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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.

BULLETIN

OF

Pith UNITED STATES

GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

THE TERRITORIES.

F. V. HAYDEN,

U. Ss. GHOLOGIST-IN-CHARGE.

ES th SEC op : seAN 91 IRAQ”, > 3 “AN

WASHING TON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1877.

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PREPFATOEY- NOE,

U.S. GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES, Washington, August 1, 1877.

Bulletin No. 4, series of 1877, completes Volume III; and with this number are issued index, title-page, table of contents, list of illustra- tions, &c., for the whole volume. It is hoped that the separately pub- lished numbers are preserved for binding, as there is no issue of the Bulletins in bound volumes from this office, and as back numbers cannot always be supplied to complete deficient files.

In concluding the third volume of Bulletins, a word regarding the origin and progress of this publication will not be out of place. The issue began in 1874, when it was found desirable to establish more ready means of communication with the public and with scientific bodies than the regular Reports of the Survey afforded; the design being.to publish, without the delay incident to the appearance of more elaborate and extended articles, such new or specially interesting matter as should be contributed to the general results of the Explorations under my charge by the members or the collaborators of the Survey. The practical im- portance of prompt measures in such cases is well recognized, aud sufficiently attested by the success which the Bulletins have achieved.

The First and Second Bulletins, which appeared in 1874, are separately paged pamphlets, without ostensible connection with each other or with subsequent ones, but together constituting a “ First Series” of the publication. Bulletins which appeared in 1875, being those of a “Second Series ” and six in number, are continuously paged. With No. 6 were issued title, contents, index, &c., for all the numbers of both “series ” which had then appeared; the design being that these should together constitute a Volume I, in order that the inconvenient distinction of “series” might be dropped.

With Bulletin No. 1 of 1876, the publication was established as an annual serial; the four consecutively paged numbers of that year con- Stituting Volume II.

The four Bulletins of 1877 constitute Volume III, which compares favorably with its predecessors in the extent, variety, and importance of its contents, and is greatly improved in typography and general appearance.

Should no unforeseen circumstance prevent, the Bulletins will continue

lil

IV PREFATORY NOTE.

to be issued at convenient irregular intervals, as material may come to hand; the strictly serial character of the publication, however, being ‘maintained. The actual date of issue is given on the temporary cover of each, as it is important to fix with precision the appearance of the successive numbers of a periodical in which so many new genera and species are described.

This publication, answering so fully the special purpose for which it was established, is regarded as one of the most important means to the main ends which the Survey has in view. It has already acquired a character and standing which render it favorably comparable to the regular ** Proceedings” or other similar publications of any of the learned bodies of this country or Europe. Its scope includes the whole range of the subjects for the investigation of which the Survey is conducted, and the appearance of which in this connection does not in any way restrict the plan of the formal Reports of the Survey. The volumes already issued contain articles upon Archeology, Ethnography, Lin- guistics, Geology, Topography, Geography, Paleontology, and Natural History in general, suitably illustrated with plates, cuts, and maps; and no effort will be spared in the future to maintain the high standard which the present volume so couspicuously illustrates.

F. V. HAYDEN, United States Geologist.

CONTENTS OF THE WHOLE VOLUME.

BULLETIN No. 1.—April 5, 1877.

I.—A Calendar of the Dakota Nation. By Bvt. Lt. Col. Garrick Mallery, —

We Svat. ((Plateyh)c\s30- 3's). cee tes i He ee eee oops see cele Ii.—Researches in the Kjékkenméddings and Graves of a former popula- tion of the Coast of Oregon. By Paul Schumacher. (Plates 2-8).- III.—Researches in the KjOkkenméddings of a former Population of the Santa Barbara Islands and adjacent Mainland. By Paul Schu-

macher. (Plates 9-22) ...... PADRE CAMO EY | Ee Senge Sanam ee OPE ere Bs IV.—The Twana Indians of the Skokomish Reservation in Washington Mernitony. Dy kev. Memells: | (elates;2 3-25) hermes aes eee V.—Notes on a Collection of Noctuid Moths made in Colorado in 1875 by Dro AS. backard, jr. “By, Ayes i. Gropees aeeoe ona nae ioe Cayenne VI.—The Tineinajof Colorado. By V. T. Chambers, :----. .....22--: s0+--s VII.—Notes on a Collection of T neid Moths made in Colorado in 1875 by A. Se backards ir. Mess 5 ByoiVied. Chambers: sosceeee aascaoeee secon

VIIJ.—On the Distribution of Tineina in Colorado. By V..T. Chambers.... IX.—New Entomostraca from Colorado. By V.T. Chambers. (Figs. 1-4). X.—On a new Cave Fauna in Utah. By A.S. Packard, jr.,M.D. (Figs.

SO) iy Baia Persia aS Arar Seca nyaree SEN Set eee Ae ean aie cee aN XI.—Description of new Phyllopod Crustacea from the West. By A. S. Backardy ity, Mens (ios Wl 17)\ sae ten coerce ecicieeesecaeence Soe XII.—On some Artesiau Borings along the line of the Union Pacifie Railroad in Wyoming Territory. By F. V. Hayden, (Plate 26);..---...---.

BULLETIN No. 2.—April 30, 1877.

XII1.—Western Diptera: Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Diptera - from the Region west of the Mississippi, and especially from Cali- LOLA Eye ue Osten SACKeMI paar |) > 2) .sbeie cereale acme aeeeane X1V.—Report upon the Insects collected by P. R. Uhler during the Explora- tions of 1875, including Monographs of the Families Cydnide and Saldz, and the Hemiptera colleeted by A. S. Packard, jr;,M.D. By

Reeve Wenn w (i LAbeSiea%, 28) pacts sa sinis -eiseictscna esse Saetns cee ees XV.—Descriptions of the Aranez collected in Colorado in 1875 by A. S. Pack- DTA ES ey ls NOLO]: s2h22 ieee bce oe yoke lush ieee oo sees Addendum: Description of two new Spidcrs inact Colorado. By

Jot Merton. (Urea Se 19 esse. occa saceisceeans acces ces se

BULLETIN No. 3.-——May 15, 1877.

XVI.—Comparative Vocabulary of Utah Dialects. By Edwin A. Barber..-.. XVII.—Methods of making Stone Weaponse By Paul Schumacher. (Plate 2) eS Ae ecS eS. —- SOS RED OCO CORREO CCCCOBTE CC SORE CORRES BEE

ol ce ve

vI CONTENTS OF THE WHOLE VOLUME.

XVIII.—On a Peculiar Type of Eruptive Mountains in Colorado. By A.C. Peale a2 cera cee - ce a2 icine acicsieineelsleeie eto s ene aie eee eee XIX.—Report on the Geology of the Region of the Judith River, Montana, and on Vertebrate Fossils obtained on or near the Missouri River.

By Hs D.Cope... (Plates: 30-34)... cen oye oe ania: 2 see XX.—Paleontological Papers No. 1.—Descriptions of Unionide and Phy- side collected by Prof. E. D. Cope from the Judith River Group of

Montana Territory during the summer of 1876. By C. A. White,

M.D .. be anoty un) Ee ae ere $a

XXI.— Paleontological Papers No. 2.—Descriptions of New Species of Uniones and a New Genus of Fresh-water Gasteropoda from the Tertiary

Strata of Wyoming and Utah. By C. A. White, M. D..--..-..----- XXII.—Paleontolegical Papers No. 3.—Catalogue of the Invertebrate Hoesile hitherto published from the Fresh- and Brackish-water Deposits of

the Western portion of North America. By C. A. White, M. D..... XXIII.—Paleontological Papers No. 4.—Comparison of the North American Mesozoic and Cenozoic Unionide and associated Mollusks with Liy-

ATES PCClES. = dye Oe Atco WANTS, SMEG DD eye ees XXIV.—Paleontological Papers No. 5—Remarks on the paleontological char- acteristics of the Cenozoic and Mesozoic Groups as developed in the

Green River Region.” By C. AY White, My D222.) 32-22-5255 eens XXV.—Precursory Notes on American Insectivorous Mammals, with Descrip- tions of New Species. By Dr. Elliott Coues, U.S. A.......--...-- XXVI.—Notes on the Ornithology of the Region about the Source of the Red River of Texas, from observations made during the Expleration conducted by Lieut. E. H. Ruffner, Corps of Engineers, U.S. A. By

C. A. H. McCauley, Lieutenant Third United States Artillery. An-

MOM uKEel Oe Die, WW bormnCOwes, Ws Ss AS sosase sagace boce5e cosoun case XXVII. —Catalogue of the Land and Fresh-water Shells ef Nebraska. By Sam- nelwAtiohey. Phe Do fac set ee ec ere e an aqe a oie me en nee ree

XXVIII.—Notes on the Geographical Work of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. By A. D. Wilson, Chief Topographers «(Plates 35=39))-e -so eee eae eee eee eee

BULLETIN No. 4.— August 15, 1877.

XXIX.—The First-discovered Traces of Fossil Insects in the American Tertia- ries, By Samuel. Scudder. 3 26 ses se eee ee eee XXX.—Description of Two Species of Carabide, found in the Interglacial De- posits of Searboro’ Heights, near Toronto, Canada. By Samuel H.

BCUdMER . . sew vo ee bees Gee Sie eee Cece ete eee = = Soe XXXI.—Report upon the Insects collected by P. R. Uhler during the Explora- tions of 1875, including Monographs of the Families Cydnidz and

Saldz, and the Hemiptera collected by A.S. Packard, jr..M.D. By

Ev. Wher. (Continued! tromip Avo) s=- sess seen ae eee ee eee XXXII.—Description of Cambarus couesi, a New Species of Crawfish from Da- kota.) By, Lhos. sb. Streets Mw USN N sane ae eee ee eee XXXIII.—On a Caroivorous Dinosaurian from the Dakota Beds of Colorado.

13\7/ JOE dU} COD nacesegaceunideasdd Baedou bobcad aneSoadose Soe cosesc XXXIV.—A Contribution to the knowledge of the Ichthyological Fauna of the Greenaviver shales. By Ho DA Cope.) oo. as itesinen eee eee

XXXV.—On the Genus Erisichthe. By HE. D. Cope....--...---. 26. -o-5 «o>

599

603

607

615

625

631

eld S On

741

763

765

803

805

807

821

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Facing page—

PLATES. Plate I.—The Calendar of the Dakota Nation .-....-.........(Mallery)...--. II.—Map of Port Orford, Oregon, and vicinity..---.- (Schumacher) ..---- IjI.—Map of Rancheria on Rogue River ...--...----. (Schumacher) ..---- IV.—Sketchs, etc., of Excavation at Tututoni and Chetleshin Rancherias (Schumacher) ...--- V.—Sketches, etc., of present Klamath dwelling..-. - (Schumacher).----- VI.—Map of Rancheria near main settlement on Rogue River. (Schumacher).-.--- VII.—Map of main Rancheria of the Chetleshin,. near mouth of Pistol River 3 (Schumacher) ..---- VIII.—Map of Rancheria of the Khustenete at Hustenate. (Schumacher) .-.--- IX.—Map of Islands in the Santa Barbara Channel, ete. (Schumacher) ..---- X.—Map of San Miguel Island.......----..-----.--. (Schumacher) .----- XI.—Map of Santa Cruz Island.-...----...---..-- .-. (Schwmacher)..-.-. XII.—Map of Tinker’s Cove, Santa Cruz Island... ....(Schumacher).-.---. XIIJ.—Map of Coche Prieto, Santa Cruz Island -..-.-.--. (Schumacher) ..---- XIV —Map of Los Alamos, Santa Cruz Island...... .--- (Schumacher) ...--- XV.—Map of Smugegler’s Cove, etc., Santa Cruz Island .(Schwmacher)..---. XVI.— Map of San Nicolas Island ....-....-.-.-..----- (Schumacher) ..---- XVII.—Map of Catalina Harbor....-.......--...---.-- (Schumacher) ..---- XVIII.—Map of Dos Pueblos, Santa Barbara County, Cal.(Schuwmacher)..---- XIX.—Map of Os-bi, Santa Barbara County, Cal-.----. (Schumacher) .---- XX.—Map of San Antonio Rancho........-.-.-..----(Schumacher)...--- XXI.—Sketches of Tinker’s Cove, Santa Cruz Island-. .(Schwmacher).---.- XXII.—Implements from graves at Coche Prieto, Santa Cruz Island. (Schumacher) ..---. XXIII.—Appurtenances of dwelling and implements of Twana Indians. (Eells)...- XXIV.—Appurtenances of dwellings of Twana Indians.-.-..-..-.. (ells) == - XXV.—Totems, etc., of the Twana Indians..-...-.----.-.---. (Bells) occ. XXVI.—Geological sections along the Union Pacific Railroad (Hayden)..-.-.. XXVII.—Figures of various insects:......-....--.---.---- ---.-(Uhler)....-. XX VIII.—Figures of various insects..-.-..--..---+------.--..- (C(O oaeeee XXIX.—Method of making stone weapons.....----------(Schumacher)..-.---. XXX.—Sections of Cretaceous formations.....--..--.---.---- (Gone) euseee XXXI.—Sections of Cretaceous formations.....-.---------.--- KCope)ce--- OXON ——Vilow, ON OP Creek... cca mea micin >= = oe Sn ielnln ia = (Cope) ...... XXXIII.—Elevation of the Fort Pierre and Fox Hill beds on Birch Creek. (Cope) ...--. ONO —-) IN OSAMU see clara le) aaactcn aaleieaw ai sine maaclenea sane sae -|(COPC)s.----

3

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VIIl LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

: Facing page— Plate XXX V.—Plots of foresight intersections.. ... Baa Sita (Wilson) ...--. 712 NOONE Sketchutrom) Station Ul see ses see eee cette @)OLSO7?) etait .738 XXXVII.—Sketch from Station 125 ......-...---. .----.---- (Wilson)---. -- 138 XXX VIII.—Profile-sketch from Station 115 .....--.----.----- (Wilson)..---. 738 XXXIX.—Map...--...---..--------- oaggoenoceso see csscss (Wilson) ..---- 738 WOODCUTS IN TEXT. Page Fig. 1.—Cypris grandis, n. sp.----------------- +--+ +--+ ------ (Chambers) ..---- 151 2.—Cypris altissimus, n. Sp------ .----.-----+----------- (Chambers) .-.--- 152 3.—Cypris mons, D. Sp .----.------------------.-------- (Chambers) ...--- “a3 4.—Daphnia brevieauda, D. sp..---.---2- ---2-- 2 == = (Chambers) ..---- 154 5,—Nemastoma troglodytes, n. sp.--------.------------- -( Packard) ..---- 160 6.—Polydesmus cavicola, n. sp.---.----.---. ------ ------- (Packard) ..---- 162 7.—Hyalina subrupicola (Dall), n. sp .---....---.-------- (Packard)).---=- 163 8.—Scotolemon robustum, 0. sp..-.-..------------.------ (Packard) ..---. 164 9.—Diclidia letula and larva .......--..---.-----+-------- (Packard).---=. 168 10.—Blepharoptera defessa (O. 8.), n. sp ..-..----- -------(Packard)..--..- 168 11.—F rout of head of Lymnetis spp-..--..-.....-.-----.- (Packard)..---. 72) 12.—Lymnetis mucronatus, @.----.- 2... -2-..-.----- -----( hackard)--22-— 172 13.—Eulimnadia compleximanus, n. sp .----..----.------ - (Packard) ..---- 174 14.—Thamnocephalus platyurus, n. sp...--.-------..------ (Packard) .----. 175 15.—Thamnocephalus platyurus, 0. sp.-.--...-.----.----- (Packard) .-..--.« 175 16.—Lepidurus couesii --...-.----- -----. 222-25 -- 2-2 ~ n= (Packard)..---- 177 17.—Lepidurus bilobatus, n. sp -..---.----.---.-+-------- -(Packard)..---- 17 18.—Epeira aculeata, n. sp ----.--.------------ avalos lentsete (Emerton) ..---- 528 19.—Drassus coloradensis, n. Sp .----.----------+---------(Hmerton)..-.-. 529

WieRpeee TAC:

Page 123, line 5, place a semicolon after “joint” ; also, make tbe same correction after ‘second ”’ in line 5, page 126; after ‘‘ cilia” in line 10, page 123; and after “latter” in line 6, page 142.

Page 126, line 12, for “ disk” read ‘ discal ”.

Page 127, and on page 141, for “ concinnisella” read “ concinusella”.

Page 128, for ‘‘ species” read “ genus”’.

Page 129, between “ @. 4-maculella” and “ Glyphipteryx” insert “ Blastobasis gigan- tella Cham.”

Page 130, for “ arcenthina” read ‘‘ arcuethina”.

Page 131 and 132 and 141, for “ anduegiella” read “ anderegiclla”’.

Page 132, for “ Lespedegwfoliella” read “ lespedezefoliella ”’.

Page 132 and 137 and 138, for ‘‘texana” read “‘ texanella’’.

Page 141, for “ equipulsella” read ‘‘ equepulvella”; for “ Lamna” read ‘ Laverna” ; for “‘ pennivorella” read “ prunivorella”.

Page 143, for “ cercirisella” read “ cercerisella”’.

Page 144, for “‘Aetote” read “ Aetole”’.

Page 145, for “H. Newmanella” read “H. bassettella”.

Page 230, line 13 from top, for “ posterior” read “ submarginal ”.

Page 265, line 20 from top, for “ aegeriiformis” read “ aegeriiformis”’.

Page 267, line 16 from bottom, for “fucata” read “ amphitea ”.

Page 267, line 14 from bottom, put “ Toxophora fulva” in small capitals.

Page 512, line 4. The name of the species “Lycosa indagatrix” being preoccupied, the author changes it to “ZL. dromea”.

Page 513, line 13 from bottom. The name of the species ‘“ Lycosa impavida” being preoccupied, the author changes it to “ L. tachypoda”.

Page 571, line 13, for “‘ Physa” read “ Bulinus atavus White”.

Page 571, line 19, for “Anodonta” read ‘Anodonta propatoris White”.

Page 571, line 20, for “Unio” read “Unio senectus White ”.

Page 571, line 21, for “Unio” read “ Unio eryptorhynchus White”.

Page 571, line 22, for “Unio” read “Unio primevus White”’.

Page 571, line 23, dele the line.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Titles.

I —A Calendar of the Dakota Nation. By Bvt. Lt. Col. Garrick Mallery, U.S. A. (Plate 1).-..-...... Il.—Researches in the Kjékkenméddings and Graves of a former population of the Coast of Oregon. By

Paul Schumacher. (Plates 2-8)...-..--...0..- IlI.—Researches in the Kjékkenmoddings of a former pop- wation of the Santa Barbara Islands and adjacent mainland, By Paul Schumacher. (Plates 9-22). IV.—The Twana Indians of the Skokomish Reservation in Washington Territory. By Rev. M. Hells.

(BIGL ES: 2o220)) eerctetaie: toate sna netaee Setagene een V.—Notes on a Collection of Noctuid Moths made in Gol: orado in 1875.by Dr. A. S. Packard, jr. By Aug.

RY Gro beer ier terse nic, aise cies rns eter VI.—The Tineina of Colorado. By V. T. Chambers......

ART. VII—Notes on a Collection of Tineid Moths made in Col-

orado in 1875 by A.S. Packard, jr., M.D. By V.T. CHAMBERS It ss aees ci saiee ee ciin sa ate occ ae wren

ART. VITI.—On the Distribution of Tineina in Colorado. By V. T.

(CHATS ie srereracer = tists tere retnnciaveave wiciel“le-a/aiale IX,—New Entomostraca from Colorado: By V. T. Cham- bers. (Figs. 1-4)...... Mena Arataietotscieger distal siare’ acta

X.—On a new Cave Fauna in Utah. By A. 8. Packard, jr., Walle (NE SES 66 kee: coaster nee: sooeagnces XI.—Description of new Phyllopod Crustacea from the West. By A.S. Packard, jr., M.D. (Figs. 11-17).

. XIL—On some Artesian Borings along the line of the

Union Pacific Railroad in Wyoming Territory. By

LDA ag) EG Gye (TE a2) 7-1)) Ben eee eee 1 BULL

27-36

3(—06

d¢-114

115-120 121-142

143-146 147-150

151-156

157-170

171-180

181-186

nies

85 ee aes hen hs 3 : aoe = ‘ Bees calewie : a ticle san eno aa ; a

ART. L—A CALENDAR OF THE DAKOTA NATION.

By BREVET LIEUT. CoL. GARRICK MALLERY, Captain First United States Infaniry, Acting Signal Officer.

PLATE 1.

The chart presented with this paper is ascertained to be the calendar of the Dakota Nation, extending over the seventy-one years commencing with the winter of A. D.1799-1800. The copy from which the lithograph was taken is traced on a strip of cotton cloth, in size one yard square, which the symbols almost entirely fill, and was made by Lieut. H. T. Reed, U.S. A., an accomplished officer of the present writer’s company and regiment, in the two colors, black and red, used in the original, of which it purports to be a fac simile. The general design of the chart and the meaning of most of its symbols were determined by Lieutenant Reed, at Fort Sully, Dak., and afterward at Fort Rice, Dak., in November, 1876, by him and the writer ; while further investigation by the latter of records and authorities at Washington elicited additional details. After exhibition of the copy to a number of military and civil officers con- nected with the Departments of War and the Interior, it appeared that those who, from service on expeditions and surveys or from special study of American ethnology, were most familiar with the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi, had never heard of this or any other similar attempt among them to establish a chronological system. Bragging biographies of chiefs and partisan histories of particular wars, deline- ated in picture-writing on hides or bark, are very common. Nearly every traveler on the plains has obtained a “ painted robe”, on which some aboriginal artist has stained rude signs purporting to represent tribal or personal occurrences, or often the pedigree of the first owner. It may here be & propos to bint a caution that the ‘‘ fancy” prices paid by amateurs for these decorations of the bison’s hide have stimulated their wholesale manufacture by agency Indians (locally termed “ coffee- coolers”), who make a business of sketching upon ordinary robes the characters in common use, without regard to any real event or person, and selling them as curious records. This pictorial forgery would seem to show a gratifying advance of the Lo family in civilization; but it is ‘feared that the credit of the invention is chiefly due to some enter- prising traders, who have been known to furnish the unstained robes and paints for the purpose, and simply pay a skillful Indian for his work when the genuine antique or veracious chronicle is delivered.

US Geo} & Geode Survey of the Territories.

—

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4 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

Besides these records of the nomadic tribes, the eastern Algonquins used strings of beads, fashioned from shells of different colors, called wampum, to note events, these devices being generally mnemonic only and seldom symbolic. The Pueblos figured histories on tablets of wood, © and both the Azteecs* and Toltecs have left elaborate specimens of nar- rative picture-writing; but it is believed that, in the similar productions hitherto discovered of all of these peoples, the obvious intention was either historical or biographical, or, more. generally, was to chronicle occurrences as such, and there was not an apparent design to symbolize events selected without reference to their intrinsic interest or importance, but because they severally occurred within regular successive intervals of time, and to arrange them in an orderly form, specially convenient for use as a calendar, and valuable for no other purpose.

The copy made by Lieutenant Reed was traced over a duplicate of the original, which latter was drawn on a buffalo-robe by, and is believed to be still in the possession of, Lone Dog, an aged Indian belonging to the Yanktonai tribe of the Dakotas, and who, in the autumn of 1876, was near Fort Peck, Montana Territory.

The duplicate from which the copy was immediately taken was in the possession of Basil Clément, a half-breed interpreter, living at Little Bend, near Fort Sully, Dak., who professed to have obtained informa- tion concerning the chart and its symbols from personal inquiries of many Indians, and whose dictated translation of them, reduced to writ- ing in his own words, forms the basis of that given in the present paper. The genuineness of the document was verified by separate examination, through another interpreter, of the most intelligent Indians accessible at

Fort Rice, and at a considerable distance from Clément, who could have had no recent communication with those so examined. One of the latter, named Good Wood, a Blackfoot Dakota and an enlisted scout attached to the garrison of Fort Rice, immediately recognized the copy now in the possession of the writer as ‘‘ the same thing that Lone Dog had”, and also stated that he had seen another copy at Standing Rock Agency in the hands of Blue Thunder, a Blackfoot Sioux. He said that it showed “‘ something put down for every year about his nation ”, knew how to use it as a calendar, beginning from the center and counting from right to left, and was familiar with the meaning of many of the later symbols and the events they commemorated, in which he corrobo- rated Clément’s translation, but explained that he had forgotten the interpretation of some of the éarlier signs, which were about things done long before his birth.

All the investigation that could be made elicited the following account, which, whether accurate or not, the Indians examined certainly believed. Lone Dog has been, ever since his youth, charged with the special duty of deciding upon some event or circumstance which should distinguish

*The Aztecs used signs, chiefly sketches of different animals, to denote the days. only, not years.

MALLERY ON THE DAKOTA CALENDAR. 5

each year as it passed, and, when such decision was made, he marked what was considered by himself its appropriate symbol upon a buffalo- robe kept for the purpose; then calling together a number of the Da- kota Nation, without regard to tribes, made known to them the sign for the year, or ‘‘ year-totem”, and explained what event it represented. This was done annually and formally, but it is understood that the robe was at other convenient times exhibited to other Indians of the nation, who were thus taught the meaning and use of the signs as designating the several years, in order that at the death of—so to style hin— the official chronologer, the knowledge might not be lost. A similar motive, as to the preservation of the record, led to its duplication in 13870 or 1871, so that Clément obtained it in a shape ending with the former of those years. It was also reported by several Indians that other copies of the chart in its various past stages of formation have been known to exist among the several tribes, being probably kept for reference, Lone Dog and his robe being so frequently inaccessible.

Although Lone Dog is described as a very old Indian, it is not sup- posed that he was of sufficient age in the year 1800 to enter upon the duty as explained. Hither there was a predecessor, from whom he received the earlier records or obtained copies of them, or his work being first undertaken when he had reached manhood, he gathered the traditions from his elders and “ worked back ” so far as he could do so accurately, the object either then or before being to establish some system of chro- nology for the use of the nation. It has not, in the late condition of the Indian country, been possible to reach him since the discoy- ery of Clément’s copy, and no one has yet been found who can intel- ligently state whether there exists any similar but earlier arrangement of symbols. Publication of the facts now collected may prove of use, if it shall lead persons having opportunity to pursue the subject, and perhaps to obtain annals more ancient and valuable.*

A query is naturally suggested whether intercourse with missionaries and other whites did not-first give the Dakotas some idea of dates and awaken a sense of want in that direction. The fact that the calendar begins at a time nearly coinciding with the first year of the present century by our computation may be due to such intercourse, or may be a mere coincidence. If the influence of missionaries or traders started any plan of chronology, it is remarkable that they did not suggest one

* To facilitate inquiry and verification, it may be useful to suggest that the name of the supposed chronologer, “ Lone Dog”, as given to the writer by an interpreter, may appear, from another interpreter, as the shade of meaning occurs to him, or as his taste may incline, in a different English form—e. g., as “‘ The-One-Dog”, “ One Dog”, or even simply ‘‘The Dog” par excellence. Much confusion exists in the records and accounts of Indian personages from these varied translations, the actual name in the tribal dialect being seldom mentioned. Nothing appears in the office of the Commissioners of Indian Affairs about a“ Lone Dog”, though “ Long Dog” was in recent times a prominent chief of the Blackfoot Sioux, and it is just possible that the writer caught the wrong sound in the dictation. Unfortunately, the Dakota name, though given at the time, was not reduced to writing, so as to be now verified.

6 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

in some manner resembling the system so long and widely used of counting in numbers from an era, such as the Birth of Christ, the Hegira, the Ab Urbe Condita, the First Olympiad, and the like. But the chart shows nothing of this nature. The earliest symbol (Fig. 1, in the center) merely represents the killing of a small number of Dakotas by their enemies, an event of frequent recurrence, and neither so important nor interesting as many others of the seventy-one shown in the chart, more than one of which, indeed, might well have been selected as a notable fixed point before and after which simple arithmetical notation could have been used to mark the years. Instead of any plan that civilized advisers would naturally have introduced, the one actually adopted— to individualize each year by a specific recorded symbol, or totem, ac- cording to the decision of a single designated officer and his successors, whereby confusion was prevented—should not suffer denial of its orig- inality merely because it was ingenious, and showed more of scientifie method than has often been attributed to the northern tribes of Amer- ica. The symbolic record, being preserved and understood by many, could be used and referred to with sufficient ease and accuracy for or- dinary purposes. Definite signs for the first appearance of the small- pox and for the first capture of wild horses may be dates as satisfactory to the Sioux as the corresponding expressions A. D. 1801 and 1812 to the Christian world, and far more certain than much of the chronolog- ical tables of Regiomontanus and Archbishop Usher in terms of A. M. and B.C. The careful arrangement of distinctly separate characters in an outward spiral starting from a central point is a clever expedient to dispense with the use of numbers for noting the years, yet allowing every date to be determined by counting backwards or forwards from any other that might be known; and it seems unlikely that any such device, so different from that common among the white visitors or settlers, should have been prompted by them. The whole conception seems one strongly characteristic of our ‘‘aborigines”, as we have been in the habit, perhaps wrongly, of styling the North American Indians, who, the au- tochthonic theory being now disputed, are classed by late writers with the Turanian or Mongolian race, for their membership in which this very use of symbols is no unimportant evidence.

Efforts were made to ascertain if the occurrences selected and repre- sented were those peculiar to the clan or tribe of the recorder, or were either of general concern to, or notoriety throughout, the nation. This would tend to determine whether the undertaking was of a voluntary and individual nature, limited by personal knowledge or special inter- ests, or whether the scope was national, and the work was so recognized as to become what might be termed official. All inquiries led to the latter supposition. The persons examined were of different tribes, and far apart from each other, yet all knew what the document was, 7. e., that ‘‘some one thing was put down for each year”; that it was the work of Lone Dog; and that he was the only one who “could” or was

MALLERY ON THE DAKOTA CALENDAR. rf

allowed to “do it”. The internal evidence is to the same effect. All the symbols indicate what was done, experienced, or observed by the nation at large or by its tribes without distinction, not by that of which Lone Dog is a member—no special feat of the Yanktonais, in- deed, being mentioned—and the chiefs whose deaths or deeds are noted appear to have belonged indifferently to the several tribes, whose vil- lages were generally at great distances each from the others and from that of the recorder. In estimating the weight of these facts, it seems necessary to consider the numbers and divisions of the Dakotas, and the extent of territory formerly and now occupied by them.

In comparatively recent times, they held the whole immense region bounded: by the Rocky Mountains on the west, the Athabascan tribes in British America on the north, and the present State of Arkansas on the south, while, in the east, they extended beyond the Mississippi River, pressing sometimes successfully upon the Algonquins. One division, gen- erally known as Winnebago, but calling itself Hochengara, made a lodg- ment on the shores of Lake Michigan, ruling there for years by numbers and prowess in arms over several Algonquin tribes, and another body, the Quappas, styled by the Algonquins, Alkansas, or Arkansas, pene- trated to the Ohio River, but, being driven back by the Illinois, turned down stream to the land included by the State of Arkansas, named after them. By treaties in 1837, 1851, 1863, and 1868, the nation ceded to the United States its land on the eastern side of the Missouri, and also the region lying west of that river and north of the Platte, finally restricting its claims to the limits bounded east by the Missouri River, south by Ne- braska, west by the one hundred and fourth meridian, and north by the forty-sixth parallel, with hunting rights in parts of Nebraska and Wy- oming. This remaining territory is by no means despicable, being as large as the State of Michigan. Many of the nation, however, promi- nent among whom was Sitting Bull, who had been at war with the whites ever since the Minnesota massacre of 1862, refused agreement to the later treaties, or to reside at the agencies, and maintained independent bands, hunting and robbing, after the manner of their forefathers. While the number of warriors permanently attached to the recusant faction was not large, probably in the winters diminishing to a few hundred, the force served every summer as a nucleus for the discontented or treach- erous agency Indians to join, and thus there were sometimes from six to ten thousand warriors in the so-cailed “hostile armies”, which, however, were not often concentrated. When restricted;to his personal followers, Sitting Bull habitually honored Western Dakota and Eastern Montana with his presence, moving his tepees and travois about in the valleys of the Yellowstone and Powder Rivers; but when the main body of the nation was “ out”, only the old bucks and squaws, with the papooses, being left to draw the stipulated rations, and procure ammunition at the Agencies, which thereby became a convenient base of supplies, the tribes roamed at will through nearly all parts of Nebraska, Wyoming, Montana, and

8 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

Dakota, a region including over 470,000 square miles. The extent of this range can be forcibly presented to the Hastern mind by observing that it is equal to the whole of the New England and Middle States, with, in addition, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North and South Caro- lina, Georgia, and Florida. Comparing with the Old World, its area is about those of France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Holland, and Greece united. This summary will explain the difficulty experienced by the United States troops, from the mere magnitude of the district, apart from its physical impediments, in surprising any bodies of the “ hos-- tiles” who do not see fit to be found except when posted at points and - occasions selected for their own advantage. To subsist a large invading foree during any long period in the Sioux country is of itself a hard task, and an almost impossible feat to overtake with it the nimble and cun- ning natives of the soil, while detached expeditions possessing sufficient mobility to accomplish that object are always liable to the fate of Custer. This may recall to military students the words of Henry LV. of France, when considering the waste tracts and guerrilla facilities of Spain, that ‘large armies would starve there and small ones would be beaten”. The word Dakota is translated in Riggs’s Dictionary of that language as ‘‘ leagued, or allied”. Dr. J. Hammond Trumbull, the distinguished ethnographer and glossologist, gives the meaning to be more precisely “‘ as- sociated as comrades”; the root being found in other dialects of the same group of languages, for instance, in the Minitari, where ddki is the name for the clan or band, and dakée means friend or comrade. In the Sioux dialect, cota or coda means friend, and Dakota may, liberally translated, signify “our friends”. It is, however, interesting to note that the Da- kota Indians met by the writer always insisted upon the meaning of their national appellation to be simply “men”, or “Indian men”, as distinet from white men. This assumption in the tribal name of predominance in race has been noticed among other divisions of the aborigines where it is better warranted by the etymology. Real men is the meaning of ‘“Onkwe Honwe”, used by the Hurons and Iroquois; of ‘‘ Rennappe”, “Lenni”, “ Illiniwek”, “Trini”, and “‘ Nethowuck”, names of Algonquin tribes; also of ‘““Tinne”, of the Athabascans, and probably of Apache. The title Sioux, which is indignantly repudiated by the nation, is either the last or the last two syllables, according to pronunciation, of ‘* Nado- wesioux”, which is the French plural of the Algonquin name for the Da- kotas, ‘“* Nadowessi”, “enemy”, though the English word is not so strong as the Indian, “hated foe” being nearer. The Chippeways called an Troquois ‘‘ Nadowi”, which is also their name for a rattlesnake (or, as Dr. Foster, the Indian historiographer, translates, adder); in the plural, Na- dowek. A Sioux they called Nadowessi, which is the same word with a contemptuous or diminutive termination; plural, Nadowessiwak or Na- dawessyak. The French gave the name their own form of the plural, and the voyageurs and trappers cut it down to “Sioux”. The name We- nepekoak, corrupted into Winnebago, given by the Chippeways to the

! MALLERY ON THE DAKOTA CALENDAR. 2)

body invading their lands on Lake Michigan, as before mentioned, sig- nifies ‘“‘ Men of the salt water’’,* confirming the traditjons of the Dakotas, that they migrated from the Pacific coast. In this connection, it may be noted that the Dakota language more nearly approaches the Mongoloid dialects than that of any other of the American Indians.

The more important of the existing tribes and organized bands into which the nation is now divided are as follows, being the dislocated re- mains of the “* Seven Great Council Fires”, not only famed in tradition, but known to the early white pioneers: tf

Yankton, both derived from a rvot meaning “at the end”, alluding

Yanktonai,j to the former locality of their villages.

Sihasapa, or Blackfeet.

Ohinonpa, or Two Kettle.

Itazipcho, Without Bow. The French translation, Sans Are, is, however, more commonly used.

Minneconjou, ‘“‘ Reeds around the Water”, the physical features of their old home.

Sichangu, ‘ Burnt Hip”, or Brulé.

Santee, subdivided into Wahpeton, ‘‘ Men among Leaves”, 7%. e., for- ests, and Sisseton, ‘Men of Prairie Marsh”. Two other bands, now practically extinct, formerly belonged to the Santee, or, as it is more correctly spelled, ‘“ Isanti” tribe, from the root ‘Issan”, “knife”. Their former territory furnished the material for stone knives, from the man- ufacture of which they were called the “ knife people”.

Ogallalla, or Oglala. The meaning and derivation of this name, as well as of the one next mentioned (Uncapapa), have been the subjects of much controversy. Two letters appended to this paper furnish informa- tion, not before published, respecting them.

Uneapapa, the most warlike and probably most powerful of all the bands, though not the largest. Sitting Bull is its most prominent mem-

*Some authorities prefer the translation into “dirty” or ‘‘stinking water”, as referring to lakes surrounded by shallow marshes or grounds impregnated with sulphur (cf. the name of Lake Winnepeg); but the “Jesuit Relations” of 1659-60 state that the same word (there spelled Ouinipeg) is used for the sea. It is proper to add that the Winnebagos themselves have no tradition beyond their residence on the Green Bay of Lake Michigan, and that, though of the great Dakota family, they are not certainly members of that Nation. Their name Hochengara or Hochunkera, signifies “‘ People of the original or primitive language”.

t Hale, Gallatin, and Riggs designate a ‘“Titon tribe” as located west of the Missouri, and as much the largest division of the Sioux; the latter authority subdivid- ing it into the Sichangu, Itazipcho, Sihasapa, Minneconjou, Ohinonpa, Ogallalla, and Uneapapa, seven of the tribes specified in the text, which he calls bands. The fact probably is that ‘‘Titon” (from the word tintan, meaning “at or on land without trees, or prairie”) was the name of a tribe, but is now only an expression for all those tribes whose ranges are on the prairie, and that it has become a territorial, not a tribular, distinction. One of the Dakotas at Fort Rice spoke to the writer of the “hostiles” as “Titons”, with obviously the same idea of locality, ‘‘away on the prairie” ; it being well known that they were a conglomeration from several tribes.

10 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

ber, though he is not the chief, who rejoices in the cognomen of Chitan Wahkinyan, Anglicé, Thunderhawk. Neither is the troublesome warrior’s name among his fellows, viz, “‘Tatonka”, translated as we habitually render it, forit means simply “the buffalo”; butit is understood that in order to distinguish his totem from the multitude of other bisons and avoid confusion among their armorial bearings, he blazons it as upon its haunches, in the heraldic position of sejant. He is also familiarly known as Hinkashnee, ‘‘Can’t Run”. This is not a complimentary epithet of © the “Stonewall” order, suggesting repugnance to retreat in battle, which, indeed, would not, in Indian tactics, be meritorious, but refers to his physical lameness, from a wound received in the leg when a young brave.

The usual difficulty in estimating the numerical strength of any Indian division is enhanced by