of reef. Marathon, Florida Base of reef. Marathon, Florida Keys.
Keys .
The next three species. Caecum pZicatum Carpenter, 1858 (Figure 13), C. deZicatuZum Verrill and Bush, 1900 (Figure 14), and C. debiZe Verrill and Bush, 1900, (Figure 15) were from Bermuda shell sand supplied to the writer by Mr. Arthur A. Guest "of 'BermiidV and Mr. Russell Jensen of The Delaware Museum of Natural History. The frequently mottled C. pZicatum is solid in appearance with strong longitudinal ridges and was the most common caecid in the shell sand samples. There is some question that C. deZicatuZum^ C. debiZe^ and C. crisvum Verrill and Bush, 1900 (not shown) described in Verrill and Bush (1900) are separate species. The writer has sent about one hundred specimens to Dr. Moore for examination. The
Vol. XIII (6)
The Festivus
70.
Fig. 13. C. plioatum Length: 2.7 mm Shell sand, Bermuda.
Fig. 14. C. deZi-oatulum Length: 3 mm Shell sand, Bermuda
specimens photographed here show the septum or plug difference noted by Verrill and Bush, "Plug broadly exposed, oblique, most prominent near the outer margin” [ for C. detioatutum ] and ”... having a prominent, nearly hemispherical plug” [for C. dehiZe ] .
Caeoum oyclofenm Folin, 1867 in Figure 16, from dredgings 110 miles west of Tampa, Florida looks a great deal like C. pZicatum but is a larger shell (3.5 mm versus 2.7 mm) and in proportion is a more slender shell for its length.
The thin-shelled, "smooth” caecids depend more upon mucro and septum (or plug) differences for identification. C. vestitum Folin, 1870 (Figure 17) has a slightly convex septum and a small mucro on the right side. It also has slight annulations at the anterior end in contrast with C. anti-ZZavum Carpenter, 1858 (Figure 18) with a weaker mucro and no weak annulations or any trace of a varix at the anterior end.
Fig. 16. C. ayoZoferum Length: 3.5 mm
Dredged 200 ft, 110 miles west of Tampa, Florida.
Fig. 17. C. vestitum Length: 2.5 mm Base of reef. Marathon,
Florida Keys.
71.
The Festivus
Fig. 18. C. antillarum Length: 3 mm Dredged 280 feet, east of St. Augustine, Florida
Fig. 19. C. heladum Length: 3 mm Inlet, Bonita Beach, Florida.
The C. hetadum Olsson and Harbison, 1953 (Figure 19) specimen shown here from beach drift at an inlet near Bonita Beach Florida shows the weak longitudinal ridges and axial rings. C. johnsoni Winkley, 1908 (Figure 20), a North Carolina specimen, shows faint annular rings and a more convex septum.
Caecum suhvolutum^ Folin, 1874 (Figure 21) , found in the Bermuda shell sand mentioned earlier was identified by Dr. Donald Moore who pointed out that C. suhvolutum, primarily a Caribbean shell, had not been previously reported from Bermuda. The figure shows and a varix on the anterior end that do
Fig. 20. C. johnsoni Length: 2.2 mm
Beach, Topsail Beach, North Carolina.
the large mucro on the smooth slender shell ely matches Moore (1972: fig. 4).
Fig. 21. C. subvolutum Length: 2.5 mm Shell sand, Bermuda.
Fig. 22. C. nitidum Length: 2.5 mm
Base of reef. Marathon, Florida Key
Finally, the smooth caecids with an oblique constricted aperture noted in Abbott (1974) under the subgenus Meioceras are shown. C. nitidum Stimpson, 1851 (Figure 22) exhibits its characteristic heavily swollen appearance in contrast to C. comuQOpiae Carpenter, 1858 (Figure 23) with its short, straight, midsection and C. cuhitatum Folin, 1863 (Figure 24), the more slender, deeper water species with the thin pointed mucro.
Voi. Xiii (6)
The Festivus
72.
Fig. 23. C. oomucopiae Length: 2 mm Base of reef, Marathon,
Florida Keys.
Fig. 24. C. ouhiiatwTi Length: 1.5 mm Dredged 125-140 fms., south of Tarpon Springs, Florida.
The following range information is primarily from Abbott (1974) with extensions according to noted references or from the writer's collecting.
i
C. pulchellum C. bipart itum C. textile C. tomatwn C. regular e C. lineiainetum C. floridanum C. imhriaatwn C. vlioatum C. delicatulum C. debile C. aycloferum C. vestitum C. antillarum C. heladum C. johnsoni C. subvolutum C. nitidum C. oomuoopiae C. oubitatum
New Hampshire to Brazil
Florida Keys to Texas and western Gulf of Mexico Clearwater, Florida to West Indies Bermuda only
SE Florida to Virgin Islands
NE Caribbean [Moore (1972)] and Bermuda
North Carolina to Brazil
Texas to Florida to Brazil [Rios (1975)]
Bermuda, Florida to Brazil [Rios (1975)]
Bermuda [Verrill and Bush (1900)] and [Waller (1973)] Bermuda [Verrill and Bush (1900)]
SE United States to Brazil [Rios (1975)]
Florida coast to West Indies
Bahamas and Florida Keys to Brazil [Rios (1975)] Florida coasts and Puerto Rico Massachusetts to northern Florida
Bermuda, Florida to Barbados [Moore (1972)]
Bermuda, Florida to Brazil
Bermuda, Florida to Brazil [Rios (1975)]
Texas, North Carolina to Brazil
Literature Cited
Abbott, R. Tucker
1974. American Seashells, Second Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York. 663 pp. Clark, W.
1855. British Marine Testaceous Mollusca. John vanVoorst, London. 536 pp.
Moore, Donald R.
1962. The systematic position of the family Caecidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda).
Bull. Mar. Sci. of the Gulf and Caribbean 12 (4) : 695-701 . (Dec.).
1972. Ecological and systematic notes on Caecidae from St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Bull, Mar. Sci. 22 (4 ): 881-899 . (Dec.).
Rios, E.C.
1975. Brazilian Marine Mollusks Iconography. Universidad do Rio Grande. Brazil. Verrill, A.E. and Katherine J. Bush
1900. Additions to the marine Mollusca of the Bermudas. Conn. Acad, of Arts and Sci. 10:513-544.
Waller, T.R.
1973. The habits and habitats of some Bermudian marine Mollusks. Nautilus 87(2):31-52. (Apr.).
1
73.
The Festivus
nUREX (OCINEBRA) SYKES I PRESTON. 1904
BY
ANTHONY D'ATTILIO
Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park, P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112
Introduction
A number of small muricid species, many less than 15 mm in height, that were described by early authors have remained poorly known. This paucity of information results from the following factors: 1) original generic assignments that have been subsequently changed, 2) short generalized descriptions, and 3) unsatisfactory illustrations of species at their exact size. This last factor is the most signifi- cant since micro-sculptural details were inadequately illustrated. Study of the holotype, other typological material or enlarged, detailed photographs of such material are then necessary to establish an understanding of the species.
The species discussed in this paper was described in 1904 by Preston in the Journal of Malacology. This serial publication was not previously examined by me. Apparently, it never had a wide distribution. The following citation appears in the Zoological Record for 1904. "Preston H.B. Descrip, of some new sp. of Cingalese and Indian Marine Shells. J. of Mai. XI, 75-78, pis. 6,7."
This species may more properly be assigned to the genus Favartia Jousseaume, 1880. A paratype of Favart'ia sykesi (Preston, 1904) is in the collections of the Lo Angeles County Museum (N.H.) No. 1963 and this specimen forms the basis of my description which follows. Figures la and lb illustrate the paratype of F. sykesi.
Fig. la. F. sykesi paratype LACM(NH) Fig. lb. F. sykesi dorsal view of
No. 1963, apertural view. same specimen.
Vol. XIII(6)
The Festivus
74.
Description
Height 18.75 ram, width 12.5 ram, shell broad, diamond shaped, somewhat eroded but disclosing about 5 postnuclear whorls; aperture moderate size, sub-ovate, inner lip erect except above; suture impressed; canal open, not long, broad, distally recurved;
6 varices with leading slope strongly imbricate, broad and strongest cord at periphery of the convex body whorl, shoulder not pronounced, 2 cords above the central peri- pheral cord and 3 cords below on body whorl; all cords diminishing in strength away from peripheral cord, cords medially divided by moderate depressions; Intervarical areas broad and deeply excavated, one additional cord on canal; siphonal fasciole retaining 4 remnants of earlier canals. Where not eroded, short growth stages developed as scaly laminae may be found. Color of shell brownish white. Within aperture narrow brownish spiral bands present marking cords on dorsum.
Discussion
The holotype of Favartia sykesi is figured in Fair (1976:80, pi. 20, fig. 293). A com- parison with the paratype illustrated here demonstrates that the two unquestionably represent the same species. The species is not figured in Radwin and D’Attilio (1976).
In a recently published work dealing with tropical Pacific marine shells, F. sykesi was confused and synonymized with F. peasei (Tryon, 1880), a species known to occur in the south tropical Pacific. F. peasei is illus- trated in Figure 2. Specimens of F. peasei collected in the Solomon Islands, in general, closely resemble a few Favartia species from the Caribbean Province and the eastern Pacific.
For these species Perriliat (1972) proposed the subgenus Caribielta: Type species Murex intermedius C.B. Adams, 1850, by original designation.
Acknowledgments
Mr. Gale Sphon kindly processed the loan of the paratype from the Los Angeles County Museum (NH) . The photographs are by Mr. David K. Mulliner, Festivus staff photographer. Mrs. Carole M. Hertz made helpful suggestions regarding the text.
Literature cited Fair, Ruth H.
1976. The Murex Book: an illustrated catalogue of Recent Muricidae (Muricinae, Muricopsinae , Ocenebrinae) . Pub. Ruth H. Fair, Honolulu. 138 pp. , 23 pis. Perriliat, Maria del Carmen
1972. Monographia de los moluscos del Miocene medio de Santa Rosa, Vera Cruz, Part 1. (Gasteropodos , Fissurellidae and Olividae). Paleontologia Mexicana 32.:1-119, pis. 1-51, 1 table, 1 map.
Fig. 2. F. peasei. Specimen
collected by Father Van der Riet at Ata’a Lagoon, British Solomon Islands .
75.
The Festivus
Preston, H.B.
1904. Description of some new species of Cingalese and Indian marine shells. ^ Jour, of Malac. 11:75-78. pis. 6,7. (not seen).
Radwin, George E. and Anthony D'Attilio ,
1976. Murex shells of the world an illustrated guide to the Muricidae. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford. 282 pp. 30 pis. in color and 192 text figs.
Tryon, George W.
1880. Muricinae, Purpurinae in G.W. Tryon and H.B. Pilsbry. Manual of Conchology l(2);l-289. pis. 1-70.
FROM THE MINUTES
SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB MEETING: MAY 21, 1981
BY
MARTIN SCHULER
Carol Burchard called the meeting to order at 7:40 P.M. After new mem- bers and guests were introduced, Hugh Bradner presented Amy Kimball, the Club Science Fair winner for 1981, who gave an account of her project. The Ecology of Cotisetta di-g'ita'i'ts . Hugh then presented Amy with the prize that she had selected, the book Between Pacific Tides .
Ron McPeak then introduced the speaker for this month, David Leighton, whose talk was entitled The Cultured Abalone. Dr. Leighton has been studying the abalone for some twenty years. His work involves the germination of and growth of the various species of west coast Hal'ioti-s until they are large enough to seed off the coast.
His culturing work also includes the rock scallop, Hinnites giganteus.
After the break, Dave Mulliner showed the slides of the April auction. Ron McPeak announced the speaker for July, Janice Sibley, who will speak on limpets.
(There is no regular June meeting) .
Carol Burchard presented the following motion which will be voted upon at the July meeting. Motion: The editor of the San Diego Shell Club publication. The
Festivus , shall be a non-voting member of the executive board with an indefinite term of office.
Margaret Mulliner announced the annual plant sale and Dave Mulliner gave details of the upcoming WSM meeting and the Club’s hosting of a wine and cheese party on the first evening. He requested that we all donate either wine or cheese or both for the event .
The shell drawing was won by Mike Dixon, a visitor from England. The meeting was adjourned at 9:30 P.M.
ADDITIONS TO THE ROSTER
Campbell, Byron. 5445 Baltimore #27, La Mesa, Ca. 92041, 463-7910.
Flentz, Mary "Pecten”. 5014 Newton Street, Torrance, Ca. 90505.
Hewitt, Susan. 258 Lowell Street, Lexington, Mass. 02173.
Mahar, Mary Lou & Dale Glantz. 1127 Thomas Ave. #7, San Diego, Ca. 92109, 270-0474.
McElroy, Bill and Marlene. 9651 Blackgold Rd., La Jolla, Ca. 92037, 457-4848.
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Vol. XIII(6)
The Festivus
76.
Amy Kimball, a senior at Point Loma High School, was the Club winner in the 1981 Greater San Diego Science and Engineering Fair. She presented an outline of her pro- ject and received her Club award. Between Pacific Tides by Ricketts and Calvin. Her brief summary of her winning project follows.
THE ECOLOGY OF COLISELLA DIGITALIS (SUMMARY)
By
AMY KIMBALL
An intertidal limpet, CotisetZa digitalis ^ has been found to occupy two dis- tinct intertidal niches (Test, 1945) . One population is dark and lives on vertical cliff faces in the splash zone, while a second group of animals is smaller with light coloring and lives in the mid-tidal zone on the stalked barnacle, Pollioiges polymevus . Despite their different appearances, the limnets have been identified as the same species through electrophoreses (Murphy, 1978),
The purpose of this project was to examine seven factors which might allow both populations to exist.
Procedures :
Genetics: Ten limpets of each type were put into opposite niches and new shell
growth was observed for changes. Any changes in aspects of shell pattern which occurred indicated that these factors are determined environmentally, rather than genetically.
Fungus: Both types of limpet were examined under a microscope for infection by
Didymelta aonahae. Their shells were treated with copper sulfate, a fungicide, and new growth was monitored for changes.
Diet: Body tissues of a group of each animal were measured with a spectropho-
meter for difference in calcium content.
Population count: A population count was conducted to find if limpets are evenly distributed on a barnacle colony or if inner or outer barnacles are preferred.
Homing: Low tide positions of seven of each animal were taken for one month to
determine if both limpet types have a homing instinct.
Predators: Limpets living on barnacles were painted dark and their disappearance
rate over a two week period was compared to that of a control group of light animals to find if color is a factor seclected against by predators.
Shell structure: Basal dimensions of 25 animals of each type were compared to
their heights to find if one variety has taller proportions.
Conclusions :
It was concluded that Colisella digitalis is able to live on vertical cliffs in the splash zone or in the midtidal zone in a symbiotic relationship with Polliaipes polymevus. This relationship is mutually advantageous because the limpets receive a superior substrate in exchange for eating algae which could grow over the barnacles' shells and leave them unable to feed.
It was concluded that diet rather than fungus or genetics is responsible for the different shell colors of the two populations. Population counts indicate that dis- tribution within barnacle colonies is even and Pollieipes-ty^o. limpets have higher proportions which appear to be related to the fact that there is less basal area available to limpets living on barnacles. Predation tests showed that there was not a significantly higher disappearance rate for dark animals living on barnacles than for light animals living on barnacles. When light specimens of C. digitalis from barnacles were relocated to cliff faces, new growth had the same dark coloration as other C. digitalis normally living there.
Literature cited Murphy, P.G.
1978. Colisella austvodigitalis sp. nov. : a sibling species of limpet (Acmaeidae) discovered by electrophoresis. Bio. Bull. 155:193-206.
Test, A.R.
1945. Ecology of California Aomaea. Ecology 26(4) :395-405.
cn:so shfu ciub
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3883 MT. BLAcKBURN AVL
syi ^GO, ^111
j S^r/a/s
JLmerican ^.useum J^atl History York, JNew York 10024
... FISIITIS
SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB
FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968
MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M. iRARV ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK
l\ 1 President ...Carol Burchard
K k d Secretary Martin Schuler
/\s W4« ■ Corres. Secretary Marjorie Bradner
Treasurer Walter Robertson
Editor Carole M. Hertz
ANNUAL DUES: Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $4.00;
Family membership: $5.00; Student membership: $3.00; Overseas surface: $6.00.
CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club, Inc.
c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111
VOL. XIII JULY 1981 NO. 7
icicieificieific^icicit'k'k'k'kicicicic'kic’kicicicicic'kic'kicic'k'kicic'kicic'kicieicicitieicicicicicic'k'kieicieicicic'k’k'k'k’k'kic'kic if i
* *
4 *
* PROGRAM: "Molluscan Behavior in an Experimental Tidepool" is the topic of J
* speaker, Janice Sibley. Her talk will be accompanied by her J
5 motion picture film and slides. J
* *
* ★
J Slides of the 1981 WSM conference will be shown. J
J Date: July 16, 1981 Time: 7:30 P.M. Room: 104 J
ic if
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CONTENTS
Note on the holotype of Murex taqueatus Sowerby, 1841 (Gastropoda: Murlcldae) with a description of a specimen from Guam
D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY 78
Fort Kam revisited, February 1981
BRADNER, HUGH and BOB SCHOENING 82
The cultured abalone
LEIGHTON, DAVID L 83
Book review Natural History of Baja California
POORMAN, FORREST 85
78.
The Festivus
NOTE ON THE HOLOTYPE OF nUREX LAQUEATUS SOWERBY. 1841 (GASTROPODA: MURICIDAE) WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A SPECIMEN FROM GUAM
BY
ANTHONY D'ATTILIO
Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112
The description of Murex laqueatus^ written in Latin only as was the custom of the times, appears as follows from page 142 of the Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1841 (for 1840).
Mdrsx laqdbatus. Conch. Blustr. f. 78. Mur. tettd rhomboided, transverse costaid, crassd, albd : spird mediocri; an/ractibus sep- tem, subangulatis : caudd breviusculd, rectd, crassd: varicibus tri- bus obliqtiiter spiram decurrentibus, d tergo tumulosis, fimbrid la- queatd carinatis, ad caudam subspinosis: interstitiis tuberculo magno costatis : aperturd parvd, ovali ; labio externa crenulato } canali aperto.
Hab. ? Mus. Saul.
A much thicker shell than M. tripterus, Bom., and moreover having the caudal canal spinose.
In that same year an illustration appeared in Sowerby's Con-chological Illustrations as Figure 78. It is shown here as Figure 1. The holotype is in the collections of the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, England. The following note is based on the holotype specimen received on loan from that institution and illustrated in Figures 2a and 2b.
The holotype is white with a pinkish cast, its structural characters well marked. The species was known only from the type. Subsequent figures in three later 19th century iconographies are all copies of the figure in the Conchological Illustrations. The type locality is not known. Within the last decade living specimens of this species have been collected at Guam, Kwajalein, and the Hawaiian Islands (also Tahiti?). On the basis of its known present distribution, it is apparently an insular species in the western Pacific.
Fig. 1. Holotype of M. laqueatus from Sowerby.
Pterynotus laqueatus (Sowerby, 1841)
The following full description is based on a specimen in the San Diego Natural History Museum received from Leo Kemczenski. He collected it off Orote Cliffs, Guam in 90 feet among coral rubble. It is illustrated in Figures 3a and 3b. The radula was extracted and mounted and is illustrated in Figure 4.
Description: The shell is 34 mm in height, broadly fusiform, with a high spire,
protoconch not preserved and with about 7 postnuclear whorls. The aperture is small, ovate, with a crenulate outer lip within which there are 10 evenly sized denticles, (the inner lip has a denticle posteriorly which matches the uppermost one in the outer lip and the pair thus frame the anal trough); below the columellar denticle there is a knobby swelling. The canal is moderately long, narrowly open, terminally recurved with two old canal remnants on the siphonal fasciole.
Vol. XIII (7)
The Festivus
79.
Fig. 2a. M. taqueatuSj apertural view Fig. 2b. Dorsal view of same specimen, of holotype. Length :30 mm,
V/idth'.19 mm.
Fig. 3a. Pterynotus laqueatus, apertural Fig. 3b. Dorsal view of same specimen, view. Length: 34 mm, Width: 24 mm.
SDNHM 76510 Collector: Leo Kemczenski
^ 80.
The Festivus
There are 3 varices per | whorl which extend outward into flanges which are weakly re- curved and terminally form 2 lobes. The flanges extend from the suture above the shoul- der to the base of the body whorl. The spiral cords develop strongly on the flange surface; there are 2 such main cords on the upper (posterior) lobe and 3 cords on the lower lobe; 3 lesser cords occur above the shoulder, and 3 minor cords in the area between the lobes. On the canal there are 3 spines but with no connecting web or flange, the more prominent cords or spines are subdivided by 2 grooves. There is a large, knobby ridge between varices and a lesser one at the extreme side of the inter- varical area contiguous to the beginning of the flange. The shell is weakly, scabrously lamellate.
Shell color is overcast with light pink shaded into violet at the extremity of the flange; a deeper orange-red occurs on the canal and on the periphery of the cords, and a flush of orange on the spire.
Aperture is pale violet within, a bright red is found between the inner lip denticles and on the columella.
This species with its rich diversity of color recalls Pterynotus martinetanwn (Roding, 1798), another multicolored Pterynotus.
A juvenile specimen of P. taqueatus, SDNHM 76510 , also collected by Mr. Kemczenski in Guam is shown in Figures 5a and 5b.
Fig. 4.
Radula of Pterynotus laqueatus from specimen shown in Figures 3a and 3b.
Geographical range: In addition to its comparatively more frequent occurrence in
Guam, the species is said to occur in Kwajalein Island (Hawaiian Shell News 27(9). 7, figure 3, collector D.J. MacDonald; for its occurrence in Hawaii, see Hawaiian Shell News 28(10):!, 2 figures; for an additional record in Tahiti, see page 10 of the preceding reference.
Vol. XIII (7)
The Festivus
81.
Fig. 5a. P. laqueatus y apertural view Fig. 5b. Dorsal view of same specimen, of juvenile, SDNHM 76510 Length: 16 mm, Width: 10 mm.
Acknowledgment s
Dr. J. Bishop of the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, England very kindly sent me the type on loan. All photographs are the work of Mr. David K. Mulliner, Festivus staff photographer. Mrs. Carole M. Hertz contributed in discussion of the text.
82.
The Festlvus
FORT KAM REVISITED. FEBRUARY 1981
BY
HUGH BRADNER and BOB SCHOENING
1867 Caminito Marzella La Jolla, Ca. 92037
EPMU-6, Box 112
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii 96860
The entrance to Pearl Harbor off Fort Kamehameha has long been a favorite shelling area, oftentimes with some very surprising finds. This is an excellent location in which to look for shallow water Hawaiian cowries, including the much desired Cypraea semiplota. Fort Kam is in the lee of the island, and even during mild Kona winds visibility is often as much as ten feet during the incoming tide.
Acres of coral slab and turnable rock are marked by red, yellow, green, grey and black sponge and other forms of marine life which include tube worms, brittle stars, and annelid worms that are found in abundance. Other marine life found at Fort Kam is the ever elusive lobster and many different types of crabs. Because of the location of Fort Kam, it has long been a favorite place for people to come and collect edible seaweed. In recent years the popularity of the place has been reduced by pollution from Pearl Harbor (especially during ebb tide), rumors of hammerhead sharks, and limited access past Hickam Air Base guards. The dangerous pollution has now been almost entirely eliminated; the sharks are not really much of a hazard; and we could pass the guards so we decided to skin dive in search of C. semiptota. We had shelled here before with snorkle and SCUBA. SCUBA might be preferable because those little black-mantled cowries are said to be most common at about 30 feet depth; visiblility is poor and sharks seem more likely in the murky depths. When ships are passing through the narrow channel, it sounds like a freight train is passing overhead.
We spent several hours looking for small, rounded, black, spongelike objects (C. semiptota) associated with black sponge, but alas, no luck this time. The day was not a loss though since the red sponge yielded several C. teves and one beautiful C, ahinensiSf far more rare in shallow Hawaiian waters than C. semiptota. The papillae of our C. ahinensis differed a little from the descriptions by Alison Kay (1979) and Pat Burgess (1970). They were the same deep carmine color as the mantle and had the same sparse tiny white bumps. An interesting observation was that some of the papillae had a barely visible white spot at the extreme tip. The tentacles were orange-carmine with a cream colored base and the eyes were a dark brown-black. Alison Kay indicated (pers. comm.) that the C. ahinensis mantle is variable. She has a spe- cimen similar to ours.
When we later put the cowries in a flat-bottomed dish, the C. ahinensis moved with a world record speed of 5 to 7 mm/sec. ! Robert Schoening has observed, but not clocked, even faster movement of C. aytindriaa in situ on Guam.
At Fort Kam there is a multitude of C. aaputserpentis . We also saw more than two dozen C. hetvota^ and one C. poraria. In addition we collected a superb specimen of C. sutaidentata (55 mm long), and a large C. sahitderonm. These species are not common at snorkle depth in Hawaii. Although cowries were our goal, we collected the following molluscs that appealed to us: Cymatium intermediuSj Gyvineum husittiariy
Mitra assimitis, Hydatina amptustve^ and Tevebra dimidiata. As Pat Burgess said,
" Fort Kam is one of the best shelling places in the whole Pacific basin."
Burgess, C.M. 1970. The living cowries. A.S. Barnes and Co., New York. 389 pp.
Kay, E. Alison. 1979. Hawaiian marine shells. Bishop Mus. Press. Honolulu., 653 pp.
Literature Cited
Vol. XIII (7)
The Festivus
83.
THE CULTURED ABALONE
BY
DAVID L. LEIGHTON
World Research, Inc. , Ocean Studies Institute Division,
11722 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, California 92121
This most interesting group of herbivorous prosobranchs, the Haliotidae, comprised of about 100 species, exists throughout the world with some curious gaps in distribution. Where large species occur, as along the coasts of Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Africa, and the Pacific coast of North America, intensive fisheries have developed. In most cases, as here in California and our neighboring Baja California, heavy fishing pressures and/or loss of habitat by pollution and increased natural predation, have resulted in marked declines in stocks. Thus the need to culture abalone as "seed" to repopulate natural beds and to support cultivation of seafood crops, has spurred the development of aquaculture for these mollusks in Japan and the United States.
While abalone culture technology first began with the findings of Dr. Takashi Ino and Dr. Takeo Imai in the 1950’ s, these Japanese efforts were largely unknown to us as we undertook our research and development in the early 1960's. In 196A, Pacific Mariculture succeeded in spawning and rearing juveniles of several California abalones (Buzz Owen did his epochal study of hybridization in abalones there) , but that group soon turned its attention to the more instantly remunerative culture of oyster spat. California Marine Associates (a group I cofounded as a partnership) formed in 1967 to tackle rearing the red abalone, Edtiotis rufesaens Swainson, to market size (3-5") in shore-based tanks. Dividing time between construction of the facility and developing the art of abalone culture, at the end of the first year we had successfully reared 60 quarter inch red abalone. Fortunately the next season we had perfected our methods and hundreds grew to thousands. Growth of the red abalone is rather slow; roughly an inch a year. Still, by the early 1970' s the large concrete rearing tanks held many thousands of two to three inch abalone.
As our successes became known, others in California entered the field. In 1970- 1973, Monterey Abalone Farms, Pacific Ocean Farms, and Ab Lab were born. The California Department of Fish and Game laboratory at Granite Canyon (Carmel) was opened under the direction of Mr. Earl Ebert.
We soon found increasing costs of materials for tank and building construction, and electrical power for our pumps and other equipment, were narrowing any anticipated margins for profit. In an attempt to find less expensive methods for grow-out of abalone from juvenile to adult, I began to explore in-sea habitat rearing. The off- shore petroleum platform seemed ideal for this work. After approaching several oil companies, Atlantlc-Richf ield agreed to allow use of its Platform Holly off Santa Barbara for abalone culture research. While abalone grew well under these conditions, weekly kelp feeding, maintenance, dive time, and fuel costs have made this approach little better than on-shore practices.
Since 1975 I have been conducting studies in abalone culture and seeding methods in the San Diego area, some under UC Sea Grant support, some as activities of Ocean Studies Division, World Research, Inc., a non-profit research group here. In a paper published in 1974 in which I examined the temperature dependence of early development in southern California abalones, the green abalone, H. futgens Philippi, was shown to be tolerant of amazingly high temperatures and to grow rapidly at 20o-28° C (68°-82°F) . There I suggested this species might prove to be a choice candidate for culture using thermal effluent in souther California.
84.
The Festivias
In 1978, the Southern California Edison Company accepted the challenge. My group was provided the funds to conduct research on thermal effluent culture of the green abalone at the SCE Redondo Beach fossil fuel electric power plant. We have found the growth rate of juveniles reared in effluent at 24° - 28°C is almost double that for groups in ambient seawater (14°-180C) . Temperatures greater than 28°C are tolerated by green abalone (upper lethal, 31.5°C, LD50, 48 hr), but effluent seldom exceeds that level. The hatchery producing seed is benefitted by more rapid growth and shortened tujm-over for juvenile stock. We have gained an additional advantage: brood stock are maintained in gravid condition and larvae can be obtained throughout the year. Our culture regime has required we induce spawning in brood stock each two weeks. Individuals are spawned one each six months. In 1980, approximately 9,000 one-inch green abalone produced as a consequence of our research were donated by SCE to the California Department of Fish and Game for planting offshore in its Abalone Resource Enhancement Program. This year our program with SCE will produce over 20,000 young green abalone.
A second contract between World Research and SCE is producing red and pinkj Ih. aorrugata. Gray) abalones for an aritifical reef recently constructed by SCE and managed by the CF&G south of San Onofre. We hope to have about 30,000 seed abalone of these species ready for planting on that reef by early fall.
Interbreeding of California abalones was first reported by Owen, McLean, and Meyer (1971). Hybrids are frequently found in nature and are easily produced arti- ficially. While it was concluded by Owen et al. that the black abalone, H. arachevodi Leach is genetically too distinct to cross, I successfully hybridized black and green abalones in 1977. John McMullen (Ab Lab) shortly thereafter announced production of black-pinks! In current research at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography funded by UC-Sea Grant, Drs. Victor Vacquier, Cindy Lewis and I are examining the chemical and physical nature of sperm-egg interactions in con- and heterospecific combinations. Larvae succeding from viable crosses are being reared through juvenile and young adult stages to compare their characteristics with parental forms and to confirm fertility of specific hybrids. We have produced some hybrids which are noteworthy for their good growth and relatively high survival rates (e.g., the red-greens and red-pinks). Especially beautiful is the combination of red and white {E. sovenseni Bartsch) .
The cultured abalone often appears quite different in shell coloration compared to specimens from nature. Shell color is governed by pigments, chiefly phycobilins, derived from red and blue-green algae in the diet. In the laboratory or hatchery we generally provide diets of benthic diatoms, green and brown algae, which lack these pigments. Shell color is usually white or green. Alternating diets results in color banding in shells. Our hatchery stock, when released and recaptured in field studies, are easily distinguished from natural recruits.
Abalone culture is becoming a major endeavor in Japan. In this country production costs now seem to snag aquaculture (in spite of the high price paid for abalone steaks). It is hoped that more efficient hatchery production of seed stock, genetic improvement through selection for rapid growth and hybrid development, and perfection of new methods to rear abalone in the sea, will lead to productive abalone aquaculture in this country.
Literature Cited
Leighton, David L. 1974. The influence of temperature on larval and juvenile growth in three species of southern California abalones. U.S. Nat. Marine Fisheries Services, Fish Bull. 72 (4) : 1137-1145 .
Owen, B., J.H. McLean, and R.J. Meyer. 1971. Hybridization in the eastern Pacific abalones {Haliotis) . Bull. LACM(NH) Sci(9) , 37pp., 21 figs.
Vol. XIII (7)
The Festlvus
85.
BOOK REVIEW
BY
FORREST POORMAN
15300 Magnolia Street, Sp. 55, Westminister, California 92683
NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA
By Miguel del Barco, S.J. ^ ^
Translated from the Spanish by Froylan Tiscareno Baja California Travel Series //45
Published by Dawson Book Shop, Los Angeles, Ca. , 1980 298 pages, 16 black and white plates Cost: $50.00.
In this hard back volume, the translator and publisher have made available for the interested person and for the researcher both the flora and the fauna of penin- sular California. This was no easy task for the translator of the Jesuit Miguel del Barco. The narrative is divided into eleven chapters each treating a segment of the natural history of Baja California from "The Wild Animals" in chapter one to "Concerning Minerals, Salt Pans, and Rocks" in chapter eleven. Chapter nine is "About Fishes" and Chapter ten is entitled "About Testaceans (including Mollusks, Crustaceans, and Chelonians) . "
Barco *s position that the sea is a natural resource of the peninsula led to an unusual wealth of information in his description of the Fishes and Testaceans of the Pacific and of the Gulf of California. He treated these with thoroughness in spite of the meager information available in the 18th century. The description of early pearl fishing is one of the most detailed account known today. In the chapter on mollusks he discusses Conchas azules (abalone) , Conchas de perlas (pearl shells),
Hacha (fan shell). Burro (jewel box clam), and Purpura (purple dye shell). There is also a discussion of shells and the emersion of California. These chapters are illustrated by five black and white drawings by Father Ignacio Tirsch and by Homer Aschmann. There are two types of illustrations, one contemporary and the other very old originals not from this book. This book was not illustrated in its original form.
The value of the narrative is enriched by the inclusion of many footnotes which accompany the translation and illustration of Father Barco ’s manuscript.
NEW MEMBERS
Kenk, Vida, 18596 Paseo Pueblo, Saratoga, Ca. 95070
Kittsmiller, Don, 3320 Marlborough Ave. , San Diego, Ca. 92105, 584-8692 St. Jean, Kate, P.O. Box 2356, Carmel, Ca. 93921 CHANGE OF ADDRESS
Steward, Orville M. , P.O. Box 33, Plymouth, Vermont 05056
SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUI
A i' t 6> f
ai.«rlcan ? useUa* >ati hietory Central Park West h. 79 tb St, New York, &ew Tork 10024
, i Hi I
Z lESTIVUS
SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB
FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968
MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M. please PRINT NAME LEGIP' CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK
President Carol Burchard
Vice President Ron H. McPeak
Rec. Secretary Martin Schuler
Corres. Secretary Marjorie Bradner
Treasurer Walter Robertson
Editor Carole M. Hertz
ANNUAL DUES; Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $4.00;
Family membership: $5.00; Student membership: $3.00; Overseas surface: $6.00.
CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club, Inc.
c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111
VOL. XIII
AUGUST 1981
NO. 8
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* PROGRAM: Dr. Wheeler North will discuss "The Ecology of the Kelp Forest."
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Date :
His presentation will be illustrated with his slides, Slides of the 1981 WSM conference will be shown. August 20, 1981 Time: